Mykologie Am Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik Und Mykologie Der Universität Tübingen, 1974-2011

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Mykologie Am Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik Und Mykologie Der Universität Tübingen, 1974-2011 ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at OBERWINKLER : Mykologie am Lehrstuhl der Universität Tübingen 1974-2011 23 Mykologie am Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie der Universität Tübingen, 1974-2011 FRANZ OBERWINKLER Kurzfassung onstendenzen der Pilze beigetragen. Zahlreiche Arten, Die mykologischen Forschungsaktivitäten am ehe- Gattungen, aber auch Familien und Ordnungen wur- maligen Lehrstuhl „Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie“ den von uns als neue Sippen beschrieben. der Universität Tübingen von 1974 bis 2011 und ihre Mit unserer Beteiligung an der Untersuchung „neu- internationale Ausstrahlung werden beschrieben. Leit- artiger Waldschäden“ begannen die Studien an Pilz- schiene des gemeinsamen mykologischen Forschungs- Wurzel-Vergesellschaftungen. In unseren Wäldern sind konzeptes war die Verknüpfung von Gelände- mit Labor- Arten der Kieferngewächse sowie der Buchen- und Bir- arbeiten sowie von Forschung mit Lehre. Dieses Konzept kengewächse dominant. Diese Wälder sind Ektomykor- spiegelte sich in einem weit gefächerten Lehrangebot, rhiza-Vegetationen. Ektomykorrhizen wurden von uns das insbesondere den Pflanzen als dem Hauptsubstrat über Jahrzehnte hinweg in heimischen Wäldern, dann der Pilze breiten Raum gab. Lichtmikroskopische Unter- aber auch in Taiwan und Südecuador beprobt und im suchungen der zellulären Baupläne von Pilzen bildeten Labor als Kulturen in ihrer Ontogenie und strukturellen das Fundament für unsere Arbeiten: Identifikationen, Differenzierung licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch Ontogeniestudien, Vergleiche von Mikromorphologien, untersucht sowie physiologisch und molekularphy- Überprüfen von Kulturen, Präparateauswahl für Elektro- logenetisch analysiert. Dies zeigt erneut den hohen nenmikroskopie, etc. Bereits an diesen Beispielen wird methodischen Vernetzungsgrad an unserem Lehrstuhl. die Methodenvernetzung erkennbar. Nach Ausweiten unserer Untersuchungen von Pilz- In dem zu besprechenden Zeitraum wurden Ultrastruk- Wurzel-Assoziationen auf unterschiedliche Landpflan- turuntersuchungen und Nukleinsäuresequenzierungen zengruppen haben wir auch arbuskuläre, ericoide und als revolutionierende Methoden für den täglichen Labor- arbutoide Mykorrhizen sowie Orchideen-Pilzverge- betrieb verfügbar. Flankiert wurden diese Neuerungen sellschaftungen studiert. Schließlich kamen noch die durch ständig verbesserte Datenaufbereitungen und Mykothalli von Lebermoosen als Untersuchungsob- Auswertungsprogramme für Computer. Zusammen jekte hinzu. Mit diesen Arbeiten einher gingen Unter- mit den traditionellen Anwendungen der Lichtmikro- suchungen an pilzlichen Endophyten von Waldbäumen skopie und der Kultivierung von Pilzen stand somit und an Mikropilzen der Rhizosphären und der Böden. ein effizientes Methodenspektrum zur Verfügung, das Basidiolichenen wurden von uns mehrfach hinsichtlich für systematische, phylogenetische und ökologische der zellulären Baupläne und der Pilz-Algen-Interakti- Fragestellungen gleichermaßen eingesetzt werden onen licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht konnte, insbesondere in der Antibiotikaforschung, beim sowie in Übersichten vergleichend dargestellt. Studium zellulärer Interaktionen von Parasiten und Wir- ten, bei der Analyse mykorrhizierter Wurzeln und von Abstract Algen-Pilz-Assoziationen sowie bei den Insekt-Pilz- The mycological research, conducted from 1974-2011 Vergesellschaftungen. by the staff of the former chair of „Systematic Botany Systematisch-phylogenetische Untersuchungen haben and Mycology“, University of Tübingen, is reviewed wir an nahezu allen Großgruppen der Basidiomyceten in this article. The availability of electronmicroscopic durchgeführt. Ursprünglich konzentrierten sich diese and molecular techniques has revolutionized studies Arbeiten auf die damals „Heterobasidiomyceten“ ge- in fungi. In addition, the application of computer facili- nannten Taxa der Rost- und Brandpilze, der Zitter- und ties for analyzing of huge data sets, and programs for Tränenpilze und ihrer nächsten Verwandten. Sie wur- constructing phylogenetic trees, opened new fields den dann ausgeweitet auf die Nichtblätterpilze und of research. Including traditional and well established schließlich auch auf Blätter- und Bauchpilze angewen- methods of light microscopy and of culture techniques, det. Neben Basidiomyceten wurden von uns auch As- a reasonable set of methods was available to study comyceten studiert, einschließlich der nur in asexuel- systematics, phylogeny and ecology in a so far unkown len Stadien bekannten Gruppen. Schließlich haben wir magnitude. We applied a concept of integrating field uns saproben und besonders den parasitischen Oo- studies with laboratory work. This strategy has been phyten gewidmet. Diese „Falschen Mehltaupilze“ wur- supported effectively by teaching programs. Particular den mikromorphologisch und molekularphylogenetisch focus was given to plants because of their unparalleled bearbeitet und, wenn möglich, nach ihren koevolutiven importance in fungal ecology. Trends interpretiert. In our studies, light microscopy played a basic role, Mit unseren Studien haben wir wesentlich zum ver- referring to identification, life cycle reconstruction, besserten Verständnis der Phylogenie und der Evoluti- comparison of micromorphologies, checking of fungal ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at 24 andrias, 19 (2012) cultures, screening for optimal slides in ultrastructural ectomycorrhizal vegetations, dominated by trees of the work, etc. In this context, the network of methodologies Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae. These studies is quite obvious, and was highly effective in studies of were extended to Taiwan and South Ecuador. Ecto- fungi producing antibiotics, interacting as parasites with mycorrhizal systems were established in the lab and their hosts, or as symbionts in the rhizosphere, in ba- studied ontogenetically, ultrastructurally, and physi- sidiolichens, and in insect associations. ologically. Finally, molecular identification and phylo- We have carried out studies in systematics and phy- genetic reconstructions became very important. Again, logeny of major basidiomycetous lineages, starting these approaches underpin a rather effectiv networking with taxa of the former „Heterobasidiomycetes“, rusts, of methods in our lab. Extending our work to diverse smuts, and all kinds of jelly fungi. Then we added non- groups of land plants led us to studies in arbuscular, gilled and gilled Homobasidiomycetes, including gas- ericoid, arbutoid, and orchid mycorrhizae. Also myco- teroid forms. These studies have contributed consider- thalli of liverworts, fungal endophytes in forest trees, ably to an improved understanding of basidiomycete and microfungi of the rhizosphere and of soil ecosys- phylogeny and evolution. Numerous species and gen- tems were included in our research. era as well as families and orders have been introduced We were interested in basidiolichens over a long time. by us and our collaborators. We have also studied the Cellular constructions of basidiocarps, lichen thalli, and morphology, ecology and phylogeny of some Ascomyc- fungus-alga interactions have been studied microsco- etes, including groups only known from asexual stages. pically and ultrastructurally. Our work on Oophyta started with saprobic ones but quickly focussed on plant parasites of the downy mil- dews, studying their micromorphologies, phylogenies Autor and coevolutionary trends. Prof. Dr. em. FRANZ OBERWINKLER Symptoms of a previously unknown forest decline Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organismische Bota- in Central Europe had a strong impact on our myco- nik (ehemals Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Mykolo- ecological work. We started studies on ectomycor- gie), Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, rhizal systems in our native climax vegetations, i.e. E-Mail: [email protected] ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at OBERWINKLER : Mykologie am Lehrstuhl der Universität Tübingen 1974-2011 25 Inhalt Boletales, Röhrlinge, Steinpilz-Verwandtschaft . 60 Einleitung ................................... 26 Amylocorticiales .......................... 61 Pilze ................................... 26 Agaricales, Blätterpilze im engen Sinne........ 61 Basidiomycota . 26 Hygrophoraceae, Schnecklinge und „Heterobasidiomycetes“ . 30 Verwandte........................... 62 Pucciniomycotina, Rostpilz-Verwandtschaft ....... 30 Stephanosporaceae ..................... 62 Cryptomycocolacales ...................... 30 Lachnellaceae . 64 Mixiales................................. 31 Armillariaceae, Familie der Hallimaschpilze Agaricostilbales . 31 und Verwandte . 65 Spiculogloeales . 32 Marasmiaceae, Schwindlinge und Verwandte . 65 Atractiellales ............................. 32 Amanitaceae, Knollenblätterpilze, Classiculales............................. 32 Wulstlinge und Verwandte . 65 Naohideales . 32 Mycenaceae, Helmlinge und Verwandte . 66 Cystobasidiales . 32 Tricholomataceae, Ritterlinge und Verwandte . 67 Platygloeales . 33 Nidulariaceae, Nestpilze.................. 67 Helicobasidiales . 33 Agaricaceae, Champignon-Verwandtschaft ... 67 Pucciniales, Rostpilze...................... 33 Hydnangiaceae, Lacktrichterlinge und Septobasidiales, Schildlausparasiten.......... 36 Verwandte........................... 67 Pachnocybales ........................... 36 Cortinariaceae, Schleierlinge und Verwandte.
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