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PDF (Spatial Planning to Integrate Climate Change Adaptation at Local Level) Monographs of the School of Doctoral Studies in Environmental Engineering DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Spatial planning to integrate climate change adaptation at local level Parveen Kumar 2015 Doctoral thesis in Environmental Engineering, XXVII Cycle Faculty of Engineering, University of Trento Academic year 2014/2015 Supervisor: Dr. Davide Geneletti (University of Trento) University of Trento Trento, Italy 2015 “Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species -- man -- acquired significant power to alter the nature of the world.” (Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962) I Acknowledgement The three years of my PhD has been an incredible and life changing learning experience which has culminated into this piece of research work. Like a journey of a thousand miles it started with a single step; a step towards answering my curiosity, a single question to solve one small problem. I cannot say that this journey was easy, but numerous people have helped me see it through with their support and encouragement. Before you read the details about the destination of this journey in the chapters of the thesis, I will like to recount the details of the journey itself in this acknowledgement with fond memories and heartfelt gratefulness to all those who have accompanied me as my supervisors, research collaborators, family, friends or critiques. First of all I would like to express my heartfelt and deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Davide Geneletti, who has been a constant source of support, encouragement and who has shown complete faith in me. I thank him for giving me my personal space and freedom to explore different ideas, precise guidance and at the same time key critiques of this work. He helped me find my way around a relatively new area of expertise with patience and I am thankful to him for inspiring me to write this piece academic work. This research work would not be possible without the help of Professor Kamal Bawa (University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA) and Professor Harini Nagendra (Azim Premji University, Bangalore, India). I sincerely acknowledge Dr. Bawa’s efforts in introducing me to the wonderful research organisation of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) and hosting me for my fieldwork. His insightful thoughts, suggestions and discussion on environmental issues and concerns in Darjeeling region helped me develop the case study on Eastern Himalaya, Darjeeling District. This research work was greatly shaped by Dr. Nagendra and her work on Bangalore urban area. I have come to deeply respect and admire her work, engagement in environmental campaigns as well as her work ethics and promptness in reviewing my work. This research work was benefitted by her collaboration and supervision for developing the Bangalore case study. I am also thankful to her for helping me out with data collection, introducing me to key sources and funding some of the data under USAID PEER grant to ATREE. I also take this opportunity to sincerely acknowledge the Department of civil, environmental and mechanical engineering, University of Trento, for providing the research funding for this Ph.D. research and to the department staff for their daily administrative help. I would like to gratefully acknowledge field assistant and translator Manjunath and Hita II Unnikrishnan from ATREE, Bangalore, India for their tremendous help in conducting the interviews and helping in data collection for Bangalore urban area. Also I would like to thank ATREE, Bangalore staff for making my stay comfortable and helping with field work logistics. I thank Dr. Ganesan Balachander, (Director), Dr. Veena Srinivasan (Fellow), Ameya Gode (Research Associate), Madhvi, Hemalatha G, N. Ramesh from (Staff ) ATREE for administrative and technical help. I expand my thanks to fellow ATREE colleagues Sandeep Sen, Paramesh M, Aniruddha Marathe, Vidyadhar Atkore, Venkat ramanujam, Shweta Basnett, Yangchenla Bhutia, Urbashi Pradhan and many more for their love and support. I am grateful to Dr Sarala Khaling (Regional Director), Samuel Thomas, Michelle Gurung, Rinchen Angmu, Anand Gazmer, Tenzing Sherpa, Arjun Rai, Prakash Tamang and Rajen Chettri from ATREE, Darjeeling office. Without their help it would not be impossible to find my way around Darjeeling district. I thank them for linking me to the network of local organisations and government official for my research work. I am grateful to the local government organisation District Magistrate office, Darjeeling Gorkha Hill council, West Bengal forest department and Tea Board of India based in Darjeeling and Kurseong. I am deeply grateful to Anugyalaya Darjeeling Diocese Social Service Society specially Arpan Emmanuel Rai, Robert Lepcha, Christofer Lepcha and his family for hosting my stay during my field work. I would also like to thank other organisation likes Save the Hills, Chai, Darjeeling Municipality, FOSEP, West Bengal Regional Planning Department/Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority, District health office, PRERNA for their insightful discussion and observation. I would like to thank Mrs. Hashi Roy, from Census of India, Delhi office, for proving and helping me with the census data. I am grateful to all the people that I met in Trento during the last three years. I would like to particularly thank our research group: Paolo, Francesco, Elena, Marika, Lidya, Cristina, Carlos, Linda and Blal as well as colleagues from 27 Cycle for their support and invaluable advice. I would also like to acknowledge the Indian community in Trento: Dhaval, Raju, Prashant, Pramod, Kiran, Pradanesh, Tinku, Jinu, Sajid, Meera, Prasanta, Aridam and many more. At the same time also thank our landlord Antonella Righi, Conotter Renzo, Chiara and Nicolo for integrating us into their your family and making us feel at home away from home. I would also like to thank some of my friends and family from SPA, New Delhi and University of Twente, Netherlands, namely, Chaki (long hours of English editing), Arun, Suru, Ravi, Mota, KKV, Arnab, Namita, Parvesh, Madhushree, Daljeet, Chotu, Yamini, Gaurav, Rishi, Tanmoy, Shukhad and Mitava. My special thanks to my parents, Prem Lal and Kamala as well as my brother Nishu for supporting me at every step that I have taken; starting from a small village in Himachal to my PhD studies in III Italy, not knowing where life would take me next. I am grateful to my In-laws Samir, Krishna, Kunal and Sandhya for their support and encouragement and for letting me marry their daughter when I was doing my PhD without knowing what the future hold for me. Finally I am grateful to my wife Maitreyi for her motivation, patience, constructive criticism and long hours of English and scientific editing. Words are not enough to express my deep emotions and love. This thesis would not be possible without your help. I might be thought behind this work but shape of this work is only possible because of you. (Parveen Kumar) IV V Contents CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... X LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... XII SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ XIV CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 ROLE OF SPATIAL PLANNING TO MANAGE CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ................................................................. 5 1.3 KEY GAPS ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Translation of climate science knowledge to spatial plans at various spatial scales ............................ 7 1.3.2 Lack of understanding of the core issues ............................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Lack of tools and methods at various spatial scales .............................................................................. 8 1.3.4 Policies and decision interplay .............................................................................................................. 9 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND UNDERLYING QUESTIONS ................................................................................... 10 1.5 THESIS OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 2 HOW IS CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES INTEGRATED INTO SPATIAL
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