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Kent1195648204.Pdf (8.4 HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND INTRA-URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BENGALURU, INDIA A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Rajrani Kalra December, 2007 Dissertation Written by Rajrani Kalra B.A., University of Delhi, 1993 M.A., University of Delhi, 1995 B.Ed., University of Delhi, 1998 M.Phil. University of Delhi, 1999 M.A., The University of Akron, 2003 Ph. D., Kent State University, 2007 Approved by ________________________________Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Prof David H Kaplan _____________________________ Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Prof Emeritus S.M.Bhardwaj _________________________________ Dr Shawn Banasick _________________________________ Prof David McKee Accepted by __________________________________, Chair, Department of Geography Prof Jay Lee __________________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dean Jerry Feezel ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xii DEDICATION xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 BENGALURU: The STUDY AREA 5 WHY BENGALURU IS MY STUDY AREA? 10 BACKROUND OF THE STUDY 10 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 13 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 14 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION 22 CHAPTER 2: HIGH-TECHNOLOGY IN INDIAN CONTEXT 24 INTRODUCTION 24 WHAT IS HIGH- TECHNOLOGY? 26 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGY. 28 HIGH-TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 34 HIGH –TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 36 HIGH –TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN INDIA39 iii HIGH-TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 43 WHY HIGH-TECHNOLOGY IN BENGALURU? 56 CHAPTER 3: URBAN LAND USE, REAL ESTATE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY 63 INTRODUCTION 63 GROWTH OF BENGALURU 64 URBAN LAND USE 69 REAL ESTATE IN INDIA 78 REAL ESTATE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN BENGALURU 88 REAL ESTATE AND LAND PRICE TRANSFORMATION 103 CHAPTER 4: HIGH –TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGING ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE 117 GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN BENGALURU 118 HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES IN BENGALURU 125 HIGH- TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS 139 HIGH-TECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 163 CHAPTER 5: HIGH-TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIO-CULURAL TRANSFORMATION 180 HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIO-CULTURAL DISPARITIES 187 HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION 201 iv CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 226 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 228 SUMMARY 231 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY 234 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 236 REFERENCES 237 APPENDIX 255 v LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Study Area (Hundred wards of Bengaluru) 8 2.1 Inter-Regional Disparities in India 42 2.2 Hardware and Software Exports in India: 1995-2001 43 2.3 India’s Software Exports 44 2.4 Growth of Indian IT and ITES (IT enabled services) 1997-2005 45 2.5 High-Tech Industries in India: 2000-2003 46 2.6 Share of Indian Cities in Software Exports: 2001 47 2.7 Share of Indian States in Export of Information Technology, 2005 50 2.8 Siliconization of India: A Home to Outsourcing 52 2.9 National centers of software technology parks of India 56 3.1 Birth of Bangalore/Bengaluru City 65 3.2 Growth of Bengaluru: 1537-2001 67 3.3 Urban Land Use in 1895 70 3.4 Bengaluru Land Use: 1951 72 3.5 Changing Land Use in Bengaluru: 1961-2011 73 3.6 Urban Land Use of Bengaluru: 2004 74 3.7 Different Cores of the City of Bengaluru 75 3.8 The Future Growth of Cores of Bengaluru 76 3.9 Real Estate Acquisition Spree by Business Process Outsourcing 82 vi 3.10 Number of Shopping Malls in 2008 84 3.11 Housing Shortages in Indian Cities: 1991 86 3.12 Good Life Index of Indian Metropolises 87 3.13 Housing and its Shortages in Bengaluru, 1961-2011 90 3.14 Property Tax Collected in Bengaluru from 1991-2003 92 3.15 Information Technology Strips in Koramangala 94 3.16 Bold Billboard Outside Forum Mall in Koramangala 95 3.17 The International Tech Park at Whitefield 96 3.18 Forum Shopping Mall in Koramangala 97 3.19 Food Court in Forum Mall, Koramangala 98 3.20 Posh High-Rise Apartments next to Forum Mall Koramangala 100 3.21 Billboards Advertising Tech Parks in Whitefield 101 3.22 Residential Land Values: 1997-2001 105 3.23 Commercial Land Values in Bengaluru in 1997-2001 108 3.24 Residential Land Values in 1997-2001 110 3.25 Commercial Land Values in 1997-2001 111 3.26 Real Estate Land Values in Bengaluru: 2002 113 4.1 Total Investment in Bengaluru by different agencies 124 4.2 Economic Landscape of Bengaluru 127 4.3 Share of Bengaluru to total software’s export 129 4.4 High-Tech Companies in Bengaluru 131 4.5 Multinational Corporations in Karnataka 132 vii 4.6 Texas Instrument: First multinational in Bengaluru in 1984 133 4.7 Information Technology Corridor in Bengaluru 134 4.8 Univariate LISA Results of High-tech Firms in Bengaluru 136 4.9 Direction and Gravitation of High-Tech Firms 137 4.10 High-Tech and the Non –High-Tech Landscape of Bengaluru 140 4.11 Residential Area of Koramangala 142 4.12 High-Tech firms in Koramangala 143 4.13 Brigade (shopping strip) Road in the central business district of Bengaluru 149 4.14 MNC Motorola in Bagmane Tech Park 151 4.15 Infosys India’s information technology firm 159 4.16 Electronics City 160 4.17 International Technology park at Whitefield 162 4.18 High-Tech firms in Bengaluru 165 4.19 Infrastructure Expenditure in 2003 by Bangalore City Corporation 168 4.20 Infrastructure Expenditure in 2005 by Bangalore City Corporation 169 4.21 Expenditure on Infrastructure in Bengaluru 171 4.22 High-Tech firms and Expenditure Pattern, 2005 174 4.23 Revenue Trends in Bengaluru in 2005 176 4.24 High-Tech firms and Revenue : 2004 178 5.1 Population Growth of Bengaluru City Corporation: 1871-2001 181 5.2 Diversity of Domestic Migrants in Bengaluru: 2001 183 5.3 International Migration to Bengaluru 184 viii 5.4 Population Distribution in 100 wards of Bengaluru 186 5.5 Spatial Clusters of High-Tech Firms and Population 189 5.6 Spatial Clusters of High-Tech Firms and Literate population 191 5.7 High –Tech Firms and Illiteracy 192 5.8 Slum population in Bengaluru 195 5.9 Location and Ownerships Pattern of Slums in Bengaluru 197 5.10 LISA Results of High-Tech Firms and Slum Population 199 5.11 Socio-Economic Landscape of Bengaluru 200 5.12 Pizza Hut Chains in India 212 5.13 Increase in use of Vehicles (private use):1993-2005 216 ix LIST OF TABLES Page 1.1 Data Sources 16 1.2 Secondary Data Analysis 21 2.1 Percentage of World Gross Domestic Product in 2004, 2025 and 2050 38 2.2 Digital Awareness in South Asia and Developing Economies 39 2.3 Region wise estimated contribution of Export of software and Services: 2001 48 2.4 Engineering Colleges in India 53 3.1 Expected Returns in Investment in Real Estate in Indian Cities, 81 2006 3.2 Determinants of Commercial Land Value: 1997 116 4.1 Industry wise investment in Bengaluru 123 4.2 Distribution of High-Tech Firms amongst the 100 Wards of Bengaluru 126 4.3 Land use distribution in the High-Tech wards and information technology parks 146 4.4 Expenditure on Infrastructure to total expenditure in Bangalore Municipal Corporations 172 5.1 Voice of People: Is High-Tech changing Bengaluru? 202 5.2 Linguistic Diversity among the respondents 205 5.3 Occupational Diversity among the respondents 210 5.4 Recreational Activities of Bangaloreans 213 x 5.5 Means of Transport used for Work by respondents 215 xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have been interested in learning new ideas and teaching since my childhood. My friends in school used to call me a philosopher-- always lost in my own world. This juxtaposition of the urge to learn and thinking led to an interest in research and teaching in an institution of higher learning. It takes the efforts of several to train and provide the resources of higher education. I thank my parents (deceased) and mentors for providing me guidance and support for accomplishing this goal. I have been blessed to have had the opportunity to work under the mentorship and nurturing guidance of a renowned scholar in urban geography: Professor David Kaplan (advisor) at Kent State University. I grew up in a family of academicians as my grandfather was the principal of an engineering college and my late father O.P. Kalra was a literature enthusiast having earned two masters himself (English and Punjabi). My father wanted me to study economics, but I was more inclined to study geography as my grades were higher in geography as compared to other disciplines, and I had an interest in knowing different places. Thus, I ended up earning my BA (Hons.) in geography from Miranda House, University of Delhi, and BA in education from University of Delhi , MA, M.Phil in geography from Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi , and MA in geography and planning from the University of xii Akron, Ohio. I was interested in travelling and always asked myself: why are cities and regions different from each other? What causes the success and failure of regions in attaining higher or declining levels of economic development? What processes cause the growth and decline of urban systems? This curiosity led me to pursue further studies in geography and write a doctoral dissertation at Kent State University. When I started at Kent State University as a graduate student, I approached Prof. David Kaplan for mentorship in pursuing graduate studies under his tutelage. He readily agreed and since then has read my dissertation draft several times and advised me on numerous occasions which led to the improvement of my writing and analysis. He has a good sense of humor and has been a fun person to work with under whose guidance I have learnt immensely.
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