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And the Gambia Marine Coast and Estuary to Climate Change Induced Effects

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And the Gambia Marine Coast and Estuary to Climate Change Induced Effects VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CENTRAL COASTAL SENEGAL (SALOUM) AND THE GAMBIA MARINE COAST AND ESTUARY TO CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED EFFECTS Consolidated Report GAMBIA- SENEGAL SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES PROJECT (USAID/BA NAFAA) April 2012 Banjul, The Gambia This publication is available electronically on the Coastal Resources Center’s website at http://www.crc.uri.edu. For more information contact: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA. Tel: 401) 874-6224; Fax: 401) 789-4670; Email: [email protected] Citation: Dia Ibrahima, M. (2012). Vulnerability Assessment of Central Coast Senegal (Saloum) and The Gambia Marine Coast and Estuary to Climate Change Induced Effects. Coastal Resources Center and WWF-WAMPO, University of Rhode Island, pp. 40 Disclaimer: This report was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Cooperative Agreement # 624-A-00-09-00033-00. ii Abbreviations CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CIA Central Intelligence Agency CMS Convention on Migratory Species, CSE Centre de Suivi Ecologique DoFish Department of Fisheries DPWM Department Of Parks and Wildlife Management EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ETP Evapotranspiration FAO United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture GIS Geographic Information System ICAM II Integrated Coastal and marine Biodiversity management Project IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for the Conservation of nature NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action NASCOM National Association for Sole Fisheries Co-Management Committee NGO Non-Governmental Organization PA Protected Area PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal SUCCESS USAID/URI Cooperative Agreement on Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems UNFCCC Convention on Climate Change URI University of Rhode Island USAID U.S. Agency for International Development WAFCET West Africa Cetacean program WAMER Western Africa Marine Eco-Region WRI World Resources Institute WWF World Wide Fund for nature iii Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Objective and Methodology ................................................................................................ 5 1.1 USAID/Ba Nafaa Project ............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 USAID Guidelines ............................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Multidisciplinary Assessment ................................................................................... 7 2. Context .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Description of the Study Area ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 The Study Area ......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 WAMER ................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.3 The Gambia ............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.4 Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve ........................................................................... 11 2.2 Biological Importance of The Study Area ..................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Marine Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Mangrove Ecosystem .............................................................................................. 12 3. Physical and Climatic Features ........................................................................................... 14 3.1 Geology and Geomorphology of the area (ICAM, 2007) .............................................. 14 3.2 Climatology ................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Temperatures .......................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Insulation ................................................................................................................ 16 3.2.3 Humidity ................................................................................................................. 16 3.2.4 Winds: direction and speed ..................................................................................... 16 3.2.5 Evaporation and evapotranspiration ....................................................................... 16 3.2.6 Rainfall Trend ......................................................................................................... 17 4. Vulnerability Assessment .................................................................................................... 18 4.1 Climate Change Definition ............................................................................................ 18 4.2 Exposure and Sensitivity to Reduced Precipitation ........................................................ 19 4.2.1 Fish exposure and sensitivity to reduced precipitation ........................................... 19 4.2.2 Agriculture exposure and sensitivity to reduced precipitation ............................... 20 4.2.3 Vegetation exposure and sensitivity to reduced precipitation ................................ 20 4.3 Exposure to Sea Level Rise, Sensitivity and Impacts .................................................... 21 4.3.1 Scenario .................................................................................................................. 21 4.3.2 Exposure to a 2m inundation level ......................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Exposure to a 10 m inundation level ...................................................................... 23 4.3.4 Biodiversity exposure and sensitivity to sea level rise ........................................... 24 4.4 Exposure and Sensitivity to Erosionbays and rectilinear coasts less ............................. 24 4.5 Exposure and Sensitivity of Human Activities .............................................................. 24 iv 4.6 Climate change Hotspots ............................................................................................... 27 4.7 Adaptive Capacity ......................................................................................................... 27 4.7.1 Adaptive capacity to sea level rise .......................................................................... 27 4.7.2 Adaptive capacity to reduced rainfall ..................................................................... 27 4.7.3 Adaptive capacity to erosion ................................................................................... 28 4.7.4 Adaptive capacity of fish ....................................................................................... 29 4.7.5 Protected areas as adaptive capacity ....................................................................... 29 6. Adaptive Measures ........................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Communication Plan On CC Effects ............................................................................. 30 5.2 Agriculture and Salt intrusion ........................................................................................ 30 5.3 Coastal Wetlands Protection and Restoration ................................................................ 30 5.4 Erosion and sea waves impact control ........................................................................... 31 5.5 Sustainable Fisheries ..................................................................................................... 31 5.6 Marine Protected Areas ................................................................................................. 31 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 32 References ................................................................................................................................ 34 List of Figures Figure 1: Adapting to Coastal Climate Change. A Guidebook for Development Planners ....... 1 Figure 2: Climate change adaptation steps ................................................................................. 6 Figure 3: Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for Development Planners .... 7 Figure 4: Map of the Study Area ...............................................................................................
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