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Weever Fish Stings: a Report of Two Cases Presenting to an Accident and Emergency Department

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Weever Fish Stings: a Report of Two Cases Presenting to an Accident and Emergency Department J7Accid EmergMed 1996;13:139-141 139 J Accid Emerg Med: first published as 10.1136/emj.13.2.139 on 1 March 1996. Downloaded from | l I _ S21:''': ~~~U _|t.................. Fgr 311aroriue.Nt th mutplct ofstands. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.ii.S .......... and 3) and Z-plasty fashioned over the dorsal skin in anticipation of constrictive scarring (fig 4). The toe healed uneventfully. CASE 2 A three month old boy was referred with a two swollen right day history of irritability and Figure 4 The toefollowing removal of the hair tourniquet. second toe. A subcutaneous hair thread tourni- A dorsal Z plasty was fashioned. Note reactive hyperaemia. quet was found and removed. Congestion subsided over the next few days. The toe healed well with conservative wound care. persists as to the completeness of the removal, especially as the constricting hair cuts through Discussion the skin and becomes invisible. There have been 67 previous reports of "hair Reported complications of digital tourni- thread tourniquet syndrome" involving fingers, quets include tissue loss, flexion deformnities, toes, and the external genitalia.' 2 The mechan- and amputations. Higher rates of complication ism of injury is the impairment of lymphatic were found in external genitalia strangulations drainage by the constricting hair or thread. and these include urethrocutaneous fistulae Strangulation becomes established with ob- and gangrene of the glans.'1 struction to the venous outflow and the arterial In all cases the possibility of non-accidental inflow. The tourniquet ofhair or thread eventu- injury should be borne in mind, although most ally cuts through the oedematous skin and appear to have been inadvertent. One piece http://emj.bmj.com/ becomes embedded deep in the subcutaneous jump suits and mittens with loose nylon tissue. Skin epithelialisation can occur to threads have been identified as sources of the completely bury the tourniquet. The swollen, ligatures. discoloured and cool appendage eventually undergoes necrosis and may autoamputate. Prompt and complete removal of all con- IBarton DJ, Sloan GM, Nichter LS, Reinisch JFE Hair-thread tourmquet syndrome. Pediatrics 1 988;82:925-8. stricting material is essential. Surgical explo- 2 Collins AG. Hair thread touriquet syndrome [letter] Aust on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. ration must be considered mandatory if doubt iDermatol 199031 s117 8. Weever fish stings: a report of two cases presenting to an accident and emergency department R S Davies, RJ Evans Welsh National Poisons Unit, Ward West 5, Llandough Hospital, Cardiff CF64 2XX Abstract Key terms: weever fish; fish venom; bites and stings; R J Evans Two patients are described who suffered poisonous fish Correspondence to: weever fish stings and presented to an Dr R J Evans, Accident and Emergency accident and emergency department. The Weever fish are among the most venomous Department, characteristic symptoms and treatment fish present in the temperate zone. They are Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Newport Road, are described. found in European coastal waters (Baltic to Cardiff CF2 1SZ. (3Accid Emerg Med 1996;13:139-141) North Africa), the eastern Atlantic Ocean, and 140 Davies, Evans Case reports CASE 1 J Accid Emerg Med: first published as 10.1136/emj.13.2.139 on 1 March 1996. Downloaded from A 16 year old girl presented to the A&E department after sustaining a weever fish sting to her right hand. She was working with the launch crew of a life boat on a stretch of beach in South Wales in August. She placed her hand on the sandy shore and immediately complained of severe pain to the puncture site which extended from the digit to the whole hand. The patient was given an antihistamine by the lifeboat doctor at the scene and when 20mm she saw her general practitioner the next morning she was prescribed erythromycin. Later that day she presented to the A&E department, were she was found to have a swollen erythematous right hand and forearm. the Mediterranean Sea.' The weever fish is a She was prescribed an analgesic (dihydro- short, stout fish ranging in length from 14 cm codeine tartrate) for pain relief, and the arm (lesser weever fish, Echiichthys vipera) to 46 cm was elevated with a sling. On review the next (greater weever fish, Trachinus draco). The morning the hand was still swollen and the lesser weever fish inhabits shallow inshore patient was advised to continue with elevation, waters where the bottom is flat or sandy and antibiotics, antihistamines, and analgesics muddy. The greater weever fish lives in deeper, (ibuprofen). Telephone follow up revealed that offshore waters (to a depth of 30 m) and is the pain and swelling settled completely after the species usually responsible for the stings five days. suffered by fishermen and divers. Both species spend much of the day partly buried in the CASE 2 sand or mud, with only the head and back A 48 year old woman presented to our A&E exposed.2 The fish are usually a yellow-grey department seven days after sustaining a colour, with a whitish underside, and have eyes weever fish sting when wading out to sea while that are located almost on top of a flat head.3 on holiday in Portugal. She immediately The fish possess approximately six venom- complained of excruciating pain which she containing spines in the front dorsal fin and a described as "a twisting knife", after which the single spine on each main gill cover (figure). foot became swollen and red. The local beach Within the dorsal spines are two grooves attendant felt it important to squeeze the composed of holocrine glandular tissue. The venom from the wound and to make it bleed. spines are covered with a thin integument He then sprayed an unknown cold substance of stratified columnar epithelium that rup- on the foot but this made the pain much worse. tures during contact with the victim and After a couple of hours the severe pain sub- http://emj.bmj.com/ thus releases the venom. The venom, an ich- sided but an irritation persisted, especially on thyoacanthotoxin, contains several thermo- weight bearing. On examination the wound, labile proteins, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, although tender to palpation, had healed well, a kinin or kinin-like substance, adrenaline, so the patient was reassured and discharged. noradrenaline, histamine, possibly serotonin as Telephone follow up revealed that the foot well as several enzymes.4 The venom causes irritation and mild discomfort on weight wheal and flare reactions in subcutaneous bearing persisted for three weeks. on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. injections and is lethal to some animals.4 Recently a major toxic component of the Discussion greater weever fish called dracotoxin, with Systemic symptoms after weever fish stings are membrane depolarising and haemolytic proper- probably overstated, and reported fatalities ties, has been isolated from the crude venom.5 that occur follow stings of the greater weever In summer, the fish prefers shallow water fish and are more consistent with secondary where it buries itself in the mud or sand with sepsis than venom effects.7 There are no recent eyes, mouth and dorsal fin protruding above reports of serious cases. Immediately after the surface where it awaits prey such as crabs envenomation the patient develops intense or shrimps.' Fishermen can sustain an injury pain at the puncture site, which may be while handling fish caught in nets.4 However, excruciating and difficult to control with the most common injury is to the lower analgesics. There is an account dating from extremities when bathers tread on partially 1782 of a fisherman who amputated his finger submerged dorsal spines.6 Occasionally the fish to relieve pain caused by the greater weever may lunge at a bather, when the gill cover fish.7 spines alone are employed.' In France the The pain can increase in severity over an weever fish is considered a delicacy and is sold hour and lasts for up to 24 hours.' The pain commercially; since the venom remains potent is usually localised around the site of pen- for several hours, care must be taken when etration but may affect the whole foot or hand handling the fish. and even the whole limb. The limb may feel We report two cases of weever fish stings numb, with associated erythema and oedema which presented to an accident an emergency which may extend proximally from the wound (A&E) department. over the next few hours. Inflammation of J7Accid EmergMed 1996;13:141-142 141 the wound may continue for up to 14 days Infection is rare but antibiotics will be and movement of the limb can be greatly necessary if local infection develops, and can J Accid Emerg Med: first published as 10.1136/emj.13.2.139 on 1 March 1996. Downloaded from restricted.2 be considered for prophylaxis in the immuno- A broad array of systemic symptoms may compromised patient. Antihistamines may accompany envenomation. The victim may relieve the local inflammatory response. Other- be agitated, pale, or anxious and headaches, wise treatment is supportive. Occasionally, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and syncope envenomation will be accompanied by an may occur rarely. There is a case report of a allergic reaction and treatment for anaphylaxis six week pregnant woman who developed will be necessary.'0 Prevention is primarily by vaginal bleeding immediately after a weever avoidance, wearing sufficient protective foot- fish envenomation and three weeks later spon- wear, and never handling weever fish." taneously aborted the fetus.8 I wish to thank Mr Gordon Howes for his advice and his Management of a weever fish sting should drawing of the lesser weever fish. be to immerse the affected limb or wound promptly in hot water (approximately 40°C or as hot as can be tolerated) for about 20 1 Cain D.
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