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Lecture.Spainportugal Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science Wine Regions of Northern Spain and Portugal Wine Regions of Northern Spain and Portugal History Geography Statistics Growing areas Grape varieties Wine styles Iberian Peninsula ~ 1,000 BCE • Phoenicians established colonies, planted vines and made wines in Spain as early as 1,000 BCE History ca. 0100 History ca. 0100 History ca. 2014 History ca. 2006 -- Climate change is "severe and so sweeping that only urgent, global action" can head it off, a United Nations scientific panel said in a report on global warming issued Saturday, 11/17/07. CNN.com Featured Growing Regions Rías Baixas Duero-Porto Ribera del Duero Madeira Rioja Priorat La Mancha Jerez-Xérès-Sherry Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres REGION 2004/2000* 11.1. Spain Chile 2,995468 12.2. France Australia 2,210410 13.3. Italy Greece* 2,140323 14.4. Turkey Ukraine* 1,475313 15.5. China South 1,125293 Africa* 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. Germany* 263 8. Portugal 610 18. Hungary* 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148 Includes table grapes and raisins! EUROPE 11,978 WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile 166 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Vineyard Yields ) 7.9 ( Tons/Acre ' & 4.1 % 3.5 $ # 1.6 1.1 " ! Spain Portugal France Italy USA Regulations Irrigation 1st year only vs. DI/PRD Varietals Top 15 = 75% Aging Requirements Gran Reserva (5 years total/2 barrel/3- bottle) Reserva (3 years total/1+ barrel/2- bottle) Crianza (2 years total/1 barrel/1 bottle) Appellation Control France AOC Appellation d‘Origine Contrôlée Germany QbA Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete Italy DOC Denominazione di Origine Controllata Portugal DOC Denominação de Origem Controlada Spain DO Denominación de Origen USA AVA American Viticultural Area Classifications-Classifications Spain DOCa Denominación de Origen Calificada DO Denominación de Origen VCPRD Vino de Calidad Producido en Región Determinada VdlT & VdM Vino de la Tierra & Vino de Mesa Classifications - Portugal DOC Denominação de Origem Controlada IPR Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada VR Vinho Regional VdM Vino de la Tierra & Vinho de Mesa Unique DO(C) Wines • Cava = “Metodo tradicional” sparkling wine (DO+) • Sherry = Fortified/oxidized wine from Jerez de la Frontera • Madeira = Fortified/oxidized wine from Madeira • Port = Fortified/(oxidized) wine from Oporto • Vinho Verde = Effervescent wine from Entre-Douro-e-Minho DOCa Wines Denominación de Origen Calificada Main blending varietals • Rioja Tempranillo, Garnacha • Priorato Garnacha, Cariñena, Cab Sauv, Syrah aka • DOQ Priorat Garnatxa, Carinyena, Cab Sauv, Syrah in Catalan World Viticulture 50º 10ºC 20ºC 0º 20ºC 10ºC 50º Latitude Comparison France 42 Iberia Indiana California 32 Iberia P E 380 miles Regional Warming ºC 30 Almeria +/- 6ºC 25 Barcelona 20 Burgos 15 10 5 0 ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SET OCT NOV DIC Rivers of Wine Production Annual Precipitation Summer Temperatures © Hugh Johnson Hugh © Wine Regions of Galicia Galicia Annual Precipitation Johnson Hugh © High- wire Trellis © Der Brockhaus: Wine Albariño Rías Baixas’ famous white variety Galician Varieties Seafood Tempranillo Rioja’s and Ribera del Duero’s famous red variety Ebro 75 miles Rio Ebro Oak barrel staves Bodega Ysios Frank Gehry’s Project The Guggenheim - Frank Gehry Old vineyards New vineyards 4,000 acres 2,100 tons 53 wineries Vineyard Yields ) 7.9 ( Tons/Acre ' & 4.1 % 3.5 $ # 1.6 1.1 " 0.5 ! Priorat Spain Portugal France Italy USA Yield ≈0.5 t/acre Sorting table Seed removal Sagrada Família Antoni Gaudí Casa Milà Antoni Gaudí Tapas Bar Jamón ibérico Delicacies Sangría Recipe: • Cheap red wine • Cheap brandy • Cheap fruit • + Sugar Spain Major Grape Varieties out of 130+ White Red Airén Garnacha (Grenache) Viura Bobal Palomino Monastrell (Mourvèdre) Carineña (Carignane) Albariño Tempranillo Verdelo Garnacha Godello Carineña Pedro Ximénez CS/Merlot Syrah World’s largest AO (DO) 483,000 acres 22,000 growers 295 wineries (bodegas) Museum Sophia Centro de Arte Reina Sofía Picasso’s Guernica Andalucia DO Montilla-Moriles Biological aging w/ FLOR yeast New England FLOR Yeast Biological aging w/ FLOR yeast Sherry Production White base wine from V.v. Palomino A. Fortify to 15.5% + flor yeast aging => Fino OR 2nd Fortification to 18% => Oxidative aging => Amontillado B. Fortify to 18% => Oxidative aging only => Oloroso Blending with sweet V.v. Pedro Ximénez => Medium or Cream Sherry Sherry Blending & Aging The SOLERA Principle www.wineaustralia.com Sherry Criaderas & Soleras Sherry Blending & Aging The SOLERA Principle New Wine 1st Criadera 2nd Criadera Solera Bottle Pedro Ximénez Portugal Major Grape Varieties Major Port Wine Varieties: Touriga Nacional Tinto Cão Tinta Barroca Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) Touriga Francesa Featured Growing Regions Rías Baixas Duero-Porto Ribera del Duero Madeira Rioja Priorat La Mancha Jerez-Xérès-Sherry Wine Regions of Topography of Douro vineyards Porto Port Production Harvest red (often inter-planted) varietals Crush in Lagares Start fermentation Stop fermentation at about half-way => Drain fermenting juice into brandy (77%) => Port wine sweet + fortified (18-20%vol) Barrel/bottle age Lagar Crusher Lagar Robotic Lagar Lagar Port Production Brandy => Alcohol (≈90%) Must Port Wine => Sugar (≈24%) => both (≈19%/10%RS) Port Production Port Nomenclature Vintage designated year, 2 in bbl, ∞ in bottle LBV 4-6 years in bbl Crusted ≤2 in bbl; bottled unfiltered Tawny 3+ years in bbl Ruby sweet, fruity, 0-3 years in bbl White white grapes, often dry, 15% Madeira Madeira 20 miles Madeira © 2007 Gerald Brimacomb Madeira © 2007 Gerald Brimacomb Madeira Production Acidic base wine Fortified with brandy to 16-20%vol “Baked” in an Estufa (100-145ºF) Sweetness adjusted with vinho surdo (fortified juice) Bottle aged for 100+ years Historic Madeira Estufa Madeira Nomenclature If varietal If < 85% Malmsey (Malvasia) Sweet, rich, slightly acidic Boal Medium-sweet, intense Verdelho Medium-dry, soft Sercial Dry, noticeably acidic.
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