Food Science 470 Appreciation

Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science

Wine Regions of Northern and Wine Regions of Northern Spain and Portugal

History Geography Statistics Growing areas Grape varieties Wine styles Iberian Peninsula ~ 1,000 BCE • Phoenicians established colonies, planted vines and made in Spain as early as 1,000 BCE History ca. 0100 History ca. 0100 History ca. 2014 History ca. 2006 -- Climate change is "severe and so sweeping that only urgent, global action" can head it off, a United Nations scientific panel said in a report on global warming issued Saturday, 11/17/07. CNN.com Featured Growing Regions

Rías Baixas Duero- Madeira La Mancha Jerez-Xérès- Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres

REGION 2004/2000* 11.1. Spain Chile 2,995468 12.2. Australia 2,210410 13.3. * 2,140323 14.4. Turkey Ukraine* 1,475313 15.5. China South 1,125293 Africa* 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. * 263 8. Portugal 610 18. Hungary* 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148 Includes table grapes and raisins!

EUROPE 11,978 WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons

REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile 166 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Yields

) 7.9 ( Tons/Acre ' & 4.1 % 3.5 $ # 1.6 1.1 " ! Spain Portugal France Italy USA Regulations

Irrigation 1st year only vs. DI/PRD Top 15 = 75% Aging Requirements Gran Reserva (5 years total/2 barrel/3- bottle) Reserva (3 years total/1+ barrel/2- bottle) Crianza (2 years total/1 barrel/1 bottle) Appellation Control

France AOC Appellation d‘Origine Contrôlée

Germany QbA Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete

Italy DOC Denominazione di Origine Controllata

Portugal DOC Denominação de Origem Controlada

Spain DO Denominación de Origen

USA AVA American Viticultural Area Classifications-Classifications Spain

DOCa Denominación de Origen Calificada DO Denominación de Origen VCPRD Producido en Región Determinada VdlT & VdM & Vino de Mesa Classifications - Portugal

DOC Denominação de Origem Controlada IPR Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada VR Vinho Regional VdM Vino de la Tierra & Vinho de Mesa Unique DO(C) Wines

• = “Metodo tradicional” (DO+)

• Sherry = Fortified/oxidized wine from Jerez de la Frontera

• Madeira = Fortified/oxidized wine from Madeira

• Port = Fortified/(oxidized) wine from Oporto

• Vinho Verde = Effervescent wine from Entre--e-Minho DOCa Wines

Denominación de Origen Calificada

Main blending varietals

• Rioja , Garnacha

• Priorato Garnacha, Cariñena, Cab Sauv, aka • DOQ Priorat Garnatxa, Carinyena, Cab Sauv, Syrah in Catalan World

50º 10ºC

20ºC

0º

20ºC

10ºC 50º Latitude Comparison

France

42 Iberia

Indiana

California 32 Iberia

P E 380 miles Regional Warming

ºC 30 Almeria +/- 6ºC 25 Barcelona

20

15

10

5

0 ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SET OCT NOV DIC Rivers of

Wine Production

Annual Precipitation Summer Temperatures © Hugh Johnson Hugh ©

Wine Regions of Galicia Annual Precipitation Johnson Hugh ©

High- wire Trellis wire

© Der Brockhaus: Wine Albariño

Rías Baixas’ famous white variety Galician Varieties Seafood

Tempranillo

Rioja’s and Ribera del Duero’s famous red variety

Ebro

75 miles Rio Ebro barrel staves

Bodega Ysios Frank Gehry’s Project The Guggenheim - Frank Gehry

Old New vineyards 4,000 acres 2,100 tons 53 Vineyard Yields

) 7.9 ( Tons/Acre ' & 4.1 % 3.5 $ # 1.6 1.1 " 0.5 ! Priorat Spain Portugal France Italy USA ≈0.5 t/acre

Sorting table

Seed removal Sagrada Família

Antoni Gaudí Casa Milà

Antoni Gaudí Tapas Bar Jamón ibérico Delicacies Sangría

Recipe: • Cheap • Cheap brandy • Cheap fruit • + Sugar

Spain Major Grape Varieties out of 130+ White Red Airén Garnacha () Viura Monastrell (Mourvèdre) Carineña (Carignane)

Albariño Tempranillo Verdelo Garnacha Godello Carineña Pedro Ximénez CS/ Syrah World’s largest AO (DO) 483,000 acres 22,000 growers 295 wineries (bodegas) Museum Sophia Centro de Arte Reina Sofía

Picasso’s Guernica

Andalucia DO Montilla-Moriles Biological aging w/ FLOR yeast New England FLOR Yeast Biological aging w/ FLOR yeast

Sherry Production

White base wine from V.v. Palomino A. Fortify to 15.5% + flor yeast aging => Fino OR 2nd Fortification to 18% => Oxidative aging => Amontillado B. Fortify to 18% => Oxidative aging only => Oloroso Blending with sweet V.v. Pedro Ximénez => Medium or Cream Sherry Sherry Blending & Aging The Principle

www.wineaustralia.com Sherry

Criaderas & Sherry Blending & Aging The SOLERA Principle

New Wine

1st Criadera

2nd Criadera

Solera

Bottle Pedro Ximénez

Portugal Major Grape Varieties

Major Varieties: Tinto Cão Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) Featured Growing Regions

Rías Baixas Duero-Porto Ribera del Duero Madeira Rioja Priorat La Mancha Jerez-Xérès-Sherry Wine Regions of Topography of Douro vineyards Porto Port Production

Harvest red (often inter-planted) varietals Crush in Lagares Start fermentation Stop fermentation at about half-way => Drain fermenting juice into brandy (77%)

=> Port wine sweet + fortified (18-20%vol) Barrel/bottle age Lagar Crusher Lagar Robotic Lagar

Lagar

Port Production

Brandy => Alcohol (≈90%)

Must Port Wine => Sugar (≈24%) => both (≈19%/10%RS) Port Production Port Nomenclature

Vintage designated year, 2 in bbl, ∞ in bottle

LBV 4-6 years in bbl

Crusted ≤2 in bbl; bottled unfiltered

Tawny 3+ years in bbl

Ruby sweet, fruity, 0-3 years in bbl

White white grapes, often dry, 15%

Madeira Madeira

20 miles Madeira

© 2007 Gerald Brimacomb Madeira

© 2007 Gerald Brimacomb Madeira Production

Acidic base wine

Fortified with brandy to 16-20%vol “Baked” in an Estufa (100-145ºF) Sweetness adjusted with vinho surdo (fortified juice) Bottle aged for 100+ years Historic Madeira Estufa

Madeira Nomenclature

If If < 85%

Malmsey () Sweet, rich, slightly acidic

Boal Medium-sweet, intense

Verdelho Medium-dry, soft

Sercial Dry, noticeably acidic