Fellini Le Visionnaire Magicien Et Enchanteur

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Fellini Le Visionnaire Magicien Et Enchanteur ETUDES et REFLEXIONS FELLINI LE VISIONNAIRE MAGICIEN ET ENCHANTEUR Le mois dernier, le cinéaste polonais Andrzej Wajda a été élu à l'Académie des beaux-arts au fauteuil de Federico Fellini. Dans son discours de réception, M. Jean Prodomidès soulignait que s'il fallait définir d'une phrase la singularité de l'œuvre de Wajda, « ce serait la lutte et la conquête de la liberté par un homme ». De « Kanal » et « Cendres et diamant » à « l'Homme de marbre » et « l'Homme de fer », poursuivait-il, le cinéaste polonais « a su exprimer le chant de la liberté de tout un peuple, perpétuant ainsi la tradition du grand poète national Adam Mickiewicz ». Nous sommes heureux de publier 93 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES FEVRIER 1998 ETUDES et REFLEXIONS Fellini, le visionnaire magicien et enchanteur ci-après, avec l'aimable autorisation de l'Académie des beaux-arts, le discours d'Andrzej Wajda faisant l'éloge de son prédécesseur, Federico Fellini. ' A I mes yeux, la France a toujours représenté un modèle d'exigence dans le domaine artistique, et elle a su le , I demeurer dans un monde où l'uniformité et la facilité trouvent de plus en plus d'admirateurs. A nous, intellectuels et artistes polonais, il revient maintenant d'examiner clairement notre situation, avant d'accomplir ce pas décisif que sera l'entrée de la Pologne dans l'Union européenne. Qu'apporterons-nous à l'Europe ? Qu'attendons-nous d'elle, après cinquante ans passés derrière le rideau de fer ? Pour moi, je n'ai jamais douté de ma qualité d'Européen, et la France, qui remarquait et récompensait mes films, a toujours été le point de référence au cours de nos années difficiles. J'étais aussi très proche de l'Italie. Le néoréalisme italien avait permis au cinéma polonais de trouver sa voie dans les premières années de l'après-guerre. Depuis la mort de Federico Fellini, metteur en scène de génie, le monde du cinéma a complètement changé et ne sera plus jamais tel qu'il était quand lui réalisait ses chefs-d'œuvre. La Strada, la Dolce Vita, Huit et demi, Amarcord : quelle étonnante richesse, quelle diversité étourdissante dans ce que Fellini nous montre à l'écran ! Plusieurs autres metteurs en scène de génie semblent s'être partagé son œuvre. Et lui-même en avait conscience : «Je tiens à ce que chacun de mes films soit tout à fait différent des précédents. J'estime que c'est seulement de cette manière qu'on peut faire de bons films. » Ce souci constant d'invention, ce besoin insatiable de renouvellement est la source même du pouvoir créateur de Fellini. Je souhaiterais qu'on inscrive en lettres d'or sur la porte d'entrée de toute école de cinéma : « Lorsqu'on est prisonnier d'une technique, lorsque le style devient plus important que l'histoire racontée et détourne l'attention du spectateur du spectacle lui-même, alors le résultat ne peut être que négatif. » 94 ETUDES et REFLEXIONS Fellini, le visionnaire magicien et enchanteur Le long chemin des grands succès de Fellini commence avec la Strada en 1954, se poursuit avec les Vitelloni et les Nuits de Cabiria, jusqu'au triomphe international de la Dolce Vita, ce film qui m'a puissamment marqué, et qui m'a donné le courage de continuer mon travail. Je citerai également Boccace 70 et Huit et demi, surprenante séance d'autopsychanalyse, après laquelle aucun metteur en scène de cinéma n'a pu totalement retrouver son équilibre et la satisfaction de soi qui pouvait être la sienne. « Quand je travaille, je me sens vivre » Cependant, à travers des sujets aussi divers que Juliette des esprits, les Clowns, Roma, Amarcord, Casanova, E la nave va, Fred et Ginger, jusqu'au dernier film, la Voce délia luna, c'est toujours le même Fellini qui nous éblouit et qui nous parle. Personne n'a mieux exprimé Fellini que Fellini, et il définit ainsi son attitude pendant le travail : * Pendant un tournage, je vis la plénitude de la vie. Je suis alors plus viril. Je déborde d'énergie, je peux jouer tous les rôles, je fais tout moi-même sur le plateau, je ne suis jamais fatigué. Je ne prête aucune attention à l'heure à laquelle nous terminons, et je ne peux pas attendre le lendemain. Ma vie consiste à faire des films. Quand je travaille, je me sens vivre. » Au cours de mes années de travail, j'ai appris que cette énergie, quand elle émane du metteur en scène, est visible sur l'écran. C'est elle qui commande aux réactions du spectateur, quels que soient le sujet et le contenu du film. C'est l'allégresse même de la création qui rayonne des œuvres de Fellini et qui nous plonge, dès les premiers plans, dans une jubilation véritable. Mon jeune collègue, l'excellent Krzysztof Kieslowski, écrivait, il n'y a pas si longtemps : « Quand je pense au cinéma contemporain, de plus en plus souvent me vient à l'esprit l'image d'un cimetière. Des tombes, quelques hommes âgés et remplis d'incertitude aux mouvements précautionneux penchés au-dessus de ces tombes et, à côté, une autoroute pleine de voitures rapides, techniquement parfaites, mais qui se ressemblent comme des gouttes d'eau. » Parmi les tombes qu'évoquait ce metteur en scène 95 ETUDES et REFLEXIONS Fellini, le visionnaire magicien et enchanteur polonais trop précocement disparu, je crois que celle où s'inscrit le nom de Federico Fellini est le défi le plus sérieux et le remords le plus lancinant que puisse évoquer cette voie express du cinéma contemporain. Celui dont je parle aujourd'hui est le plus grand dans son domaine, et je le tiens pour irremplaçable. Si « Huit et demi » n'avait pas existé... L'imaginaire inimitable de Fellini s'est développé à partir des deux points centraux qu'il a su rendre mythiques et qui se sont rapprochés l'un de l'autre au fil des années, jusqu'à se recouvrir. Le premier de ces points est la petite ville côtière de Rimini, où Fellini est né le 20 janvier 1920. Rimini, où il a passé son enfance et sa jeunesse, n'était pas encore une villégiature à la mode. C'était une petite ville plutôt endormie qui vivait à un rythme lent et propice à la réflexion, une quintessence de la vie provinciale, un lieu idéal pour l'éducation du futur artiste. C'est là, dans cette province peuplée de ses fantômes, soumise à ses propres rites, que Fellini situera l'action de ses films des années cinquante. Même lorsqu'il la déplacera à Rome, comme dans le Sheik blanc, cette Rome dont les rues sont parcourues par un orchestre militaire et par des cracheurs de feu, la capitale italienne conservera l'apparence d'une ville de province. Rome est précisément le second point mythique dans l'imaginaire de Fellini. Rome dont il rêvait depuis l'enfance et où il arriva, après un court séjour à Florence, au printemps de 1939. A partir d'un film carrefour tourné en i960, la Dolce Vita, Rome devient le territoire de ses films, une Rome élégante et fortunée. Il n'y a que Rome que l'on puisse comparer à Rome : les deux films dont il ornait le titre de son nom, Fellini-Satyricon et Fellini-Roma, le rappellent avec éloquence. La fameuse descente dans les sous-sols antiques nous fait sentir, mieux que toute autre scène, à quel point Fellini se rendait compte du caractère unique de cette ville où il vivait. C'est parce qu'elle est racontée sur un mode inimitable que l'œuvre de Fellini, qui trouve ses racines dans la province, m'a toujours semblé très proche. Ce fut, en effet, dès le début mon 96 ETUDES et REFLEXIONS Fellini, le visionnaire magicien et enchanteur problème : comment exprimer, pour le plus grand nombre, la problématique irremplaçable d'un coin de province. Et même si ma première rencontre avec l'œuvre de ce grand artiste s'est produite à Paris, où j'ai vu la Strada il y a quarante-trois ans, je voudrais, aujourd'hui, la présenter dans une perspective polonaise. Par la force des choses, mon regard sur son œuvre est égoïste. Je lui dois beaucoup comme metteur en scène. Mon premier film, Génération, n'aurait pas pu être tourné si je n'avais pas été touché par le néoréalisme italien, dont il était un des représentants. Je n'aurais jamais entrepris un film parlant d'un film, comme Tout est à vendre, si Huit et demi n'avait pas existé ; pas plus que je n'aurais sans doute entrepris le Chef d'orchestre sans avoir vu Répétition d'orchestre. J'ai donc envers Fellini l'attitude d'un débiteur insol­ vable, et non celle d'un spectateur capable d'analyser scientifi­ quement son œuvre. Aussi, pour adopter le ton d'un discours biographique et analytique, vais-je me servir des réflexions de critiques polonais. Cela ne me sera pas difficile, car son œuvre est entourée, depuis des années, dans mon pays, d'un vrai culte. Fellini concentre en lui-même, exprime d'une manière inconnue jusqu'à lui la tradition méditerranéenne du spectacle, si riche en Italie. Depuis le premier jusqu'au dernier film, il sondait notamment la frontière difficile à percevoir entre l'art et le kitsch, qui agit avec une force mystérieuse sur l'imagination du spectateur. Les comédiens itinérants, les gens du cirque, l'étonnant théâtre de la cruauté dans Satyricon, ou le show de télévision où se produisent Masina et Mastroianni poursuivent et développent le thème sans lequel nous ne pouvons imaginer le cinéma de Fellini.
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