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I Sociology Paper - Iii M.A. SEMESTER - I SOCIOLOGY PAPER - III CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVE IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY SUBJECT CODE: 73505 © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Prof. Suhas Pednekar Vice Chancellor University of Mumbai, Mumbai. Prof. Ravindra D. Kulkarni Prof. Prakash Mahanwar Pro Vice-Chancellor, Director University of Mumbai. IDOL,University of Mumbai, Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Pankti Surve Assistant Professor, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Writers : Prof. Mariyah Gaur Rizvi College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai. : Dr. Rajula Nanji Shah Sophia College for Women Mumbai. : Dr. Lakshmi Periyaswamy, Kets Vaze College, Mulund (East), Mumbai April 2021, Print I Published by : Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Varda Offset and Typesetters Andheri (W), Mumbai - 400 053. Pace Computronics ipin Enterprises "Samridhi" Paranjpe 'B' Scheme, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai Printed by :Tantia Jogani Industrial Estate, Unit No. 2, Ground Floor, Sitaram Mill Compound, J.R. Boricha Marg, Mumbai - 400 011 CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No 1. European Modernity, Colonialism And Anthropology And Its Sub Disciplines ............................................... 01 2. Claims To Holism,The Comparative Method And The Origin Of Field Work, Debates In Classical Anthropology.............................................................11 3. Evolutionist Perspectives, Diffusionism : The Kulturkreis School, British Diffusionism...........................18 4. Historical Particularism, Structural Functionalism.............................................................................31 5. Culture And Personality, Culture History.....................................................48 6. Ethnolinguistics, Village Studies..................................................................55 7. Classical Studies In Kinship And Structuralism............................................63 8. Structuralism In Indian Anthropology And Diversification Of Anthropology: World Anthropology.........................73 ***** Syllabus PAPER 3: CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Course Rationale: This course introduces the student to historical moments in the development of anthropology with particular reference to its various sub-disciplines. It seeks to address at length the pioneering efforts of anthropologists, the classical theoretical perspectives in cultural anthropology as well as the debates that anthropology generated in the public sphere. Unit I: Origin, Sub-Disciplines and Debates • European Modernity, Colonialism and Anthropology • Anthropology and its sub-disciplines: [Biological Anthropology, Linguistics, Pre- Historic Archaeology, Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology] • Claims to holism, the comparative method and the origin of fieldwork • Debates in Classical Anthropology [Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, ‘The book view’ and the ‘field view’] Unit II: Foundational Perspectives • Evolutionist Perspectives • Diffusionism: The Kulturkreis school, British diffusionists. • Historical Particularism • Structural Functionalism Unit III: Classical Ethnographic Registers • Culture and Personality • Culture History • Ethnolinguistics • Village Studies Unit IV: Diversified Locations • Classical Studies in Kinship • Structuralism • Structuralism in Indian Anthropology • Diversification of Anthropology: WorldAnthropologies Essential Readings: Barnard, A. (2004). History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eriksen, T.H. & Nielsen, F.S. (2001). A History of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press. Moore, J.D. (2009). Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. Lanham: Alta Mira Press. McGee, R.J. & Warms, R.L. (Eds.). (2008). Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York: McGraw Hill. Uberoi, P. et al. (Eds.). (2007). Anthropology in the East: Founders of Indian Sociology and Anthropology. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. Further Readings: Applebaum, H.A. (1987). Perspectives in Cultural Anthropology. New York: State University of New York Press. Barth, F. Et al. (2005). One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French and American Anthropology. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. Clark-Deces, I. (2011). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology: A Companion to the Anthropology of India. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Eller, J.D. (2009). Cultural Anthropology: Global Forces, Local Lives. London & New York: Routledge. Eriksen, T.H. (2010) [1995]. Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Pluto Press. Gaillard, G. (1997). The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists. London & New York: Routledge. Gordon, R. et al. (Eds.). (2011). Fifty Key Anthropologists. London & New York: Routledge. Ingold, T. (Ed.). (1994). Companion Encyclopaedia of Anthropology. London & New York: Routledge. Kuper, A. (1983). Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Kuper, A. (2000). [1999]. Culture: The Anthropologists Account. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ***** 1 EUROPEAN MODERNITY, COLONIALISM AND ANTHROPOLOGY AND ITS SUB DISCIPLINES Unit Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 European Modernity 1.1.1 Meaning of Modernity 1.1.1 History 1.1.1 Modernity and social change 1.1.4 Sociologists view on modernity 1.2 Colonial Anthropology 1.2.1 Understanding Colonization 1.2.2 Literature produced 1.2.3 Problems with their work 1.3 Anthropology and its sub disciplines 1.3.1 Understanding Anthropology 1.3.2 Origin of Anthropology 1.3.3 Key scholars and schools. 1.3.4 Physical Anthropology subdivisions 1.3.5 Cultural Anthropology subdivisions 1.3.6 Perspective in Anthropology 1.3.7 Research Methodology in Anthropology 1.4 Summary 1.5 Unit End Questions 1.6 References and Future Readings 1.0 OBJECTIVES To explore the development of different Schools of Sociology in India. To learn about the historical development of Bombay School To learn about the different approaches followed in Indian Sociology. 1.1 EUROPEAN MODERNITY Sociologists have dealt with more about Modernity as a subject more than Anthropologists. As Sociologists often are associated with the 1 study of industrial society where as Anthropologists often study the simple societies. The reason for sociologists to be more interested about modernity or its consequences lies within the inception of the subject itself. Sociology developed from the background of French revolution, industrialization etc. To use Auguste Comte’s words, Sociology was advanced to understand and develop laws of the social phenomena 1(1). On the other hand Anthropology was established with the background of curiosity, understanding of religion, culture and evolution of human being. Though in the later period Anthropology has evolved far from the observing traditional societies to study a larger group and using news methods and areas like visual anthropology, visual ethnography etc. 1.1.1Meaning of Modernity: Modernity can be seen as phenomena with several characteristics. It is a distinctive constellation of intellectual tendencies, including the propensity to subject established norms and practices to critical reflection, to seek physical causes for disease, to believe both in universal human rights and in cultural specificity, and to affirm oneself as an individual even while lamenting the lack of community. The condition of modernity also refers to a set of institutional structures, including popular elections, rule by law, secular bureaucracy, an independent judiciary and free press, public education, capitalism, and monogamous marriage (3). 1.1.2 History: Modern societies began to emerge in Europe from about 15th century. However, the clear formation of modernity can be said after the enlightenment period. Enlightenment was described as the age of reason, science, progress. Before modernity came in the west, there was renaissance followed by enlightenment. Both these movements were based for a fight for social justice and development. The importance given to the religious practices, monarch and feudalism had declined. Modernization came with the processes of urbanization and industrialization. Modernity took over two centuries to develop. Check Your Progress 1. List out few historical factors which led to the Modernity in Europe? 2. Discuss the meaning of Modernity? 1 Comte’s sense, meant abandoning absolute for relative truth, and the search for the real nature or cause of things, in favour of discovering laws, defined as predictable regularities in the behaviour of observable phenomena. 2 1.1.3 Modernity and Social change: Modernity in the West in the first half of the 20th century meant new formats for new thoughts—innovative ways of writing and thinking, new fields of inquiry, the infusion of women into historically male- dominated workforces, the emergence of new art forms (e.g., jazz and silent film), and the development of new products and technologies. The rationalization of processes led to schemes such as the intensification of the division of labour, which improved work efficiency and provided work opportunities for semiskilled individuals. Ford’s manufacturing system greatly influenced the modern economy. Likewise, technological innovations such as the telegraph and the advent of photography also altered modes of inhabiting environments and daily living for entire populations. Some scholars even go so far as to locate modernity with the advent of the printing press and the mass circulation of print information
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