Nuovo Classicismo: L'architettura Come Senso Di Appartenenza

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Nuovo Classicismo: L'architettura Come Senso Di Appartenenza Nuovo classicismo: l’architettura come senso di appartenenza Nuovo classicismo: l’architettura come senso di appartenenzadi Giuseppe Baiocchi e Liliane Jessica Tami del 28/02/2019 L’architettura post-moderna detiene oramai, dagli anni sessanta del Novecento, un primato incontrastato sia all’interno delle Accademie Universitarie, sia nel primato delle costruzioni. Nonostante tale indirizzo dottrinale sia molto marcato, timidamente, con quieta grandezza e sobria eleganza, diversi architetti hanno riscoperto le forme e le armonie dell’architettura classica e revivalista.I più importanti teorici del nuovo stile architettonico, denominato Neourbanesimo e Nuovo Classicismo, sono Pier Carlo Bontempi (1954), Quinlan Terry (1937) e Léon Krier (1946), quest’ultimo architetto di fiducia del principe di Galles Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor (1948). Nella foto da sinistra a destra: Pier Carlo Bontempi (Fornovo di Taro, 1954) è un architetto italiano, esponente del Neourbanesimo e del Nuovo classicismo. Egli pone una particolare enfasi in merito al contesto urbano e alla continuità con le tradizioni architettoniche; John Quinlan Terry CBE (24 luglio 1937 a Hampstead) è un architetto britannico. È stato educato alla Bryanston School e alla Architectural Association . Era un allievo dell’architetto Raymond Erith , con il quale ha formato la partnership Erith & Terry; Léon Krier (7 aprile 1946) è un architetto lussemburghese , teorico dell’architettura e urbanista , il primo e più importante critico del Modernismo architettonico e fautore di New Traditional Architecture e New Urbanism . In un’epoca svuotata dall’elemento del sacro, dal modesto studio dei luoghi e da una approssimativa progettazione in moduli, il gusto irrazionale è arrivato ad erigere il brutalismo e il parametrismo. Dopo quasi un secolo di sperimentazioni razionaliste, post-moderne, avanguardistiche, decostruttiviste, l’elemento geometrico puro, correlato da materiali quali vetro, cemento, acciaio delle “archistar” hanno trovato una diversa corrente architettonica, la quale possiede matrici ideologiche molto diverse. Storicamente Albert Speer (1905 – 1981), con il suo elegante neoclassicismo, percorse una strada molto diversa dal razionalismo dei contemporanei Adolf Loos (1870 – 1933), Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier, 1887 – 1965), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 – 1969) e Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (1883 – 1969). Verso la fine degli anni sessanta del Novecento, in Inghilterra avvenne la prima reazione al razionalismo con alcuni architetti legati alla tradizione. Raymond Erith (1904 – 1973) è stato forse il primo architetto britannico, noto per i suoi lavori di ristrutturazione di case in stile georgiano tradizionale, ad inaugurare la corrente anti-modernista. I suoi allievi continuarono a progettare manufatti edilizi classicheggianti durante l’epopea post-modernista e decostruttivista. Nonostante le iniziali critiche d’anacronismo, le sue opere oggi sono quotatissime e apprezzatissime. Egli, sordo al richiamo delle sirene della società di massa, continuò a perseguire la strada dei valori architettonici vitruviani incarnati dalla triade venustas, firmitas e utilitas. Come lui solo pochi altri ebbero il coraggio d’opporsi alla moda relativista che legittimava qualsiasi sperequazione urbanistica, ma le poche opere di questi rari arbitri d’eleganza sono destinate a sopravvivere alle effimere sperimentazioni post-moderne della moltitudine. Il già citato architetto Quinlan Terry è uno dei maggiori esponenti contemporanei dell’architettura del Nuovo Classicismo, innovando nell’epoca odierna i pensieri di Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580). L’architettura di Terry è stata estremamente lodata dallo storico di architettura David Watkin (1941), che scrisse la monografia “Radical Classicism: The Architecture of Quinlan Terry” (2006), e da Roger Scruton che lo chiamò «un lungo respiro di aria fresca». Architetto Quinlan Terry: Ferne Park, costruito nel 2002 presso il villaggio di Donhead St. Andrew nel Wiltshire, Regno Unito. Nel suo saggio “Origin of the Orders” (che gli valse il premio Rotthier nel 1982) sostiene infatti che l’origine degli ordini architettonici sia la massima perfezione raggiunta dall’uomo in architettura, poiché essendo la natura, elemento creato da Dio, simbolo di perfezione, gli architetti greci e romani sono riusciti a trasfigurare alla perfezione l’elemento naturale. Se attuiamo una riflessione, l’elemento architettonico è sempre servito all’uomo per avvalorare una identità politica e culturale nel corso di ogni singolo secolo. Oggi nell’epoca della perdita dei valori e dello smarrimento identitario, l’architettura internazionalista contemporanea riflette unicamente tale realtà: vengono aboliti gli stili, i materiali di pregio, l’uso dell’artigianato di cantiere e lo studio dei luoghi, per adattare un’architettura astratta che con forza e senza riguardo alcuno per il contesto, si inserisce all’interno di un dato luogo: un elemento di rottura con l’ambiente fine a se stesso. In ogni secolo, ad esclusione del lungo medioevo, l’uomo ha sempre ricercato il classicismo, appunto definito neoclassico, il quale ha interpretato forme e stili leggermente differenti a seconda del secolo in questione, ma possedendo sempre gli elementi basici della sua dottrina, che sono poi quelli della cultura occidentale. L’uomo non avendo la forza spirituale di creare nuovi stili per affermare la propria identità temporale, si è sempre affidato al classicismo – simbolo di perfezione – per dar vita a quello che Salvatore Settis (1941) definisce “futuro del classico”: neoclassico appunto. Questa epoca di contro, ha applicato un principio “rovesciato”: non ha trovato la forza di creare un nuovo stile – come accadde nel Medioevo con il romanico e il gotico -, e per arroganza ha scelto di non affidarsi alla matrice neoclassica, per abbracciare uno stile nichilista che non esprime nulla, se non ostentazione materica e vuoto interiore. Esso ha diversi nomi: stile decostruttivista, internazionalista, organicista e parametrista, ma tutti convergono verso un incastro casuale di elementi geometrici lisci e ad angolo retto che rispecchiano appieno la non-identità della nuova società vigente europea e soprattutto mondiale. Difatti il grande paradosso di questa architettura contemporanea consiste proprio nel non avere punti di riferimento con i luoghi, ma unicamente ostentare la firma dell’architetto, che plasma il progetto. Molte architetture di tale risma, se traslate dall’Europa all’Asia o dall’Africa alle Americhe, non si adattano a nessun luogo, proprio perché sono formalmente astratte. Internazionalismo non a caso: come per il pensiero comunista di Leon Trotsky (1879 – 1940) – dove il comunismo doveva essere esportato in tutto il mondo per abbattere l’appartenenza “nazionale” ed essere tutti “figli del partito” -, queste architetture non sono pensate per la cultura identitaria di un dato contesto, ma unicamente devono generare un’uguaglianza, dove il “non-stile” porti verso un abbattimento dell’identità dei popoli attraverso l’architettura. Questa teoria figlia dell’idealismo cartesiano – che vuole l’uomo pronto ad abbattere le differenze e le identità, le quali in natura esistono da sempre -, può farci comprendere il pericolo che la nostra epoca rischia di correre. Non a caso i centri commerciali, dei “non luoghi” (per citare l’antropologo francese Marc Augé), hanno sostituito i centri storici con le piazze, da sempre centro nevralgico della vita culturale e sociale di ogni paese. Fu sulla base di tale pensiero che due studenti, Andrew Anderson e Malcom Higgs, fondarono una corrente architettonica che metteva in discussione l’estetica ed i principi del Modernismo rigoroso, a favore di un’architettura rivolta ad un recupero degli ideali passati, come il gotico lo stile palladiano, sino all’Arts and Craft, trasfigurati in chiave contemporanea. Questo gruppo di architetti la cui etica antimodernista faceva perno sul sentimento cristiano divenne noto come “The Force Triangle” o “Christian Weirdies”, a causa delle loro solide posizioni religiose. Pian piano, seguendo tale matrice di pensiero, sempre più architetti iniziarono, silenziosamente, ad appassionarsi a questo nuovo stile classico all’insegna della sobria eleganza e del riuso dei materiali presenti nei luoghi di progetto. Un ottimo libro che enuncia, tramite accattivanti disegni e schemi, i punti basilari di tale architettura – in perfetto equilibrio tra stile classico e vernacolare, tra pubblico e privato -, è il saggio dell’architetto Léon Krier dal titolo “L’armonia architettonica degli insediamenti”, pubblicato in italiano da la Libreria Editrice Fiorentina. Krier, nato a Lussemburgo nel 1946, si è laureato all’Università di Stoccarda e in seguito è diventato professore. Con le sue opere ha inaugurato il movimento per la rinascita dell’urbanistica tradizionale ed è diventato architetto ed urbanista di fiducia della corte reale britannica. Recentemente un altro grande contributo alla causa classica è stato dato dall’imprenditore e filantropo Richard H. Driehaus (1942), il quale ha indotto un premio architettonico classico, in alternativa al modernista Premio Pritzker. Il premio Driehaus, conferito ai più meritevoli architetti di opere in stile classico a partire dal 2003, si svolge presso l’Università di Notre Dame di Parigi. Nel 2014 il premio è stato vinto dall’architetto italiano Pier Carlo Bontempi. Egli, coerente col suo stile ispirato all’età classica e neoclassica, ha scritto svariati saggi in cui promuove
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