Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Compounds of Haplopappus Multifolius and Haplopappus Taeda Against Human Pathogenic Microorganisms

Volume 13 Number 1 (February 2021) 98-103

Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds of Haplopappus multifolius and Haplopappus taeda against human pathogenic microorganisms

TICLE R

A * Carlos Padilla, Olga Lobos, Patricia Poblete-Tapia, Verónica Carrasco-Sánchez

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile

ORIGINAL Received: September 2020, Accepted: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: Haplopappus multifolius Phil. Ex Reiche and Haplopappus taeda Reiche are medicinal shrubs native to Chile and are popularly known as "Bailahuén". Regularly, this plant is used for liver, digestive and renal affections, as well as colds and the cleaning of infected wounds. The aim of the study was to identify the responsible compounds for the antimicrobial activity of H. multifolius and H. taeda. Materials and Methods: Infusions and ethanolic extracts of H. taeda and H. multifolius were analysed by thin-layer chromatography bioautography (TLC-B) to determine the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and yeasts of Bailahuén. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pure compounds isolated was determinate. Results: Extract of Bailahuén had activity only against Gram-positive bacterial strains and this activity was associated with aesculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromadendrin-7-methyl ether compounds. Conclusion: H. multifolius and H. taeda have antibacterial capacity on different species of Gram-positive bacteria pathogenic for humans.

Keywords: Haplopappus taeda; Haplopappus multifolius; Flavonoids; Terpenoids; Sesculetin

INTRODUCTION lopappus taeda Reiche are two species of the genus Haplopappus (Asteraceae) and they are known by The expanding bacterial resistance to antimicrobi- the common name of “Bailahuén” (4). This plant is al substances has become a growing concern world- endemic to Chile and distributed in the central valley wide (1). Increasing bacterial resistance is prompting of this country. The infusions of the resinous leaves resurgence in research of the antimicrobial role of of these shrubs are popularly used as a digestive herbs against resistant bacterial strains (2), taking stimulant, antiseptic, relief of liver ailments and in- into account that throughout history the therapeutic testinal and urinary disorders (4, 5). The aborigines properties of native plants have been used to treat also employed the leaves for healing wounds in hors- diseases in humans (3). es. In Chile, several studies have been carried out in Haplopappus multifolius Phil. ex Reiche and Hap- native plants in order to show their bioactive capacity

on different types of microorganisms; thus, species *Corresponding author: Verónica Carrasco-Sánchez, of the family Asteraceae have been studied with re- Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sci- spect to its antimicrobial potential (6, 7). However, ences, University of De Talca, Talca, Chile. the detection of the pure bioactive compound and the Tel: +56-71-2200489 MIC has not been addressed in previous studies. For Fax: +56-71-2200489 this reason, the goal of this work was to determine Email: [email protected] the active compounds with their respective MIC of

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98 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HAPLOPAPPUS MULTIFOLIUS AND HAPLOPAPPUS TAEDA

H. multifolius and H. taeda. 27853, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmo-

nella Typhi ATCC 6539, Shigella sonnei ATCC 9290, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus MATERIALS AND METHODS epidermidis ATCC 29887, Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12386, and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC Haplopappus plant material. 12 kg of fresh plant 19615. Candida albicans and C. tropicalis were ob- without flowers were collected from H. multifoli- tained from the microbiology laboratory of the Uni- us (Hm) (M R, 31°S, Chile) and then dried at room versidad de Talca. temperature in the shade and circulation of air, ob- The susceptibility of the microorganism to ex- taining 2 kg of dry plant. From H. taeda (Ht), 13 kg tracts, sub-extracts and infusions were determined of fresh plant were collected with floral buds (VI R, using diffusion assay on Müeller-Hinton (MH) agar 33ºS, Chile) and after drying, 3.9 kg of dry plant were dishes. For this, the microorganisms were grown in obtained. Müeller-Hinton broth over night at 37°C. Then, the microorganisms in broth were adjusted to 0.5 Mc Far- Extracts and sub-extracts of Haplopappus. Eth- land turbidity (≈1.5 × 108 CFU mL-1) and immediately anolic extracts of H. multifolius (Hm-E) and H. taeda were sowed on lawn, on the agar plates. Paper discs (Ht-E) were obtained by maceration of the dry plant (6 mm) were impregnated with 5 mg of Hm-E and its (1.5 and 2.0 Kg respectively) in ethanol (>95%, Sig- sub-extracts (Hm-E-C and Hm-E-F), Hm-I, Ht-E and ma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) (20°C, 18 h) and its sub-extracts (Ht-E-T and Ht-E-F) and Ht-I. Then, then concentrated to dryness to give 173 g of Hm-E the discs were placed on the agar plate. Chloramphen- and 320 g of Ht-E. icol (C, >98%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as a The infusions of H. multifolius (Hm-I) and H. taeda positive control. The tests were carried out in tripli- (Ht-I) (5 g of dry leaves and 100 mL of distilled boil- cate for each extract. ing water, 10 min.) were filtered and then lyophilized. The yields were 0.06 g and 0.04 g, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography bioautography Then, to get sub-extracts, ethanolic extracts (Hm-E (TLC-B), determination of pure compounds and and Ht-E; 30 g for each) were submitted to column their antimicrobial activity. The sub-extracts that chromatography (Sephadex LH-20 and MeOH, >98%) were active on some bacterial strains were subjected obtaining fractions with their major compounds as to an autobiography analysis to determine the possi- a coumarins (C), flavonoids (F) and terpenoids (T). ble compounds responsible for the activity. For this, From the ethanolic extracts of H. multifolius and H. sub-extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide taeda, two fractions, from each one, were obtained (>99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) to a by column chromatography. For H. multifolius, a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. fraction enriched in coumarins (Hm-E-C) (yield of Identification of possible active compounds was 66.7%) and another in flavonoids (Hm-E-F) (yield of achieved by TLC-B method. Briefly, 30 µL of sub-ex- 32.4%) were obtained. For H. taeda, a fraction rich tract solutions were put in TLC plate (silica gel 60 in terpenoids (Ht-E-T) and another in flavonoids (Ht- F-254, Merck, Germany) and were separated using E-F) were obtained with a yield of 45.5% and 44.9%, dichloromethane/methanol (97:3 v/v) and dichloro- respectively. methane/ethyl acetate (90:10 v/v) as solvent systems for two-dimensional chromatography. Then, TLC Antimicrobial activity screening of ethanolic plates were covered with 12 mL of Müeller-Hinton extracts, infusions and sub-extracts. The bacterial agar layer mixed with bacterial concentration (≈1.5 strains studied were Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC × 108 CFU mL-1). The plates were left incubating at 17978, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Bacillus subti- 37°C for 12 hours and then the areas that exhibited lis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, microbial growth inhibition were visually identified. Enterococcus faecium ATCC 35667, Escherichia coli Then, the compounds belonging to the identified ATCC 35421, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7646, zones of inhibition were isolated by repeated flash Morganella morganii ATCC 25830, Proteus mira- column chromatography using silica gel and different bilis 43071, Proteus vulgaris 8427, Providencia stu- solvent mixtures of increasing polarity (hexane/ethyl artii ATCC 33672, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC acetate; dichloromethane/ethyl acetate; dichlorometh-

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ane/methanol) and the pure compounds were identi- RESULTS fied by their NMR spectroscopic data and by direct comparison with samples previously identified in oth- Antimicrobial activity screening of ethanolic er studies, esculetin (10), 9-p-coumaroyloxy-α-terpin- extracts, infusions and sub-extracts. Antimicrobi- eol, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid, al activity studies of extracts and sub-extracts and 19-hidroxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid, aro- infusions showed high activity on Gram-positive madendrin-7- methyl ether and eriodictyol-7-methyl bacteria (Table 1) compared with a weak activity on ether (11, 12). some Gram-negative and antimicrobial activity was Finally, the antimicrobial activity to the compounds not observed on Candida species and A. baumanii, E. isolated was determined. All assays were performed faecium, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, M. morganii, P. in triplicate. The values of the antimicrobial activity stuartii, P. aeruginosa, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi, and assay were expressed as mean ± standard deviation S. sonnei. using the software OriginPro 8. Thin-layer chromatography bioautography Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (TLC-B), determination of pure compounds and pure compounds. The minimum inhibitory concen- their antimicrobial activity. To identify of possi- tration (MIC) of aesculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda- ble active compounds, bioautography method was 3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromadendrin-7-methyl performed on B. cereus (Figs. 1 and 2), B. subtillis, ether was determined using the standard microdilu- S. aureus (Fig. 3), S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. tion method (CLSI M100- S25) (13). And the antimicrobial activity of these determined The MIC was determined in MH broth using dilu- pure compounds (esculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis-clero- tions of compounds in concentrations ranging from da-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid, 19-hidroxy-cis-cleroda- 5 µg mL-1 to 2560 µg mL-1. The bacterial concentra- 3,13E-dien-15-oic acid, 9-p-coumaroyloxy-α-ter- tion was standardized to an ≈ 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 us- pineol, aromadendrin-7- methyl ether and eriodic- ing the McFarland’s standard (optical density of 0.1 tyol-7-methyl ether) is reported in Table 2 and the at 625 nm). The positive control used in this study antimicrobial activity of esculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis- contained only MH broth medium with tested bacte- cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromadendrin-7- rial and the negative control was MH broth without methyl ether on S. aureus is show in the Fig. 4. molecules and without bacterial suspension. Finally, the plates were put in incubation during 24 h at 37°C. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of The MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial pure compounds. The MIC of the active compounds agents that visually inhibits 99% growth of microor- was determined using 2560, 1280, 640, 320, 160, 80, ganisms. The MIC was noted by the visual turbidity 40, 20, 10 and 5 µg mL-1 of esculetin, 18-acetoxy- of the tubes both before and after incubation and it cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromaden- was repeated 3 times for each bacterium. drin-7- methyl ether. The highest MIC was observed

Table 1. Activity of extract and sub-extract of “Bailahuén” on susceptible microorganisms.

Extracts/sub-extract Susceptible microorganisms Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) ± SD

B. cereus B. subtilis S. aureus S. epidermidis S. agalactiae S. pyogenes Hm-E 8.6 ± 0.1 7.8 ± 0.2 9.3 ± 0.2 8.7 ± 0.2 - - Hm-E-C 8.1 ± 0.3 7.4 ± 0.2 12.1 ± 0.2 11.7 ± 0.2 - - Hm-E-F 9.2 ± 0.1 7.6 ± 0.2 18.5 ± 0.2 12.4 ± 0.5 - 7.8 ± 0.1 Hm-I - - 12.4 ± 0.1 6.8 ± 0.4 - 10.9 ± 0.5 Ht-E 15.2 ± 0.4 12.6 ± 0.1 7.9 ± 0.2 6.8 ± 0.1 7.4 ± 0.1 7.4 ± 0.2 Ht-E-T 13.1 ± 0.3 12.0 ± 0.5 - - - - Ht-E-F 7.9 ± 0.2 12.7 ± 0.2 - - - - Ht-I 12.2 ± 0.3 8.5 ± 0.3 7.2 ± 0.1 - 8.5 ± 0.3 12.1 ± 0.1

Values are the means ± SD from n=3 cultures.

100 IRAN. J. MICROBIOL. Volume 13 Number 1 (February 2021) 98-103 http://ijm.tums.ac.ir ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HAPLOPAPPUS MULTIFOLIUS AND HAPLOPAPPUS TAEDA

Fig. 3. Bioautography to S. aureus of all sub-extracts in

different plates: C: Chloramphenicol; Hm-E-C: Coumarins fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. multifolius; Hm-E-F: Flavonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. taeda; Ht- E-F: Flavonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. tae-

da); Ht-I: Infusion of H. taeda; Ht-E-T: Terpenoid fraction

of ethanolic extract of H. taeda) Fig. 1. Bioautography to B. cereus of all sub-extracts on a single plate: [1] C (Chloramphenicol); [2] Hm-E-F (Fla- DISCUSSION vonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. taeda; [3] Hm-E-C (Coumarins fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of Currently, there is a worldwide emergency regard- H. multifolius); [4] Ht-I (Infusion of H. taeda); [5] Ht-E-F ing the high resistance of bacteria that are pathogenic (Flavonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. taeda); to humans. The natural products are very important [6] Ht-E-T (Terpenoid fraction of ethanolic extract of H. reservoir of compounds with antimicrobial activity. taeda); [7] Negative control (consistent in solvent without In Chile, several studies have been carried out in na- sub-extract) tive plants in order to show their bioactive capacity on different types of microorganisms, thus, species of the family Asteraceae have been studied with re- spect to its antimicrobial potential (6, 7). However, the determination of the MICs of active pure compounds of H. taeda and H. multifolius had not been demonstrated. In this work, extracts of H. multifolius and H. taeda were studied, from which their compounds were isolated according to the methodology described above. According to the results obtained it was de-

termined that the greater antagonistic capacity was Fig. 2. Bioautography to B. cereus of all sub-extracts in on Gram-positive bacteria, concordant with other different plates: C: Chloramphenicol; Hm-E-C: Coumarins studies (8, 9). fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. multifolius; Hm-E-F: It was demonstrated that the Gram-negative bac- Flavonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. taeda; Ht- teria present greater resistance, due to the complex- E-F: Flavonoids fraction of ethanolic sub-extract of H. tae- ity of their shell structures, particularly their double da); Ht-I: Infusion of H. taeda; Ht-E-T: Terpenoid fraction membrane. It is interesting to note that among the of ethanolic extract of H. taeda) Gram-positives, S. aureus and B. cereus are two important contaminants of food and it can be consid- with esculetin against S. epidermidis. The lowest ered that the products studied could have a potential concentrations were the clerodane and 18-acetoxy- role in the preservation of food products. cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid on B. cereus and S. aureus causing various infections in humans is S. aureus. Of the three bacterial species, B. cereus one of the bacteria with the highest levels of resis- was the most susceptible to the three bioactive com- tance worldwide. This study showed an interesting pounds (Table 3). susceptibility response to the infusion and flavonoid

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Table 2. Antimicrobial activity of sub-extracts and pure compounds

Sub-extracts Pure compounds Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) ± SD B. cereus B. subtilis S. aureus S. epidermidis S. pyogenes Hm-E-C 15.1 ± 0.3 11.5 ± 0.1 12.6 ± 0.3 9.3 ± 0.2 - Esculetin 11.4 ± 0.2 10.6 ± 0.2 7.5 ± 0.1 6.9 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.3 Hm-E-F 14.5 ± 0.1 8.2 ± 0.2 12.2 ± 0.9 22.4 ± 0.4 7.0 ± 0.2 Ht-E-T 14.7 ± 0.2 11.7 ± 0.1 10.1 ± 0.3 7.0 ± 0.1 - 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid 11.5 ± 0.1 8.5 ± 0.4 10.3 ± 0.3 7.2 ± 0.2 - 19-hidroxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid 8.3 ± 0.2 - 7.3 ± 0.2 - - 9-p-coumaroyloxy-α-terpineol 17.3 ± 0.2 11.5 ± 0.5 13.0 ± 0.6 - - Ht-E-F 10.7 ± 0.2 10.7 ± 0.2 15.5 ± 0.1 12.3 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.1 Aromadendrin-7- methyl ether 10.6 ± 0.2 9.9 ± 0.7 12.9 ± 0.2 7.7 ± 0.2 - Eriodictyol-7-methyl ether 8.7 ± 0.3 - 9.7 ± 0.1 6.1 ± 0.1 - Control Chloramphenicol 23.2 ± 0.2 23.1 ± 0.4 28.6 ± 0.1 23.4 ± 0.3 21.2 ± 0.5

Values are the means ± SD from n=3 cultures.

Fig. 4. Antimicrobial activity of pure compounds (esculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromadendrin-7- methyl ether on S. aureus

Table 3. MIC of bioactive compounds of H. multifolius and H. taeda

Bioactive compounds MIC, pure compounds (µg mL-1)

B. cereus S. aureus S. epidermidis Esculetin 40 80 160 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid 20 20 40 Aromadendrin-7- methyl ether 20 20 40

and coumarinic fractions of H. multifolius and the The flavonoid, aromadendrin 7-methyl ether, pres- terpenoids and flavonoids fractions of H. taeda. ents a clear antagonistic activity against the studied Regarding H. multifolius, it was determined that bacteria, being its greater activity on S. epidermidis one of the major coumarin compounds, esculetin, presenting a MIC of 40 μg mL-1. has a high antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, B. On the other hand, clerodane, 18-acetoxy-cis- subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes, cleroda-3,13-dien-15-oic acid, is the compound that presenting a MIC of 40 and 80 μg mL-1 on B. cereus has the greatest antagonistic activity on the studied -1 and S. aureus respectively. bacteria, presenting a MIC of 20, 20 and 40 μg mL

102 IRAN. J. MICROBIOL. Volume 13 Number 1 (February 2021) 98-103 http://ijm.tums.ac.ir ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HAPLOPAPPUS MULTIFOLIUS AND HAPLOPAPPUS TAEDA

on B. cereus, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. As for neva, Switzerland. the antimicrobial activity of this molecule, previous 4. Vogel H, González M, Faini F, Razmilic I, Rodríguez J, San Martín J, et al. Antioxidant propierties and TLC studies suggest that the activity of diterpenoids is characterization of tour Chilean Haplopappus- species due to their ability to cross or cause damage to cell known as bailahuén. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97: 97- membranes (14-16). Our results support the possible 100. use of this plant for the treatment of infectious dis- 5. Muñoz M, Barrera E, and Meza I (1981). El uso medic- eases in the traditional systems of medicines. inal y alimenticio de plantas nativas y naturalizadas en

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