Andrés Cely Herazo

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Andrés Cely Herazo Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas Carrera de Administración Trabajo de Grado – Primer Semestre 2021 Trabajo de grado en la modalidad de TESIS Tecnologías Verdes en el Futuro de la Industria Automotriz Andrés Sebastián Cely Herazo (a) [email protected] Edwin Alexander Sabogal Rojas (b) [email protected] (a) Estudiante de Administración (b) Profesor Docente Monitor de Taller de Grado, Departamento de Administración Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia Abstract: Despite the efforts of the different stakeholders around the automotive industry there is uncertainty about the technologies that will help the people to commute; these days, media, governments and mostly any car enthusiast recognize some of the green alternatives that can be chosen from the market, and tend to compare them to the current petrol powered engines. And even if manufacturers offer any of the options, they are not a hundred percent sure about which of those will make them succeed and keep them on the business for some other years. This thesis analyses the changes among the car producers through the history since the early days of horseless carriages until the day, in order to understand the possible decisions that are being taken today, and that in the future will determine a new era of the modern day automobile. Keywords: Car Industry; hybrid; electric; hydrogen; green technologies; Análisis histórico. Resumen: A pesar del interés de los diferentes stakeholders alrededor de la industria automotriz, no se ve con claridad qué tecnología será la que predomine en el futuro de la movilidad; ya se conoce que los combustibles derivados del petróleo y los motores impulsados por los mismos tienen los días contados, pues se puede divisar en el panorama las alternativas verdes que aunque costosas ya están disponibles en el mercado como opciones bastante competitivas. Aunque hay fabricantes comprometidos con una tecnología en particular, parece que todos halan en direcciones diferentes y no se ve claridad sobre cuál es el camino correcto. Esto es un factor decisivo para las empresas pues hacer una mala ejecución en los presupuestos destinados a I+D puede implicar mantenerlos en el negocio por unos años más. Esta tesis analiza los cambios que ha habido históricamente entre los fabricantes y las decisiones que ha habido que tomar para llegar a las tecnologías que hoy en día están disponibles, y así poder tener un acercamiento a las que están por establecerse en el futuro. Palabras Clave: Automóvil; híbrido; eléctrico; tecnologías verdes; Análisis histórico. 1. Diagnóstico del objeto de estudio De acuerdo al reporte anual de Euromonitor International, entre las 10 tendencias globales más importantes para el año 2020 se destaca que las personas están aceptando cada vez más de vivir en un entorno rodeado por robots y a incorporar la inteligencia artificial en la cotidianeidad; por otro lado, se empieza a observar una preferencia por medios de transporte que sean más flexibles y les permita a los usuarios a moverse con la menor cantidad de restricciones, es decir una movilidad “sin fricción”; adicionalmente, la contingencia del COVID-19 ha promovido la idea que no es necesario salir de casa, por lo cual, tener un hogar cada vez más interconectado facilita y fortalece la iniciativa para no dejar la comodidad de casa. Se observa una tendencia general que las personas están persiguiendo más y más el objetivo común de conseguir un aire limpio. Estas macrotendencias impactan, sin lugar a dudas, a las empresas que se mueven hacia lo que quiere cada cliente con el fin de entenderlo más y poder posicionarse de la mejor manera en las mentes de los consumidores. Pero ¿qué es lo que ocurre en la industria automotriz? ¿De alguna manera inciden las preferencias de compra de las personas en un macroentorno a lo que sucede actualmente con las innovaciones aplicadas a los automóviles modernos? Si se observa una a una cada tendencia se podrá ver de manera inmediata la respuesta a estas preguntas. Desde la aparición de la Industria 4.01, la automatización no sólo es creciente en la fabricación de productos sino que cada vez se hace más visible en la vida de las personas. Tanto así que cada vez aparecen herramientas que hacen más fácil la convivencia entre los automóviles y las personas quienes invierten dinero por tener vehículos más confortables, que respondan mejor al entorno y por supuesto que sean más seguros. La llegada de tecnologías como el manejo autónomo y los comandos por voz para activar y desactivar funciones, tanto del vehículo como en el teléfono móvil, no sólo asegura una reducción en la tasa de accidentes y la tasa de mortalidad en las vías sino que facilita las tareas de los conductores al permitirle realizar otras tareas sin poner en riesgo las vidas de los ocupantes ni de las personas alrededor. Sin embargo, aunque ahora están disponibles estas ayudas hay un segmento del mercado que no está interesado en adquirir un automóvil, sino que prefiere vehículos que les facilite la movilidad y les reduzca las preocupaciones. Marcas como la productora española SEAT empezó a producir patinetas y scooters eléctricas, que si bien no representa el negocio principal de la marca, acompaña a sus automóviles tradicionales, les permite ampliar su mercado al explorar productos diferentes y adicionalmente genera recordación entre sus clientes. La línea SEAT MÓ, aunque se vende en Europa solamente, permite que sus propietarios puedan movilizarse alrededor de las áreas urbanas sin preocuparse por el tráfico, ni por lo que implica pagar por el estacionamiento o por los demás costos asociados al uso de un automóvil. Así mismo hay personas que si bien utilizan estas alternativas prácticas para seguir movilizándose por las ciudades, necesitan un vehículo más grande, ya sea para salir de la ciudad o para poder transportarse con su familia. Aún así, quienes optan por este tipo de vehículos como las SEAT MÓ, suelen estar preocupados por el medio ambiente y quieren minimizar su huella de carbono; es tendencia hoy en día que las personas están preocupadas por respirar un aire más limpio, y los fabricantes de autos cuidan estos intereses de la misma forma. Cada vez más aparecen fabricantes preocupados por ofrecer versiones híbridas y automóviles completamente eléctricos que no tengan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Si se retoma lo mencionado a la Industria 4.0, hay que hacer hincapié en el hecho que Tesla es el claro ejemplo para explicar en qué consiste todo este cambio; es a Tesla a la cual se le atribuyen los mayores cambios en la industria en este siglo, pues desde la fabricación que sólo depende de robots, en una planta completamente sostenible y que a sus stakeholders les genera valor con sus acciones, representa un gran cambio de paradigma en comparación a la manera como se fabricaban, se comercializaban y se utilizaban los vehículos antes de 2010. Es este fabricante estadounidense el cual está siendo competitivo y satisface completamente las demandas expresadas a través de las tendencias 1 «Industria 4.0»: otra manera para hacer referencia a la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, la cual destaca por la predominante presencia de la robótica y la inteligencia artificial. planteadas a lo largo de este capítulo. Sin embargo, no se puede dedicar este estudio a sólo una marca si se pretende entender la industria en su totalidad. Para este propósito se llevará a cabo un análisis PESTEL a continuación. 1.1 Ámbito Político: Aunque la primera década del siglo XXI marcó un antes y un después en la preocupación de las personas en materia ambiental. Los medios empezaban a establecer como prioridad en sus agendas mediáticas las temáticas relacionadas con el cambio climático por las cifras alarmantes relacionadas con la contaminación del aire y del agua. Sin embargo, a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos realizados por Barack Obama durante su gobierno, en 2017 Donald Trump tomó la decisión de retirar a Estados Unidos del Acuerdo de París bajo la premisa que dicho pacto tenía un impacto negativo en la economía de dicho país. De acuerdo a un análisis realizado por la BBC en ese año, esto significaba que Estados Unidos no se mantendría firme con la condición de mantener el incremento de la temperatura global por debajo de 2 °C; si se tiene en cuenta que el 15% de las emisiones de carbono del planetas atribuyen a este país, el impacto sobre el medio ambiente que tendría no apegarse a los protocolos y a los acuerdos establecidos entre los diferentes países puede ser devastador en el mediano y largo plazo, más aún que uno de los acuerdos establecidos menciona el propósito de lograr que entre los años 2050 y 2100 debería la misma naturaleza encargarse de eliminar los gases de efecto invernadero por sí misma. Si bien para la industria automotriz podría significar políticas más laxas, varios fabricantes locales expresaron su inconformismo ante un posible escenario de competencia desigual, pues conocen que tienen la infraestructura y la capacidad de seguir siendo competitivos frente a las marcas en el resto del mundo. Al contrario de lo que sucede en Europa, las políticas cada vez son más estrictas. En Francia se está proponiendo que los consumidores paguen un impuesto adicional al momento de comprar un vehículo, basado en las emisiones de gases de los vehículos. Por esta razón, algunos de los fabricantes de autos de lujo están preocupados dado que sus promedios de emisiones de gases por vehículo suele ser mucho mayor. Se estima que aproximadamente los clientes de marcas como Ferrari, Porsche, Lamborghini entre otras, se verán obligados a pagar un impuesto de €50.000. El gobierno francés argumenta que esto desestimula el consumo de vehículos contaminantes, y por el contrario estimula a los ciudadanos a consumir automóviles impulsados con tecnologías verdes.
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