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Alembic Pot Still
ALEMBIC POT STILL INSTRUCTION MANUAL CAN BE USED WITH THE GRAINFATHER OR T500 BOILER SAFETY Warning: This system produces a highly flammable liquid. PRECAUTION: • Always use the Alembic Pot Still System in a room with adequate ventilation. • Never leave the Alembic Pot Still system unattended when operating. • Keep the Alembic Pot Still system away from all sources of ignition, including smoking, sparks, heat, and open flames. • Ensure all other equipment near to the Alembic Pot Still system or the alcohol is earthed. • A fire extinguishing media suitable for alcohol should be kept nearby. This can be water fog, fine water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand or dolomite. • Do not boil dry. In the event the still is boiled dry, reset the cutout button under the base of the still. In the very unlikely event this cutout fails, a fusible link gives an added protection. IN CASE OF SPILLAGE: • Shut off all possible sources of ignition. • Clean up spills immediately using cloth, paper towels or other absorbent materials such as soil, sand or other inert material. • Collect, seal and dispose accordingly • Mop area with excess water. CONTENTS Important points before getting started ............................................................................... 3 Preparing the Alembic Pot Still ................................................................................................. 5 Distilling a Whiskey, Rum or Brandy .......................................................................................7 Distilling neutral -
Minimum Reflux in Liquid–Liquid Extraction
17th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering – ESCAPE17 V. Plesu and P.S. Agachi (Editors) © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1 Minimum Reflux in Liquid–Liquid Extraction Santanu Bandyopadhyaya and Calin-Cristian Cormosb aEnergy Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India, E-mail: [email protected] bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University "Babeş-Bolyai", Arany Janos 11, Cluj-Napoca 400028, Romania, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In a simple countercurrent arrangement of different stages of liquid–liquid extraction operation, the richest extract leaving the operation is in equilibrium with the feed. However, by using reflux it is possible to enrich the extract further. A simple counter current liquid–liquid extraction operation with reflux is analogous in its essentials to distillation. In this paper, the method based on Invariant Rectifying-Stripping (IRS) curves, originally proposed to calculate minimum reflux and minimum energy requirement in distillation, has been extended to liquid–liquid extraction. The equivalent IRS curves for a ternary liquid–liquid extraction predicts the feed location in the counter current process. It also predicts the minimum reflux requirement for a given separation and minimum amount of solvent required. Keywords: liquid extraction, IRS curves, feed location, minimum solvent. 1. Introduction Liquid–liquid extraction is a separation process that takes advantage of the distribution of a substance between two insoluble liquids phases [1]. Feed to be separated is mixed with extracting solvent to produce a solvent-rich phase, called extract, and a solvent-lean phase, called raffinate. -
Science Equipment
Block Heaters with BioCote Science Equipment Colony Counter Homogenisers ® Hotplates and Stirrers protection antimicrobial Incubators Melting Point Apparatus Stuart Mixers ® Catalogue Rotary Evaporators Rockers and Shakers Water Baths and Purification Page 1 Bibby Scientific Limited Some of the most famous names in science... As one of the largest broad based manufacturers of benchtop laboratory equipment worldwide, Bibby Scientific Ltd provides internationally recognised brands with reputations for product quality and high performance. These four famous brands are now brought together in a single package to offer an excellent level of quality, service and support. Electrothermal® are the newest addition to the Bibby Scientific portfolio and are market leaders in heating mantle design and manufacture. The extensive Electrothermal® range includes controlled, stirring, Bunsen and spill-proof mantles in various shapes and capacities. Alongside the heating mantle range, Electrothermal® offer an extensive selection of stirrers and melting point apparatus. Jenway® manufactures a wide range of analytical scientific instruments including UV/Vis spectrophotometers, flame photometers, colorimeters, portable and laboratory meters for the measurement of dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and specific ions. The extensive Stuart® range includes blood tube rotators, colony counters, hotplates, hybridisation ovens, rockers, shakers, stirrers and water purification systems. Techne® is a world leader in the manufacture of temperature control equipment, -
Reflux Condensation in Narrow Rectangular Channels with Perforated Fins Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps
Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps To cite this version: Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps. Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins. Applied Thermal Engineering, Elsevier, 2003, 23, pp.871-891. 10.1016/S1359-4311(03)00021-8. hal-00184135 HAL Id: hal-00184135 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00184135 Submitted on 19 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins N. Souidi a, A. Bontemps b,* a GRETh-CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France b LEGI-GRETh, Universitee Joseph Fourier, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France Reflux condensation is an industrial process that aims to reduce the content of the less volatile com- ponent or to eliminate the non-condensable phase of a vapour mixture, by the means of separation. Separation consists in condensing the less volatile phase and to recover the condensate while simulta- neously, the non-condensable species are recuperated at the top of the system. Compact plate-fin heat exchangers can be used in gas separation processes. -
Heating Mantles - Series TM Mantles
Glas-Col, LLC General Sales Policy How To Order Restock You can order by contacting one of the many authorized Glas-Col Current models of catalog items returned for credit are subject to distributors located throughout the U.S.A., Canada, and around the Glas-Col’s inspection and a restocking charge of 15% of the original world. They will offer valuable assistance in your selections, delivery purchase price. Items superseded by current models cannot be and service after the sale. Please use our toll-free telephone number, returned for credit. Special, custom-designed items or catalog items 1-800-Glas-Col, if you need the name of a distributor in your area. modified for special voltage, wattage, dimensions, etc., will not be accepted for credit. New Accounts When restock is necessary due to a Glas-Col error in fulfilling an order, full credit will be given immediately upon receipt of the With approved credit, new direct accounts will be opened for order merchandise in question. amounts of $100 net or more. Orders for less than $100 may be prepaid, shipped COD, or paid by Visa, MasterCard, or American Purchaser should not deduct credit until merchandise is received, Express inspected, and a credit memo issued by Glas-Col. Terms Of Payment Inspection/Repair Service Upon approved credit, billing terms are Net 30 days. Otherwise, Glas-Col does not support or authorize any repairs outside of the arrangements may be made for Visa, MasterCard, American Express, factory. Products returned for repair not covered under warranty will advance payment, or COD. Invoices are payable in U.S. -
Heating Mantles
HEATING MANTLES 17-1000: STIRMANTLE The StirMantle adds electromagnetic stirring capability (50-750 rpm) to the Series TM heating mantle for spherical flasks. Heating and stirring are independent; choose either or both. Speed is easily adjusted by a single dial on the StirControl II. The StirControl II creates and synchronizes the magnetic field. Its stirring speed is extremely stable, even at 50 rpm, despite temperature or load. When restarting (as for removal and reinsertion of the flask), Glas-Col's exclusive "Synchrostart" feature maintains linkage between the field and the bar. At restart, the selected speed is reached in approximately 4 seconds. The StirControl II connects to the StirMantle by cord, so it may be placed outside corrosive hood atmospheres and is easily accessible. Complete Complete StirMantle StirMantle Flask Outside Depth Height System System Only Only Capacity Watts Diameter (in) (in) 115V 230V 115V 230V (ml) (in) 100D 100D 100D 100D 250 180 1.64 6.25 4.75 EMS102 EMS103 TEM102 TEM103 100D 100D 100D 100D 300 180 1.70 6.25 4.75 EMS104 EMS105 TEM104 TEM105 100D 100D 100D 100D 500 270 2.00 6.25 5.25 EMS106 EMS107 TEM106 TEM107 100D 100D 100D 100D 1,000 380 2.56 7.50 5.50 EMS108 EMS109 TEM108 TEM109 100D 100D 100D 100D 2,000 500 3.35 10.00 6.50 EMS110 EMS111 TEM110 TEM111 100D 100D 100D 100D 3,000 500 3.60 10.00 6.50 EMS112 EMS113 TEM112 TEM113 Specifications Complete System: One StirMantle, one StirControl II, connecting cords, and stir bar. Completely grounded and fused. -
Building a Home Distillation Apparatus
BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS A Step by Step Guide Building a Home Distillation Apparatus i BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS Foreword The pages that follow contain a step-by-step guide to building a relatively sophisticated distillation apparatus from commonly available materials, using simple tools, and at a cost of under $100 USD. The information contained on this site is directed at anyone who may want to know more about the subject: students, hobbyists, tinkers, pure water enthusiasts, survivors, the curious, and perhaps even amateur wine and beer makers. Designing and building this apparatus is the only subject of this manual. You will find that it confines itself solely to those areas. It does not enter into the domains of fermentation, recipes for making mash, beer, wine or any other spirits. These areas are covered in detail in other readily available books and numerous web sites. The site contains two separate design plans for the stills. And while both can be used for a number of distillation tasks, it should be recognized that their designs have been optimized for the task of separating ethyl alcohol from a water-based mixture. Having said that, remember that the real purpose of this site is to educate and inform those of you who are interested in this subject. It is not to be construed in any fashion as an encouragement to break the law. If you believe the law is incorrect, please take the time to contact your representatives in government, cast your vote at the polls, write newsletters to the media, and in general, try to make the changes in a legal and democratic manner. -
Batch Distillation of Spirits: Experimental Study and Simulation
Research article Received: 5 April 2018 Revised: 11 January 2019 Accepted: 15 January 2019 Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jib.560 Batch distillation of spirits: experimental study and simulation of the behaviour of volatile aroma compounds Adrien Douady,1 Cristian Puentes,1 Pierre Awad1,2 and Martine Esteban-Decloux1* This paper focuses on the behaviour of volatile compounds during batch distillation of wine or low wine, in traditional Charentais copper stills, heated with a direct open flame at laboratory (600 L) and industrial (2500 L) scale. Sixty-nine volatile compounds plus ethanol were analysed during the low wine distillation in the 600 L alembic still. Forty-four were quantified and classified according to their concentration profile in the distillate over time and compared with previous studies. Based on the online re- cording of volume flow, density and temperature of the distillate with a Coriolis flowmeter, distillation was simulated with ProSim® BatchColumn software. Twenty-six volatile compounds were taken into account, using the coefficients of the ‘Non- Random Two Liquids’ model. The concentration profiles of 18 compounds were accurately represented, with slight differences in the maximum concentration for seven species together with a single compound that was poorly represented. The distribution of the volatile compounds in the four distillate fractions (heads, heart, seconds and tails) was well estimated by simulation. Fi- nally, data from wine and low wine distillations in the large-scale alembic still (2500 L) were correctly simulated, suggesting that it was possible to adjust the simulation parameters with the Coriolis flowmeter recording and represent the concentration pro- files of most of the quantifiable volatile compounds. -
Minimum Reflux Ratio
Chapter 4 Total Reflux and Minimum Reflux Ratio a. Total Reflux . In design problems, the desired separation is specified and a column is designed to achieve this separation. In addition to the column pressure, feed conditions, and reflux temperature, four additional variables must be specified. Specified Variables Designer Calculates Case A D, B: distillate and bottoms flow rates 1. xD QR, QC: heating and cooling loads 2. xB N: number of stages, Nfeed : optimum feed plate 3. External reflux ratio L0/D DC: column diameter 4. Use optimum feed plate xD, xB = mole fraction of more volatile component A in distillate and bottoms, respectively The number of theoretical stages depends on the reflux ratio R = L0/D. As R increases, the products from the column will reduce. There will be fewer equilibrium stages needed since the operating line will be further away from the equilibrium curve. The upper limit of the reflux ratio is total reflux, or R = ∞. The rectifying operating line is given as R 1 yn+1 = xn + xD R +1 R +1 When R = ∞, the slop of this line becomes 1 and the operating lines of both sections of the column coincide with the 45 o line. In practice the total reflux condition can be achieved by reducing the flow rates of all the feed and the products to zero. The number of trays required for the specified separation is the minimum which can be obtained by stepping off the trays from the distillate to the bottoms. Figure 4.4-8 Minimum numbers of trays at total reflux. -
Heating Mantles
SELECTION GUIDE Heating Mantles OUR SELF-SUPPORTED CLOTH- SPILL-PROOF AND V-SHAPED ONE MANTLE—THREE SIZES! MULTI-POSITION HEATERS! JACKETED HEATING MANTLE! HEATING MANTLES! BASIC HEATING MANTLES Product Description Case Construction Built-In Controller Page HOTTEST SELLING COOL CASE HEATING MANTLES! Basic EM Series Polypropylene With/Without 100 TOP OF THE LINE METAL CASE MANTLES! Basic CM, CMU and UM Series Aluminum With/Without 104-106, 109 SO FLEXIBLE IT CAN BE USED FOR ROUND AND FLAT BOTTOM FLASKS! Basic MG Series Mesh No 110 COMPACT, ECONOMICAL CLOTH-JACKETED HEATING MANTLE! Basic HM Series Fiberglass No 111-112 MULTI-POSITION HEATERS! Basic EME and 5000 Series Aluminum With/Without 114-116 SPILL-PROOF HEATING MANTLES SPILL-PROOF AND V-SHAPED HEATING MANTLES! Basic Spill-proof EMX Series Polypropylene Yes 102 V-SHAPED HEATING MANTLES SPILL-PROOF AND V-SHAPED HEATING MANTLES! Basic EMV Series Polypropylene Yes 102 NEWEST-COOLEST INEXPENSIVE METAL CASE HEATING MANTLE! Basic CMUV and CMV Series Aluminum With/Without 104-106 HEATING-STIRRING HEATING MANTLES HEAT AND STIR COOL CASE HEATING MANTLE! Heat-Stir EMA Series Polypropylene Yes 103 NEWEST-COOLEST INEXPENSIVE METAL CASE HEATING MANTLES! Heat-Stir CMUA Series Aluminum No 104 OUR MODULAR HEATING MANTLE! Heat-Stir OM Series Aluminum Yes 108 MULTI-POSITION HEATERS! Heat-Stir EMEA Series Aluminum Yes 114 HIGH TEMPERATURE/RETORT BOTTOM HEATING MANTLES NEWEST-COOLEST INEXPENSIVE METAL CASE HEATING MANTLES! CMUH and CMUR Series Aluminum No 104 VARIABLE SIZED HEATING MANTLES TOP OF THE -
Organic Techniques
ORGANIC TECHNIQUES Organic techniques Introduction Practical organic chemistry is primarily concerned with synthesising (making) organic compounds and the purpose of a ‘synthesis’ is to prepare a pure sample of a specified compound. Essentially, there are five steps involved: • preparation – the appropriate reaction is carried out and a crude sample of the desired product is prepared • isolation – the crude sample of the product is separated from the reaction mixture • purification – the crude product is purified • identification – the identity of the pure compound is confirmed • calculation of the percentage yield. Apart from the last, each of the steps entails a variety of experimental techniques and operations, and in what follows some of the more important ones will be described. While they will be considered from a practical standpoint, we will touch on their theoretical basis where appropriate. Preparation Most organic preparations are carried out in fairly complex assemblies of glassware. The glassware has ground-glass joints that allow the individual pieces to fit together tightly, thus eliminating any need for corks or rubber stoppers. Suppose we had to prepare a compound that required the reactants to be heated, which is generally the case in organic chemistry. Let’s look at the glassware needed. It is illustrated below and consists of a round-bottomed or pear-shaped flask and a condenser. 26 A PRACTICAL GUIDE (AH, CHEMISTRY) © Crown copyright 2012 ORGANIC TECHNIQUES The assembled apparatus is shown below with the condenser mounted vertically above the reaction flask. The reaction flask should be of a size such that when the reactants are in place it is about half full. -
Members/Downloads/Docs/Distilling Instructions Super Reflux Condenser.Pdf
Distilling Instructions (Super Reflux Condenser) 9 Adams Road Palmerston NT 0830 Tel: (08) 8932 7700 Website: www.ozbrew.com Shop 17 Homemaker Village Millner NT Fax: (08) 8932 7622 Email: [email protected] Before reading these instructions, make sure you have read the information sheet called “Distilling Overview” which is also available in the downloads section of the Oz Brew website. The “Distilling Overview” sheet will provide useful information about the legality of stills and their usages, as well as outlining some good overall basics that will help provide essential information about this process. There are many types of stills, boilers, condensers & carbon filters available on the market. Different products and brands, may use different instructions. These instructions cover one of the most practical methods of distilling using a 25L boiler, a (super) reflux condenser and a Still Spirits Z- carbon filter, which we believe is one of the most effective value for money packages available. Read through all of your instructions including the Helpful Hints in each section before proceeding through the steps in each process. This will ensure you are aware of any tips that may make the process 25 Litre Boiling Pot Z Carbon Filter Super Reflux Condenser easier for you. (3 in 1 Fermenter) Typically produces a high yield of approximately 4-5L @ 80% - 90% V. Stage 1 - Sterilisation 1. Everything used in the fermentation process must be cleaned and sterilised before and after use. This includes the 3 in 1 fermenter, airlock and stirrer. 2. For optimum cleaning, we recommend Combo Cleaner Washing / Steriliser. Wash through all of your equipment with this solution and rinse thoroughly with cold tap water.