DOCSLIB.ORG

Six Signs of Scientism: Part 1 “Scientism” Refers to a Too Uncritically Deferential Attitude Toward Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Six Signs of Scientism: Part 1 “Scientism” Refers to a Too Uncritically Deferential Attitude Toward Science Six Signs of Scientism: Part 1 “Scientism” refers to a too uncritically deferential attitude toward science. In this first part of her two-part article, Professor Haack identifies the first three of six signs of scientism: using words like “science,” “scientific,” etc., honorifically; adopting scientific trappings purely decoratively; and preoccupation with the “problem of demarcation.” SUSAN HAACK A man must be downright crazy to deny that science has made to avoid both underestimating the value many true discoveries. of science and overestimating it. What —C.S. Peirce (1903)1 I meant by “cynicism” in this context was a kind of jaundiced and uncriti- Scientism . employs the prestige of science for disguise and cally critical attitude toward science, an protection. 2 inability to see or an unwillingness to —A.H. Hobbs (1953) acknowledge its remarkable intellectual achievements, or to recognize the real cience is a good thing. As Francis Bacon foresaw cen- benefits it has made possible. What I turies ago, when what we now call “modern science” meant by “scientism” was the opposite was in its infancy, the work of the sciences has brought failure: a kind of over-enthusiastic and S uncritically deferential attitude toward both light, an ever-growing body of knowledge of the world science, an inability to see or an unwill- and how it works, and fruit, the ability to predict and control ingness to acknowledge its fallibility, its limitations, and its potential dangers. the world in ways that have both extended and improved One side too hastily dismisses science; our lives. But, as William Harvey complained, Bacon really the other too hastily defers to it. My did write about science “like a Lord Chancellor”3—or, as we concern here, of course, is with the lat- ter failing. might say today, “like a promoter,” or “like a marketer.” Cer- It is worth noting that the English tainly he seems to have been far more keenly aware of the vir- word “scientism” wasn’t always, as it is tues of science than of its limitations and potential dangers. now, pejorative. In the mid-nineteenth century—not long after the older, Yet science is by no means a per- means the only good thing, nor—only a broader use of the word “science,” in fectly good thing. On the contrary, like little less obviously—even the only good which it could refer to any systematized body of knowledge, whatever its subject all human enterprises, it is ineradicably form of inquiry. There are many other matter, had given way to the modern, fallible and imperfect. At best, progress valuable kinds of human activity besides narrower use in which it refers to phys- in the sciences is ragged, uneven, and inquiry—music, dancing, art, storytell- unpredictable; moreover, much scien- ics, chemistry, biology, and so on, but ing, cookery, gardening, architecture, tific work is unimaginative or banal, not to jurisprudence, history, theology, to mention just a few; and many other 5 some is weak or careless, and some is and so forth —the word “scientism” outright corrupt; and scientific discov- valuable kinds of inquiry—historical, was neutral: it meant, simply, “the habit eries often have the potential for harm legal, literary, philosophical, etc. and mode of expression of a man of as well as for good—for knowledge is As I indicated by giving Defending science.” But by the early decades of 4 power, as Bacon saw, and power can be Science—Within Reason its subtitle, Be- the twentieth century “scientism” had abused. And, obviously, science is by no tween Scientism and Cynicism, we need begun to take on a negative tone—ini- 40 Volume 37 Issue 6 | Skeptical Inquirer tially, it seems, primarily in response to • Looking to the sciences for answers any good evidence for that?” but “Is over-ambitious ideas about how pro- to questions beyond their scope. there any scientific evidence for that?” foundly our understanding of human Needing to craft a test to help judges • Denying or denigrating the legit- behavior could be transformed by ap- determine whether expert testimony is imacy or the worth of other kinds plying the methods that had proven so reliable enough to be admitted, the U.S. 6 of inquiry besides the scientific, or successful in the physical sciences. And Supreme Court suggests that such tes- the value of human activities other by the mid-twentieth century, scientism timony must be “scientific knowledge,” 7 than inquiry, such as poetry or art. 11 had come to be seen as a “prejudice,” arrived at by the “scientific method.” 8 a “superstition,” an “aberration” of Here, I will explain the first three of A historian arguing that there is no 9 science. By now this negative tone is these six signs (leaving the fourth, foundation in the evidence for the idea 10 predominant; in fact, the pejorative fifth and sixth to Part 2)—always try- that ancient Greek philosophy was connotations of “scientism” are so thor- ing, however, to keep their interrela- borrowed from the Egyptians describes oughly entrenched that defenders of the tions in sight, to signal the mistaken this idea as “unscientific.”12 The titles autonomy of ethics, or of the legitimacy ideas about the sciences on which they of conferences and books speak of 13 of religious knowledge, etc., sometimes depend, and to steer the sometimes “Science and Reason,” as if the sci- think it sufficient, instead of actually very fine line between candidly repu- ences had a monopoly on reason itself. engaging with their critics’ arguments, diating scientism, and surreptitiously An editorial in the Wall Street Journal to dismiss them in a word: “scientistic.” repudiating science. describes studies of charter schools So, as the term “scientism” is usually where students are chosen by lottery currently used, and as I shall use it, it is a trivial verbal truth that scientism should be avoided. It is, however, a substantial question exactly when, and why, deference to the sciences is appro- Naturally enough, once “science,” “scientific,” etc., priate and when, and why, it is inap- have become honorific terms, practitioners uneasy propriate or exaggerated. My primary purpose here is to suggest some ways about the standing of their discipline or approach to recognize when this line has been like to use them emphatically and often. crossed, when respect for the achieve- ments of the sciences has transmuted into the kind of exaggerated deference characteristic of scientism. These are the “six signs of scientism” to which my The Honorific Use of “Science” title alludes. Summarized briefly and and Its Cognates as “scientific and more reliable” than roughly, they are: studies of schools that select their stu- Over the last several centuries, the 14 • Using the words “science,” “scien- dents on merit. The honorific usage work of the sciences has enormously tific,” “scientifically,” “scientist,” etc., is ubiquitous. enriched and refined our knowledge honorifically, as generic terms of Naturally enough, once “science,” of the world. And as the prestige of epistemic praise. “scientific,” etc., have become honor- the sciences grew, words like “science,” ific terms, practitioners uneasy about • Adopting the manners, the trap- “scientifically,” etc., took on an hon- the standing of their discipline or ap- pings, the technical terminology, orific tone: their substantive meaning proach like to use them emphatically etc., of the sciences, irrespective of tended to slip into the background, and often. In 1953, Prof. Hobbs pro- their real usefulness. and their favorable connotation began vided a splendid list of excerpts from • A preoccupation with demarca- to take center stage. Advertisers rou- publishers’ blurbs for sociology texts: tion, i.e., with drawing a sharp tinely boast that “science has shown” “a scientific approach”; “scientifically line between genuine science, the the superiority of their product, or that faces the problems of . marriage”; real thing, and “pseudoscientific” “scientific studies” support their claims. “approaches social problems from the imposters. Traditional or unconventional medical . scientific point of view . unassail- treatments are often dismissed out of able [conclusions]”; “sternly scientific”; • A corresponding preoccupation with 15 identifying the “scientific method,” hand, not as ill-founded or untested, and so on and on. And nowadays, of presumed to explain how the sci- but as “unscientific.” Skeptical of course—though departments of phys- ences have been so successful. some claim, we may ask, not “Is there ics and chemistry feel no need to stress Skeptical Inquirer | November/December 2013 41 that what they do is science—universi- highly speculative, and that most are subjects”18 he had in mind social scien- ties offer classes and degrees in “Man- eventually found to be untenable, and tists’ efforts to look as much as possible agement Science,” “Library Science,” abandoned. To be sure, by now there like physicists—despite their radically “Military Science,” and even “Mortuary is a vast body of well-warranted sci- different subject matters. And there Science.”16 entific theory, some of it so well-war- certainly is something objectionably But this honorific usage of “science” ranted that it would be astonishing if scientistic about adopting the trap- and its cognates leads to all kinds of new evidence were to show it to be pings associated with physics, chemis- trouble. It makes it all too easy to forget mistaken—though even this possibility try, etc., not as useful transferable tools that, remarkable as the achievements of should never absolutely be ruled out. but as a smoke-screen hiding shallow the natural sciences have been, not all, (Rigid dogmatism is always epistemo- thinking or half-baked research. and not only, scientists are good, thor- logically undesirable, rigid dogmatism Even those who work in disciplines ough, honest inquirers. It tempts us to about even the best-warranted scientific no one would hesitate to classify as dismiss bad science as not really science theory included.) But this vast body of science sometimes focus too much on at all, and it seduces us into the false well-warranted theory is the surviving form and too little on substance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Susan Haack SERIOUS PHILOSOPHY1
    Susan Haack SERIOUS PHILOSOPHY1 Abstract What is serious philosophy? What does it demand of us? And is it true, as some suppose, that a philosopher can’t be serious about his work unless he is solemn and humorless? Calling on ideas from C.S. Peirce, Haack argues first that philosophy is a serious form of inquiry, requiring real commitment and real intellectual effort, and then that playfulness and humor may actually be of help in such inquiry, while solemnity and self-importance will, for sure, impede it .“The serious philosopher,” she concludes “must indeed work in earnest – but not in grim earnest.” “… the spirit … is the most essential thing – the motive…” (C.S. Peirce)2 At dinner the night before I was to give a talk in her department, a young professor solemnly told me that there’s no place for humor in serious philosophy. Since the paper on the relation of science and literature I was to present the next day was full of playful literary allusions and verbal jokes this was, to say the least, an awkward moment.3 Nonetheless, my paper was a serious piece of work – jokes and all. Now, thanks to Spazio filosofico’s imaginative choice of theme, at last I have my opportunity to explore what’s wrong with the idea that, to be serious, philosophical work must be humorless. It’s been a long time coming; but, as the saying goes, better late than never. “Serious,” of course, has a whole raft of uses, and many subtly-interrelated meanings. We laugh about the apocryphal billionaire who complains that household expenses are skyrocketing – “a million here, a million there, and pretty soon you’re talking serious money”; meaning real money, a significant sum of money.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientism and Its Discontents Susan Haack
    SCIENTISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS SUSAN HAACK University College, Dublin, September 2016 2 PART II: SCIENTISTIC PHILOSOPHY, NO; SCIENTFIC PHILOSOPHY, YES 3 “The kind of philosophy that interests me and must, I think, interest everybody, is that philosophy which uses the most rational methods it can devise, for finding out the little that can as yet be found out about the universe of mind and matter from those observations which every person can make in every hour of his waking life. It will not include matters which are more conveniently studied by students of special sciences such as psychology…” 4 “It is true that philosophy is in a lamentably crude condition at present; that very little is really established about it; while most philosophers set up a pretension of knowing all there is to know---a pretension calculated to disgust anybody who is at home in any real science. But all we have to do is turn our backs upon all such vicious conduct, and we shall find ourselves enjoying the advantages of having an almost virgin soil to till…”---C. S. Peirce, “Scientific Philosophy,” c.1905 5 Peirce urged that philosophy be undertaken in the same spirit as the best work of the sciences, and that it should rely on experience as well as reason---though not recondite experience 6 today’s cultural landscape is very different • & philosophy today very different than in Peirce’s day • it is no longer dominated by theologians (given to “sham reasoning” according to Peirce) • & by now the threat from “lawless rovers of the sea of literature” is receding
    [Show full text]
  • Susan Haack: Putting Philosophy to Work. Inquiry and Its Place in Culture
    Susan Haack: Putting Philosophy to Work. Inquiry and Its Place in Culture. Essays on Science, Religion, Law, Literature, and Life, Expanded Edition, New York, Prometheus Books, 2013 Reviewed by Teodor Dima In the preface to the expanded edition of the volume reviewed here, Susan Haack, Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, professor of philosophy, and professor of law at the University of Miami, explains its genesis as follows: “... after the publication of my Evidence and Inquiry (1993), Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate (1998), and Defending Science— Within Reason (2003), I received such a variety of intriguing invitations – from people in the natural, the medieval, and the social sciences, from scholars in literature and scholars in law, from humanists and theologians, even from professors of architecture and the editors of an avant-garde art magazine – asking me to write or speak about the bearing of my work on their concerns” (p. 12). At the same time, these invitations were challenges to new research topics and answers regarding the epistemological significance of several concepts always debated in specialized literature: “truth; evidence; fact; objectivity; bias; self- deception; reason and the emotions; the demands of rationality and the limits of formalism; the ways in which unbiased inquiry differs from advocacy research, and inquiry in the sciences from inquiry in other fields; the threats to the integrity of the scientific enterprise posed by pressures from political and commercial interests; the difficulties our legal system has had in handling the scientific (and quasi-scientific) testimony so often crucial to the reduction of key factual issues; the tensions between science and religion; the possibility of learning true things from works of fiction; and even what gives human lives meaning” (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence Matters
    Book Reviews EVIDENCE MATTERS: SCIENCE, we later seek to gather more facts and clarity I’ll mention just one of the many hotly PROOF, AND TRUTH on the subject, this 90 percent figure serves contested issues at the trial. Two police IN THE LAW as our “prior.” officers testified that they saw Sacco put BY SUSAN HAACK Now, in this population (P), bike owner- his hand under his coat when they arrived Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2014. ship is much less prevalent than automobile to arrest him. They interpreted this gesture 432 pages, $34.99. ownership. We will say that among those in as his effort to draw his revolver. The pros- P who own an automobile, 10 percent also ecution suggested to the jury that this was Reviewed by Christopher C. Faille own a bike. Among those in P who don’t own evidence of consciousness of guilt. an automobile, 20 percent own a bike. These Let’s fast forward to the 1990s. Joseph B. Susan Haack, an Englishwoman who figures, in decimal form, .10 or .20, are “con- Kadane and David A. Schum, two prominent studied philosophy at both Oxford and ditional” probabilities. We do some checking academic statisticians with Bayesian philo- Cambridge, and who now teaches it at the and learn something new about Jones. He sophical inclinations, wrote A Probabilistic University of Miami, has produced this book owns a bike. Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti on the philosophy of law or, more strictly, Can we say anything more about the Evidence. In the book, Kadane and Schum on the philosophy behind the tasks that law probability that Jones owns a car, using both don‘t seek to resolve the case, but they do assigns to its finders of fact.
    [Show full text]
  • Science As Social? - Yes and No'
    SUSAN HAACK SCIENCE AS SOCIAL? - YES AND NO' Ours is an age in which partial truths are tirelessly transformed into total falsehoods and then acclaimed as revolutionary revelations [Thomas Szasz j.2 INTRODUCTION Some feminist philosophers of science claim the insight that science is social. It is true that the co-operative and competitive engagement of many people, within and across generations, in the enterprise of scientific inquiry, contributes to its success. It is false that social values are inseparable from scientific inquiry; false that the purpose of science is the achievement of social goals; false that knowledge is nothing but the product of negotiation among members of the scientific com­ munity; false that knowledge, facts, reality are nothing more than social con­ structions; false that science should be more democratic; false that the physical sciences are subordinate to the social sciences. I shall first offer an account of what is epistemologically distinctive about scientific inquiry in which the proposition that science is social, in its true inter­ pretation, plays a significant part. Next, I shall argue that in its other interpretations - the inevitability or desirability of politicized inquiry, social constructivism, "de­ mocratic epistemology," and the rest - the proposition that science is social is false. And then, turning to the question, what, if anything, all this has to do with femi­ nism, I shall argue that "science as social" is either a genuine insight, but not a feminist one, or else is no insight at all; and, in conclusion, that feminism has taken a wrong direction in pursuing the project of a feminist epistemology of science - a project that is neither sound epistemology nor sound feminism.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteus Rebound Reconsidering the “Torture of Nature” Author(S): Peter Pesic Source: Isis, Vol
    Proteus Rebound Reconsidering the “Torture of Nature” Author(s): Peter Pesic Source: Isis, Vol. 99, No. 2 (June 2008), pp. 304-317 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/588627 Accessed: 24-03-2018 04:29 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms The History of Science Society, The University of Chicago Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Isis This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Sat, 24 Mar 2018 04:29:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms CRITIQUES AND CONTENTIONS Proteus Rebound Reconsidering the “Torture of Nature” By Peter Pesic* ABSTRACT Though Carolyn Merchant has agreed that Francis Bacon did not advocate the “torture of nature,” she still maintains that “the very essence of the experimental method arose out of human torture transferred onto nature.” Her arguments do not address serious problems of logic, context, and contrary evidence. Her particular insistence on the influence of the torture of witches ignores Bacon’s skepticism about witchcraft as superstitious or imag- inary.
    [Show full text]
  • Rafts, Boats, and Cruise Ships Verhaegh, Sander
    University of Groningen Rafts, Boats, and Cruise Ships Verhaegh, Sander IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2015 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Verhaegh, S. (2015). Rafts, Boats, and Cruise Ships: Naturalism and holism in Quine’s philosophy. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 02-10-2021 RAFTS, BOATS, AND CRUISE SHIPS Naturalism and Holism in Quine’s Philosophy SANDER VERHAEGH RAFTS,BOATS,ANDCRUISESHIPS © Sander Verhaegh, Groningen, 2015 Cover design: Anne Jansen.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundherentism: Basic Concepts and Distinctions 1
    Philosophy 3340 - Epistemology Susan Haack's Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification 1. Foundherentism: Basic Concepts and Distinctions 1. S-beliefs versus C-beliefs: "A's S-belief that p": A mental state of A's that is A's believing that p. "A's C-belief that p": The content of A's S-belief that P - namely, the proposition that p. 2. Evidence for p can be divided into S-evidence and C-evidence: A's S-evidence with respect to p consists of the "set of states of A causally related to his S-belief that p." A's C-evidence with respect to p consists of "a set of propositions capable of standing in logical or quasi-logical relations to the C-belief that p." 3. Not just any type of state can be part of a person's S-evidence: "'A's S-evidence with respect to p' will refer to those experiential and belief-states of A's which belong, at the time in question, to the causal nexus of A's S-belief that p." (421) 4. Haack divides S-evidence with respect to p up into two components: (1) A's S-reasons with respect to p is that part of A's S-evidence with respect to p that consists of other beliefs. (2) A's experiential S-evidence with respect to p is that part of A's S-evidence with respect to p that consists of A's "perceptions, his introspective awareness of his own mental goings-on, and memory traces of his earlier perceptual and introspective states." (421) 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson, with Replies 23
    TABLE OF CONTENTS FRONTISPIECE IV GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE LIBRARY OF LIVING PHILOSOPHERS Vll FOUNDER'S GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE LIBRARY OF LIVING PHILOSOPHERS IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Xll PREFACE XV PART ONE: INTELLECTUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF P.F. STRAWSON 1 FACSIMILE OF STRAWSON'S HANDWRITING 2 INTELLECTUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF P. F. STRAWSON 3 PART TWO: DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL ESSAYS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF P. F. STRAWSON, WITH REPLIES 23 1. RUTH GARRETT MILLIKAN: Proper Function and Convention in Speech Acts 25 REPLY TO RUTH GARRETT MILLIKAN 44 2. SUSAN HAACK: Between the Scylla of Scientism and the Charybdis of Apriorism 49 REPLY TO SUSAN HAACK 64 3. E. M. ADAMS: On the Possibility of a Unified World View 69 REPLY TO E. M. ADAMS 86 4. PAN AYOT BUTCHVAROV: The Relativity of Reallys 91 REPLY TO PAN AYOT BUTCHVAROV 106 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. RICHARD BEHLING: Two Kinds of Logic? III REPLY TO RICHARD BEHLING 127 6. JOHN McDoWELL: Referring to Oneself 129 REPLY TO JOHN McDoWELL 146 7. SIMON BLACKBURN: Relativization and Truth 151 REPLY TO SIMON BLACKBURN 168 8. T ADEUSZ SZUBKA: Strawson and Antirealism 175 REPLY TO T ADEUSZ SZUBKA 192 9. DAVID FREDERICK HAIGHT: Reference and Reality 199 REPLY TO DAVID FREDERICK HAIGHT 214 10. JOSEPH S. Wu: P. F. Strawson's Criticism of Formal Logic 217 REPLY TO JOSEPH S. Wu 224 11. ANDREW G. BLACK: Naturalism and Cartesian Skepticism 227 REPLY TO ANDREW G. BLACK 242 12. DA VID PEARS: Strawson on Freedom and Resentment 245 REPLY TO DAVID PEARS 259 13. ROBERT BOYD: Strawson on Induction 263 REPLY TO ROBERT BOYD 272 14.
    [Show full text]
  • CEFP FINAL Susan Haack Sun Yong Interview 7 5 2010 Version 2
    1 PRAGMATISM, THEN AND NOW: 1 Sun Yong 2 Interviews Susan Haack 3 SY: Professor Haack, thank you for accepting my interview request. You are well known in philosophy circles in China, not only for your books Philosophy of Logics 4 and Evidence and Inquiry 5 but also for your research on pragmatism and your anthology Meaning and Action: Selected Writings on Pragmatism Old and New. 6 It is six years since Professor Chen Bo interviewed you in World Philosophy ;7 and I’m hoping that in this interview I can learn more about your views both on the classical pragmatist tradition and on pragmatism today. SH: I’m happy to talk with you, and grateful for the opportunity to clarify some issues for Chinese readers. May I suggest that we begin with the classical pragmatist tradition, and then move on, through developments in pragmatism and neo-pragmatism during the twentieth century, to the present and even prospects for the future? SY: Yes, let me begin, as you suggest, by asking you to clarify some issues about the history of pragmatism. In his Contemporary Theories of Knowledge 8 (a book which has had considerable influence in China), Thomas English Hill tell us that Peirce declined the 1 © 2010 Sun Yong/Susan Haack. All rights reserved. This interview has been presented (by Prof. Haack) at the Peirce Edition Project, Indianapolis University/Purdue University; the LOGOS Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; and the meeting of the Central European Pragmatist Forum held at Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 2 Professor of Philosophy, Shanghai Financial University, P.R.
    [Show full text]
  • LW&CSP Scholarship
    To appear in I. Angelelli y M. Cerezo, eds., Studies on the History of Logic. Proceedings of the III Symposium on History of Logic, Gruyter, Berlin, 1996, 281-294. SCHOLARSHIP ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN AND CHARLES S. PEIRCE* Jaime NUBIOLA University of Navarra, Spain It is now over thirty years since Richard Rorty pointed out the similarities between Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations (1953) and the philosophical framework of Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914), the American logician who was the founder of pragmatism. The view put forward by Rorty is that Peirce had envisaged and repudiated positivist empiricism fifty years earlier, and had developed a set of insights and a philosophical mood very similar to those of contemporary philosophers working under the influence of the later Wittgenstein. The affinity between Peirce's philosophy and the more recent tendency born of the rejection of the Tractatus and the positivism of the Vienna Circle, gave rise to an expectation that the study of Peircean pragmatism and the writings of the later Wittgenstein in ever closer comparison would shed increasing light on both philosophers' work (Rorty 1961). Similarly, on a more recent occasion Christopher Hookway emphasised that the best approach for understanding Peirce is to see him as an analytic philosopher avant la lettre. It is well known that Karl-Otto Apel identified Peirce's thought as the milestone in the process of semiotic transformation from transcendental philosophy into analytic philosophy (Apel 1981). Many of the distinctive features of analytic philosophy are already present in Peirce, and many of the problems which concerned Peirce most are central to contemporary philosophical debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Susan Haack, for UNAM 2018 1 Scientistic Philosophy, No
    1 Scientistic Philosophy, No; Scientific Philosophy, Yes Susan Haack, University of Miami February 21, 2018. IIFs-UNAM Introduction. When C. S. Peirce urges that philosophy become scientific, he means that it should (i) be undertaken with the scientific attitude, a genuine desire to discover the truth, and (ii) use the scientific method, i.e., rely on experience as well as reasoning—but not, like the sciences, on recondite experience, but on close attention to everyday experience. Today, many philosophers would say that philosophy now is , or is rapidly becoming scientific. Sadly, this is false; philosophy is becoming, not scientific in Peirce’s sense, but scientistic—a post-analytic adulation of science almost as disorienting as the anti-scientific disparagement popular a few decades ago. But all scientific work rests on presuppositions about the world and ourselves that the sciences themselves can neither explain nor justify; and today’s scientistic philosophies leave the very scientific work on which they rely floating in mid-air with no rational support. This is not to say that it is the job of philosophy to provide the a priori foundation for science, nor to retreat to the analytic paradigm; it is to reject the false dichotomy of analytic philosophy vs. scientism, and develop instead a philosophy that, as Peirce urged, pays close attention to everyday experience. 1. Diagnosing a Disaster: The Hollow Core of Scientistic Philosophy. Logical positivism sought to make phil. “Queen of the Sciences”; Quine’s “Epistemology Naturalized” was ambiguous between modestly naturalistic and scientistic claims. The latter prompted the bizarre scientistic philosophies of the 1980s (Goldman, Stich, Churchlands), which by now look like harbingers of a tidal wave of scientism.
    [Show full text]