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The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Health Systems in Transition
61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 1 03/03/2020 09:55 Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Vol. Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Health Systems in Transition: in Transition: Health Systems C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Latvia Latvia Health system review Daiga Behmane Alina Dudele Anita Villerusa Janis Misins The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Kristine Klavina Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Dzintars Mozgis Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Giada Scarpetti London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 2 03/03/2020 09:55 Giada Scarpetti (Editor), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European -
All Latvia Cemetery List-Final-By First Name#2
All Latvia Cemetery List by First Name Given Name and Grave Marker Information Family Name Cemetery ? d. 1904 Friedrichstadt/Jaunjelgava ? b. Itshak d. 1863 Friedrichstadt/Jaunjelgava ? b. Abraham 1900 Jekabpils ? B. Chaim Meir Potash Potash Kraslava ? B. Eliazar d. 5632 Ludza ? B. Haim Zev Shuvakov Shuvakov Ludza ? b. Itshak Katz d. 1850 Katz Friedrichstadt/Jaunjelgava ? B. Shalom d. 5634 Ludza ? bar Abraham d. 5662 Varaklani ? Bar David Shmuel Bombart Bombart Ludza ? bar Efraim Shmethovits Shmethovits Rezekne ? Bar Haim Kafman d. 5680 Kafman Varaklani ? bar Menahem Mane Zomerman died 5693 Zomerman Rezekne ? bar Menahem Mendel Rezekne ? bar Yehuda Lapinski died 5677 Lapinski Rezekne ? Bat Abraham Telts wife of Lipman Liver 1906 Telts Liver Kraslava ? bat ben Tzion Shvarbrand d. 5674 Shvarbrand Varaklani ? d. 1875 Pinchus Judelson d. 1923 Judelson Friedrichstadt/Jaunjelgava ? d. 5608 Pilten ?? Bloch d. 1931 Bloch Karsava ?? Nagli died 5679 Nagli Rezekne ?? Vechman Vechman Rezekne ??? daughter of Yehuda Hirshman 7870-30 Hirshman Saldus ?meret b. Eliazar Ludza A. Broido Dvinsk/Daugavpils A. Blostein Dvinsk/Daugavpils A. Hirschman Hirschman Rīga A. Perlman Perlman Windau Aaron Zev b. Yehiskiel d. 1910 Friedrichstadt/Jaunjelgava Aba Ostrinsky Dvinsk/Daugavpils Aba b. Moshe Skorobogat? Skorobogat? Karsava Aba b. Yehuda Hirshberg 1916 Hirshberg Tukums Aba Koblentz 1891-30 Koblentz Krustpils Aba Leib bar Ziskind d. 5678 Ziskind Varaklani Aba Yehuda b. Shrago died 1880 Riebini Aba Yehuda Leib bar Abraham Rezekne Abarihel?? bar Eli died 1866 Jekabpils Abay Abay Kraslava Abba bar Jehuda 1925? 1890-22 Krustpils Abba bar Jehuda died 1925 film#1890-23 Krustpils Abba Haim ben Yehuda Leib 1885 1886-1 Krustpils Abba Jehuda bar Mordehaj Hakohen 1899? 1890-9 hacohen Krustpils Abba Ravdin 1889-32 Ravdin Krustpils Abe bar Josef Kaitzner 1960 1883-1 Kaitzner Krustpils Abe bat Feivish Shpungin d. -
Analysis of the Indicators of the Cadastral Value Base for Residential Building Land in Latvia
ANALYSIS OF THE INDICATORS OF THE CADASTRAL VALUE BASE FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING LAND IN LATVIA Anda Jankava, Aina Palabinska, Dace Didrihsone Latvia University of Agriculture Abstract This article describes the indicators of the base of cadastral value and their main influencing factors. The base of cadastral value for residential building is summarised and analysed in Latvia municipalities and its territorial units in 2015. The analysis results showed areas with the highest and lowest base of cadastral value for residential building in municipalities of Latvia. Also grouping and analysis of municipalities by the maximum and minimum base of cadastral value for residential building land in rural areas were carried out. There is clear polarisation of base value by the distribution between the municipalities. In municipalities around Riga there are areas with the highest base value of residential building land, whereas the base value decreases rapidly in the direction from Riga to the periphery. Key words: cadastral assessment, indicators of the cadastral value base, value zoning, base value. Introduction In Latvia, the cadastral valuation of real property is carried out in order to determine the cadastral value of the real property which is mainly used in the calculation of real property tax. In the need of cadastral valuation, the State Land Service drew up the cadastral value base by real property groups.. The cadastral value base is a set of data characterising the value necessary for calculation of the cadastral value – base values and correction coefficients, which, on the basis of analysis of data of the real estate market, has been specified for the group of cadastre objects in terms of values within a relatively homogenous territory – zone (National Real Estate ..., 2005.). -
The Military Heritage and Environment of Kurzeme
SELFDRIVE THE MILITARY HERITAGE AND ENVIRONMENT OF KURZEME The NATURA 2000 system was established by European Union member states to protect a large series of environmental territories. In Latvia’s case, the system includes territories that were protected before it was set up, as well as 122 new territories. Each EU member state establishes its own system of territories, and these are then joined in the central system. NATURA 2000 territories are of European importance and are environmentally protected. Along this route, the most interesting NATURA 2000 territories include the Zvārde Forest Park, the Embūte Nature Park, the Ziemupe Nature Reserve and the Nature Park of the Ancient Abava River Valley. While in these territories, please be gentle with environmental, cultural and historical values. Keep the “interests” of birds in mind when birdwatching. ROUTE During the Soviet era, Latvia was the western border of the USSR, and that made it a strategic location in which lots of military resources were concentrated. During the Soviet occupation, there were more than 1,000 Soviet military units in Latvia, and they controlled some 600 facilities equalling to more than 10% of the territory of the Latvian SSR. In other words, Latvia was behind the Iron Curtain for nearly half a century. Border guard posts, tank bases, aviation bases, military airfields, storage facilities for weapons and munitions (including nuclear missiles), military espionage facilities and other, similar entities were mostly centred on the shore of the Baltic Sea, where there was a special frontier regime. It was just 20 years ago that people were allowed to be on the beach only during sunlight and in very limited areas. -
Circular Economy and Bioeconomy Interaction Development As Future for Rural Regions. Case Study of Aizkraukle Region in Latvia
Environmental and Climate Technologies 2019, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 129–146 doi: 10.2478/rtuect-2019-0084 https://content.sciendo.com Circular Economy and Bioeconomy Interaction Development as Future for Rural Regions. Case Study of Aizkraukle Region in Latvia Indra MUIZNIECE1*, Lauma ZIHARE2, Jelena PUBULE3, Dagnija BLUMBERGA4 1–4Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia Abstract – In order to enforce the concepts of bioeconomy and the circular economy, the use of a bottom-up approach at the national level has been proposed: to start at the level of a small region, encourage its development, considering its specific capacities and resources, rather than applying generalized assumptions at a national or international level. Therefore, this study has been carried out with an aim to develop a methodology for the assessment of small rural areas in the context of the circular economy and bioeconomy, in order to advance the development of these regions in an effective way, using the existing bioresources comprehensively. The methodology is based on the identification of existing and potential bioeconomy flows (land and its use, bioresources, human resources, employment and business), the identification of the strengths of their interaction and compare these with the situation at the regional and national levels in order to identify the specific region's current situation in the bioeconomy and identify more forward-looking directions for development. Several methods are integrated and interlinked in the methodology – indicator analysis, correlation and regression analysis, and heat map tables. The methodology is approbated on one case study – Aizkraukle region – a small rural region in Latvia. -
CSDD 2018/29 ERAF 3.Pielikums CSDD Rīkotā Iepirkuma Nolikumam
CSDD 2018/29 ERAF 3.pielikums CSDD rīkotā iepirkuma nolikumam STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Rīgas iela 4, Aloja, Alojas nov., LV-4064 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 66070030032 1 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Raiņa iela 4, Auce, Auces nov., LV-3708 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 46050090910 2 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Zvaigžņu iela 2A, Aizpute, Aizputes nov., LV-3456 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 64050070090 3 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Dārza iela 25A, Bērzpils, Bērzpils pag., Balvu nov., LV-4576 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 38500020281 4 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Nosaukums: "Automašīnu stāvlaukums pie baznīcas", Dundagas pagasts, Dundagas novads Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 88500200209 5 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Lāčplēša iela 11, Jaunjelgava, Jaunjelgavas nov., LV-5134 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 32070020388 6 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Nosaukums: "5.noliktavas caurlaide", Kolkas pagasts, Dundagas novads Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 88620070260 7 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Nosaukums: "Pils iela 8B", Mālpils novads Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 80740030845 8 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS atrašanās vietas shēma Adrese: Rīgas iela 26B, Vecumnieki, Vecumnieku pag., Vecumnieku nov., LV-3933 Nekustamā īpašuma kadastra apzīmējums: 40940120980 9 CSDD 2018/29 ERAF STACIJAS -
Proposal for FOSS4G Europe 2020 Valmiera Th 30 September 2019
Proposal for FOSS4G Europe 2020 Valmiera th 30 September 2019 OVERVIEW In cooperation with Valmiera City council and Valmiera Development Agency we propose the FOSS4G Europe 2020 conference to take place in Valmiera, Latvia. We would like to propose the FOSS4G Europe 2020 conference to take place in Valmiera as the international nor european FOSS4G events have not yet been to this North-Eastern part of Europe. Latvia is democratic republic for almost 30 years and part of the European Union for the past 15 years the conference would be set in an environment that the FOSS4GE event has not been in before. As with Latvia’s setting in the zigzag of history the guiding motto behind the conference would be to remember the past but look and live for the future. Valmiera is a town situated in the historic Vidzeme region on the banks of the Gauja river. About 100 km North-East from the Latvian capital Rīga, and 50 km from the Estonian Southern border. The place dates back to the 13th century; Valmiera was founded in 1283 with city rights granted in 1323. Valmiera was a site of the Livonian Order (an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order) stronghold - Valmiera castle. To this day the castle’s ruins lie in the city centre. Most of the old buildings dating back to the 18th-19th century were destroyed in the fires during the last war. Nevertheless we would like to urge the participants to discover the city and its historic surroundings as an extracurricular activity to the conference: hiking the Gauja National Park, kayaking on the Gauja river, bobsleighing in Sigulda, and a visit to the Turaida castle. -
Sightseeing in Aizpute
SIGHTSEEING IN AIZPUTE 9 Valda Jēriņa Dolls room 14 Weavers’ Studio 20 Centre of workshops and The exposition shows a collection “Kamolītis” residences “SERDE” WWW.VISITAIZPUTE.LV 1 Livonian Order Castle Ruins of dolls created by national theatre The workshop offers its visitors This set of historical buildings, with th The Livonian Order built the fortifications in the 13 century. In the actress Valda Jēriņa. There are more to see the process of different its creative ambience, welcomes – 113, 112 113, – Ambulance th 15 century, a residential house was built at its eastern wall, with than 500 thematically dressed dolls canvas being woven in the looms you to enjoy a variety of cultural – (+371) 26475143 (+371) – police municipal county Aizpute cellars and a gallery; thus the fortifications were turned into a castle. in the collection: dolls in national according to ancient methods tourism opportunities, art and – 110, 112, (+371) 63448192 (+371) 112, 110, – It served as a border fortification at police State costumes, school uniforms, theatrical and using traditional ornaments. cultural events (open in summer). the cross point of the territories of – 112 – and fantasy costumes. There is a Katoļu iela 1, Aizpute, Atmodas iela 9, Aizpute, departament Rescue and Fire the Livonian Order and the Bishop children’s playroom next to the (+371) 22847115 (+371) 29817180, of Courland (Latvian: Kurzeme). exhibition halls. Book your visit in advance. www.serde.lv EMERGENCY OF CASES IN CALL TO WHERE The river Tebra was the border: the Katoļu iela 1, Aizpute, (+371) 28617307 Bishopric on the right bank and the 21 “IDEJU MĀJA” (IDEA HOUSE) (+371) 25125190 (+371) Phone: Livonian Order on the left. -
Privatization at the Crossroad of Latvia's Economic Reform
PRIVATIZATION AT THE CROSSROAD OF LATVIA'S ECONOMIC REFORM Sandra Berzups" I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 171 II. BACKGROUND ................................................................. 172 III. ECONOMIC REFORM ........................................................ 175 IV. PRIVATIZATION - THE BEGINNING ....................................... 177 V. RESTITUTION ................................................................. 179 VI. PRIVATIZATION CERTIFICATES ........................................... 180 VII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - AGRICULTURE ........................... 182 VIII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - BANKING .................................. 183 IX. SMALL SCALE PRIVATIZATION ........................................... 185 X. LARGE PRIVATIZATION ..................................................... 186 XI. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY ................... 188 XII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY - THE SPECIFICS ............................. 190 XIII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR PRIVATIZATION COMMITTEES - THE SPECIFICS ........................ 192 XIV. ANALYSIS OF NEW METHODOLOGY ..................................... 193 XV. CONCLUSION ................................................................. 195 I. INTRODUCTION Latvia regained its independence from the former Soviet Union in August 1991. Since then, it has begun the slow and arduous path of replacing the centrally-planned, socialist system with an economic structure based -
The Saeima (Parliament) Election
/pub/public/30067.html Legislation / The Saeima Election Law Unofficial translation Modified by amendments adopted till 14 July 2014 As in force on 19 July 2014 The Saeima has adopted and the President of State has proclaimed the following law: The Saeima Election Law Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Citizens of Latvia who have reached the age of 18 by election day have the right to vote. (As amended by the 6 February 2014 Law) 2.(Deleted by the 6 February 2014 Law). 3. A person has the right to vote in any constituency. 4. Any citizen of Latvia who has reached the age of 21 before election day may be elected to the Saeima unless one or more of the restrictions specified in Article 5 of this Law apply. 5. Persons are not to be included in the lists of candidates and are not eligible to be elected to the Saeima if they: 1) have been placed under statutory trusteeship by the court; 2) are serving a court sentence in a penitentiary; 3) have been convicted of an intentionally committed criminal offence except in cases when persons have been rehabilitated or their conviction has been expunged or vacated; 4) have committed a criminal offence set forth in the Criminal Law in a state of mental incapacity or a state of diminished mental capacity or who, after committing a criminal offence, have developed a mental disorder and thus are incapable of taking or controlling a conscious action and as a result have been subjected to compulsory medical measures, or whose cases have been dismissed without applying such compulsory medical measures; 5) belong -
Gradients of Latvian Magnetic Anomalies
Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University Sustainable Spatial Development 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume 2 Gradients of Latvian Magnetic Anomalies Vladimir Vertennikov, Riga Technical University Abstract. This article discusses one of the most important and vertical gradients. It is possible to determine those geophysical factors, which produces an impact on the gradients by calculations or measurements using special demographic processes and reflects the nature of variability in instruments – magnetic gradiometers. Instrumented gradient the anomalous magnetic field intensity in space. The article characterises the horizontal magnetic gradients, which vary measurements are predominantly utilised in local areas during within the wide range: from 10 to 2400 nT/km. It distinguishes prospecting and exploration for minerals. In regional magnetic scale and magnetic gradient areas. The article gives an investigations, to which concrete operations associated with ecodemographic evaluation of the territory of Latvia by the investigating the impact of geophysical factors on gradience of the anomalous magnetic field. demographic processes belong, horizontal gradients are the main factor; they are determined by calculations. Keywords: horizontal magnetic gradient, magnetic scale, magnetic gradient area, ecodemographic evaluation of territory by magnetic gradience. CHARACTERISATION OF HORIZONTAL MAGNETIC GRADIENTS The magnetic field is represented in the Latvian territory by a complex set of anomalies with different signs, intensity, size The gradient is an important parameter of anomalous and morphology. The transitions from one anomaly to another magnetic field. The discussion deals with the spatial intensity are expressed through changes in the field intensity and are variations. The thing is that the intensity of the anomalous either gradual, occurring step-by-step, or abrupt.