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Host-Parasite Relationships of Five Species of Cyclocoelids (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) Stephen John Taft Iowa State University

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Host-Parasite Relationships of Five Species of Cyclocoelids (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) Stephen John Taft Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1969 Host-parasite relationships of five species of cyclocoelids (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) Stephen John Taft Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Taft, Stephen John, "Host-parasite relationships of five species of cyclocoelids (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) " (1969). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3784. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3784 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-7744 TAFT, Stephen John, 1941- HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS OF FIVE SPECIES OF CYCLOCOELIDS (TREMATODA: CYCLOCOELIDAE). Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS OP FIVE SPECIES OF CYCLOCOELIDS (TREMATODA: CYCLOCOELIDAE) by Stephen John Taft A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject; Zoology (Parasitology) Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. In _ rk Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1969 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL REVIEW 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 NATURAL CYCLOCOELID INFECTIONS 10 LIFE HISTORY OF CYCLOCOELUM OCULEUM l6 Adult 17 Egg 18 Miracidium l8 Redia 21 Cercaria 28 Metacercaria 29 Pathology 32 Feeding Experiments 33 STUDIES ON RELATED SPECIES 40 Cyclocoelijm braslllanum 41 Egg 41 Miracidiiun 41 Redia 44 Cercaria 47 Metacercaria 47 Feeding Experiments 51b Cycloeoelma obscurtun 53 Egg 55 Miracidium 55 ill Page Eedia 56 Cyclocoelum vanelll 60 Egg 62 Miracidium 62 Redia 63 Cyclocoelum trlngae 66 DISCUSSION 68 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7h LITERATURE CITED 79 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 85 PLATES 86 Abbreviations in Plates 87 1 INTRODUCTION Trematodes of the family Cyclocoelidae parasitize principally avian respiratory systems. Gravid worms lack an acetabulum and have two intestinal crura which are confluent posteriorly. No sporocyst stage occurs in the life cycle; the cercarial stage is tailless. Each egg released by a gravid cyclocoelid contains a miracidium enclosing a rediae. Intermediate hosts of cyclocoelid are either terrestial or aquatic snails. In life cycles involving terrestial intermediate hosts, the egg is passively ingested; in cycles involving aquatic molluscs, the miracidium hatches, and its enclosed redia actively penetrates the snail host. In known life cycles of cyclocoelids, only a single molluscan intermediate host occurs. Regardless of the species of intermediate host, the redia leaves the miracidium and bores into the internal organs of the snail. Subsequent development within the snail may follow one of two pathways, depending upon the species of cyclocoelid. Germinal masses within the redia may produce cercariae which encyst within the same redia, or germinal masses may produce cercariae which leave the redia and encyst within the snail's tissues. Birds become infected by eating snails containing mature metacercariae. I studied the larval development of several species, including: Cyclocoelum brasilianum Stossich, 1902, from 2 Greater Yellowlegs (Totanus melanoleucus) and Lesser Yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes); Cyclocoelum obscurum Leidy, l887, recovered from Wilson's Snipe (Capella gallinago); and Cyclocoelum vanelli Rudolphi, l8l9, which parasitizes American Avocets CRecurvirostra americana). Also reported herein is the complete life history of Cyclocoelum oculeum Kossack, 1911, in American Coots (Fulica americana). I also attempted to determine the early larval development of Cyclocoelum trlngae Stossich, 1902, from the Pectoral Sandpiper (Erolia melanotos). This dissertation includes, in addition, data on the incidence of cyclocoelids in their avian hosts. 3 HISTORICAL REVIEW Trematodes of the family Cyclocoelidae have been the subject of much taxonomic controversy and confusion. The systematics of this group has been revised by numerous authors (Brandes, l892; Looss, 1902; Stossich, 1902; Kossack, 1911; Harrah, 1922; Witenberg, 1923, 1926; Joyeux and Baer, 1927; Dollfus, 1948; Yaraaguti, 1958; and Dubois, 1959). Dubois' (1959) revision of the family included two subfamilies, Cyclocoelinae with two genera, Cyclocoelum and Ophthalmophagus, and Typhlocoelinae with two genera, Typhlocoelum and Neiviia. According to Dubois (1959) the genus Cyclocoelum includes three subgenera (Cyclocoelum, Haematotrephus, and Hyptiasmus) and 23 species . Wootton (1964) felt that Dubois' classification was too restrictive and that the subgenera proposed by Dubois should be raised to generic level. However, Stunkard (1966) stated that Dubois' (1959) study was a definitive work on the systematics of the family. The latter's classification is followed, although I do not agree with his subgeneric classi­ fication . The life cycle of Typhlocoelum sisowi (=Tracheophilus sisowi), a duck parasite, was the first cyclocoelid life history to be reported (Szidat, 1932, 1933). Its pattern includes a miracidium containing a redia which hatches from the egg and attaches to a snail. The redia penetrates the snail leaving k the miracidium "behind and comes to lie in the visceral mass near the albumin gland. Eight to 10 days later, germinal masses and cercariae are present within the redia. The cercariae, each of which possesses a penetration organ, an acetabulum, unicellular glands and a digestive tract, even­ tually escape via the birth pore of the redia and encyst within the snail. Here they develop into metacercariae and must be eaten by the definitive host to complete the cycle . After such ingestion, metacercariae excyst in the small intestine and migrate to the bird host's respiratory passages. Szidat (1933) was unable to determine whether larval cyclocoelids migrate to the bird's lungs by way of the coelomic cavity or via the blood vessels. Six weeks were required for the trematodes to reach sexual maturity. Stunkard (1934) studied the same trematode Typhlocoelum sisowi (=Typhlocoelum cymbium) recovered from the Pied-Billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) and traced its development through the metacercarial stage in the snail Helisoma trivolvis. He was unable to recover adults 12 weeks after having fed metacer­ cariae to a domestic duck. Johnston and Simpson (1940) found Cyclocoelum jaenschi in two species of grebes (P. poliocephalus and P. novaehollandiae). They observed that its development through the metacercarial stage in the snail (Ameria sp.) was similar to that in T. sisowi. Ginetzinskaja (1949), while studying Cyclocoelum mutabile (=Cyclocoelum microstomum), fed metacercariae from laboratory- reared snails (Lymnaea ovata) to European Coots (Fulica atra). Eighteen hours later, young C_. mutabile were found in the bird' blood stream and liver. After feeding on parenchyma cells in the liver, the young trematodes migrated to the air sacs near the heart and dorsal aorta. Later, Ginetzinskaja (1952) dis­ cussed larval development of this trematode in L. ovata. She indicated that metacercariae were found usually in the snail's foot near the eye and redula. Ginetzinskaja (1954) completed her investigations on the biology of C_. mutabile and found its life cycle to be similar to that of T. sisowi. Ingersoll (1954) studied C_. mutabile (=C_. microstomum) from American Coots (Fulica americana). He found that five species of snails representing five genera (Lymnaea stagnalis, Stagnicola palustris, Menetus exacuous, Physa gyrina, and Gyraulus sp.) and two species of avian definitive hosts, American Coots and the Sora Rail (Porzana Carolina), could be experimentally infected with C_. mutabile . Timon-David (1950) described a cyclocoelid, Cyclocoelum elongatum (=Cyclocoelum dollfusi), from the air sacs of the Black-Billed Magpie (Pica pica) and reported its life cycle in 1955. This life history differs from those of T. sisowi, jaenschi, and C_. mutabile in at least three ways, namely: the intermediate host is a land snail (Helicopis arenosa) rather than an aquatic gastropod, eggs containing miracidia are ingested passively by the snail, and cercariae encyst within the rediae producing them. 6 More recently. Palm (1963) reported Cyclocoelum oculeum (=Trancoelum oculeum) from the nasal cavities and orbits of the European Coot. Larval development in this species, according to him, was the same as in other species mentioned except for C_. elongatum. Wootton (1964) also studied Cyclocoelum oculeum (=Cyclocoelum californicum) from the orbits and nasal cavities, and C_. mutabile from the air sacs of the American Coot. He recovered metacercariae of C_. oculeum and C_. mutabile from Physa gyrina. However, Wootton was unable to infect domestic ducks and chickens with these metacercariae. 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS Coots, ducks, and shorebirds were collected from various marshes, lakes, and streams in Iowa and South Dakota. Birds were brought back to the laboratory and examined immediately for trematodes. Each host was opened by making an incision from the vent
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