Bibliography on the African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)
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This bibliography accompanies the article ‘Research on African Elephants (”…•…–…Œ•ˆ ˆ•‡‚‘ˆŒˆ, Blumenbach 1797): A Bibliography’ published in the African Journal of Ecology. Primarily the English literature was searched for references on the African elephant but some French and German reference were also included. The following table is the same as in the published paper but provides more detailed information on the references. It should be noted that a large amount of research that has been conducted on the African elephant has been reported on in the form of so called ‘grey literature’, reports written for NGOs, research or government organisations. Consequently the following bibliography includes a large number of such references. It is hoped that this bibliography provides a good overview on the literature available on the African elephant and that it will aid scientists and students in their research. Table 1: Number of publication per country Country of Study or Origin of Animals Type of Study South Africa Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Zambia Malawi Tanzania Age Determination 907, 31, 21, 9, 25, 2, 15, 16, and Dentition Anatomy 55, 52, Behavioural 62, 74, 63, 68, 60, 71, 58, 57, 61, 72, 73, Studies Censuses, 133, 163, 164, 201, 191, 192, 108, 150, 160, 173, 89, 142, 144, 202, 203, 92, 106, 760, 143, 141, 154, 172, 97, 103, 113, 131, 178, 179, 180, 183, Distribution and 930, 167, 188, 184, 185, 193, 194, 195, 196, Status Reports Conflict 218, 206, 214, 207, 221, Conservation 238, 271, 267, 270, 274, 277, 278, 279, 257, 260, 262, 268, 283, Issues Culling 314, 316, 318, 319, 330, 296, 304, 306, 308, 311, 312, 298, 321, 302, 336, 337, 343, 320, 323, 326, 329, 321, 322, 331, 332, 333, 339, 347, 349, 345, 346, 347, Demographic 369, 354, 357, 363, 364, 364, 365, Studies Ecological Studies 386, 387, 388, 415, 371, 377, 383, 389, 390, 391, 398, 404, Elephant/ 434, 484, 493, 502, 506, 429, 450, 419, 420, 439, 447, 448, 468, 487, 428, 453, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 435, 436, Vegetation Studies 494, 495, 440, 441, 456, 475, 476, 480, 481, 485, 486, 488, 503, 504, 508, General 521, 563, 512, 516, 528, 529, 551, Genetics 574, 585, 589, Immobilisation 612, 614, 1033, 599, 611, 618, 609, 619, Ivory Trade 696, 632, 696, 718, 637, 638, 651, 652, 658, 685, 664, 660, 686, 696, Nutrition 742, 759, 760, 370, 34, 763, 738, 740, 762, 765, 733,
Physiology 777, 793, 802, 799, 778, 783, 807, 767, 791, 792, 804, 786, Poaching 835, 831, 832, 837, 823, 819, 820, 821, 825, Reproduction 862, 877, 906, 911, 878, 903, 915, 916, 854, 855, 865, 866, 856, 879, 868, 907, 909, 910, Survey Methods 946, and Defecation Studies Veterinary Studies 960, 961, 972, 984, 970, 971, 986, 989, 991, 975, 982, 988, 987, 990, 1004, 996, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1016, Other 1042, 1051, 1052, 1043, Total No. of 55 11 15 62 38 18 75 Studies Table 1 cont.: Number of publications per country Country Type of Study Kenya Uganda Congo Rwanda Zaire Central Gabon Cameroon African Republic Age Determination 18, 20, 32, 34, 35, 36, 731, 3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 34, 35, 36, and Dentition Anatomy 51, 39 43, 45, 46, 47, Behavioural Studies 59, 69, 78, 81, 82, 84, 64, 79, 852, Censuses, Distribution 100, 107, 135, 145, 146, 157, 159, 161, 99, 101, 102, 123, 124, 130, 85, 94, 128, 129, 87, 88, 94, 98, 94, 104, 105, 117, 93, 94, 96, 199, 94, 95, 122, and Status Reports 165, 166, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 147, 148, 155, 156, 132, 134, 136, 126, 127, 128, 200, 181, 186, 185, 189, 192, 151, 168, 171 190, 204, Conflict 211, 212, 215, 228, 229, 217, 226, 213, 209, 227, Conservation Issues 262, 237, 242, 264, 287, 259, 235, 294, 263, 282, 288, Culling 310, 327, 329, 303, 341, 317, Demographic Studies 367, 1, 352, Ecological Studies 394, 395, 396, 399, 409, 410, 381, 382, 397, 402, 409, 416, 406, 407, 405, Elephant/Vegetation 417, 440, 441, 445, 446, 454, 455, 457, 431, 433, 443, 444, 449, 457, 483, 492, 430, 482, 489, 500, 509, 478, 496, Studies 458, 459, 465, 466, 467, 474, 477, 479, 461, 462, 470, 471, 472, 491, 497, 498, 501, 507, 509, General 545, 546 547 517, 518, 519, 543, 442, 559, 553, 554, 523, 560, Genetics Immobilisation 600, 1032, 603, Ivory Trade 643, 661, 640, 670, 693, 659, 673, 726, 622, 623, 669, Nutrition 734, 737, 742, 752, 757, 735, 736, 744, 746, 747, 748, 745, 753, 764, 755, 757, 761, Physiology 781, 773, 774, 775, 776, 780, 795, 815, 798, 808, 814, Poaching 839, 850, 205, 827, 829, 834, 822, 836, 822, 830, 836, 822, 828, 836, 822, 836, 822, 836, 838, 847, Reproduction 853, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 885, 886, 853, 858, 859, 872, 873, 879, 887, 889, 890, 891, 894, 895, 896, 897, 889, 890, 891, 892, 905, 906, 898, 899, 900, 902, 906, 907, 909, 904, Survey Methods and 931, 938, 939, 956, 951, 943, 948, 934, 620, 954, 955, Defecation Studies Veterinary Studies 973, 974, 983, 999, 1000, 1003, 1020, 995, 999, 1000, 1003, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1023, 1024, 1031, 592, Other 1054, 1044, Total No. of Studies 118 104 10 5 28 18 17 22 Table 1 cont.: Number of Publications per Country Country of Study or Origin of Animals Type of Study Ghana Nigeria Burkina Faso Equatorial Guinea Ivory Coast Sierra Leone *Other Countries Age Determination and Dentition Anatomy Behavioural Studies 77, 71, Censuses, Distribution and 95, 121, 110, 138, 139, 140, 86, 94, 169, 152, 187, 137, Status Reports Conflict 208, 822, Conservation Issues 265, 281, 284, Culling 313, 335, Demographic Studies 355, 359, Ecological Studies 408, 384, 403, Elephant/Vegetation Studies 464, 451, 418, 473, General 534 Genetics Immobilisation Ivory Trade 724, Nutrition 758, 750, 732, Physiology Poaching Reproduction Survey Methods and 937, 944, 950, Defecation Studies Veterinary Studies 976, 1013 981, 967, Other Total No. of Studies 7 3 8 4 7 4 9 *Other countries = Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Mali, Chad, Niger and Mozambique one study each €•‚ƒ„‚…‚†‡ˆ‰Š…ˆ‹‰ƒŠ‰Œƒ„‚‰…Š•ƒ„‚Ž‚•‹•‡‚‰…•
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(1966) Age criteria for the African elephant, ˜‹™‹Œ‹‰…ŠƒŠš†ˆ›Š‰ŠƒŠš†ˆ›Š‰Š. E. Afr. Wildl. J. •, 1-37. 18. Laws, R.M. (1967b) Eye lens weight and age in African elephants. E. Afr. Wildl. J. –, 46-52. 19. Lee, P.C., C.J. Moss. (1995) Statural growth in know age African elephants (˜‹™‹Œ‹‰…Š Šš†ˆ›Š‰Š). J. Zool —‘•, 29-41. 20. Lindique, M. (1991a) Dentition and age estimation of elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Madoqua “’, 17-25. 21. Morrison-Scott, S. T.C. (1947) A revision of our knowledge of African elephants’ teeth, with notes on forest and ‘pygmy’ elephants. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ““¡, 505-527. 22. Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. (1938) On the occurrence of a presumed first milk molar (m.m.1) in African elephants. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. “”’¢£¤, 711-713. 23. Nothnagel, G., S.D. Leroux and W.P. Grotepass. (1995) Correlation between orientation of hydroxyapatite and mechanical anisotrophy in ˜‹™‹Œ‹‰…ŠƒŠš†ˆ›Š‰Š ivory. J. Dental. Res. ¡•(3), 1014. 24. Owen-Smith, N. (1966) The incidence of tuskless elephant in Mana Pools Game Reserve. Afr. Wildl. —”¥ 69-73. 25. Perry, J.S. (1954) Some observations on growth and tusk weight in male and female African elephants. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. €•‚ƒ 97-105. 26. Pilgram, T. and D. Western. (1986) Inferring the age and sex of African elephants from tusk measurements. Biol. Conserv. „…, 39-52. 27. Pocock, R.I. (1918) The ages of elephants, as inferred from the molar teeth. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. €†€‡, 303. 28. Raubenheimer, E.J., W.F.P. van Heerden, P.J. Vanniekkerk, V. de Vos and M.J. Turner. (1995) Morphology of the deciduous tusk (tush) of the African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ). Arch. Oral Biol. ‚“, 571-576. 29. Raubenheimer, E.J., J. Dauth, M.J. Dreyer, P.D. Smith, M.L. Turner. (1990) Structure and composition of ivory of the African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ). S. Afr. J. Sci. ‡…, 192- 193. 30. Raubenheimer, J., J. Osborn, J. Dauth, J. van Niekerk, L.B. Lemmer, V. de Vos. (1989) Structure of the tusk of the African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ). J. Dental Res. …‡, 730. 31. Short, R.V. (1969) Notes on the teeth and ovaries of an African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ) of Known Age. J. Zool. €•‡, 421-425. 32. Shoshani, J. (1978) General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks. Elephant €, 20- 34. 33. Sikes, S.K. (1966) The African elephant, ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ: A field method for the estimation of age. J. Zool. €•“, 279-295. 34. Sikes, S.K. (1967) The African elephant, ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ: a field method for the estimation of age. J. Zool. €•‚, 235-248. 35. Sikes, S.K. (1967a) How to tell the age of an African elephant. Afr. Wildl. •€, 191-202. 36. Verheyen, R. (1960) Sur la morphogenese et le remplacement des molaire chez l’éléphant d’Afrique (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž). Bull. Inst. Sci. Nat. Bel. „…, 1-19. 37. Weir, J.S. (1972) Growth of the African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ). E. Afr. Wildl. J. €“, 229-230. 38. Western, D., C. Moss, and N. Georgiadis. (1983) Age estimation and population age structure of elephants from footprint dimensions. J. Wildl. Manage . ‚˜, 1199-1197.
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39. Baranga, J. (1984) The adrenal gland weights of the African elephant ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ. Z. Säugetierk. ‚†, 341-348. 40. Bezuidenhout, A.J. and C.D. Seegers. (1996) The oesteology of the African elephant (ˆ‰Š‰‹‰Œ•Ž”Ž••‘’ŽŒŽ): vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Onderst. J. Vet. Res. …„, 131-147. 41. Blair, P. (1706) Osteographia elephantina: a full and exact description of all the bones of an elephant which died near Dundee, April the 27th, 1706, with their several dimensions. Communicated in a letter to Dr. Hans Sloane, Royal Society’s Secretary. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. •˜, 51-168. 42. Boas, J.E.V. and S. Paulli. (1925) The Elephant’s Head. Published at the Cost of the Carlsberg Fund, Copenhagen. 43. Buss, I.O. and J.A. Estes. (1971) The functional significance of movements and positions of the pinnae of the African elephant. J. Mamm. ••, 21-27. 44. Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (1963) Tusk and tail variation in €•‚ƒ„…†‡„ˆ‰‡Š… and ‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„ „•‘‰’„Ž„. Spolia Zeylandia “”, 85-86. 45. Eales, N.B. (1928) The anatomy of a foetal African elephant. III: the contents of the thorax and the abdomen and the skeleton. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. •–, 203-246. 46. Eales, N.B. (1926) The anatomy of the head of a foetal African elephant (‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„ „•‘‰’„Ž„). Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. •—, 491-546. 47. Eales, N.B. (1925) External characteristics, skin and temporal gland of a foetal African elephant. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ˜“, 445-456. 48. Hostman, E. (1966) Die Epidermis des Elefanten. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. ™•, 146-59. 49. Ledger, H.P. (1963) Weights of some east African mammals. E. Afr. Wildl. J. š, 123-124. 50. Ledger, H.P. (1963a) Weights of some east African mammals 2. E. Afr. Wildl. J. ›, 159. 51. O’Donoghue, P.N., S.K. Sikes and A. Turvey. (1967) Notes on the adrenal gland of the African elephant. J. Zool. š•›, 281-286. 52. Robertson-Bullock, W. (1962) The weight of the African elephant, ‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„†„•‘‰’„Ž„. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. š“•, 133-135. 53. Spearman, R.I.C. (1970) The epidermis and its keratinisation in the African elephant (‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„†„•‘‰’„Ž„). Zool. Afr. •, 1-10. 54. Tood, T.W. (1913) Notes on the respiratory system of the elephant. Anat. Anz. ——, 175-183. 55. Van der Merwe, N.J., A.J. Bezidenhout and C.D. Seegers. (1995) The skull and mandible of the African elephant (‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„†„•‘‰’„Ž„). Onderst. J. Vet. Res. –›, 245-260.
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56. Barnes, R.F.W. (1983) Elephant behaviour in a semi-arid environment. Afr. J. Ecol. ›š, 185- 196. 57. Bhima, R. (1991) Some Aspects of the Ecology of the African Elephant (‹ŒˆŒ•ŒŽ•„ „•‘‰’„Ž„ Blumenbach, 1897) in Liwonde National Park, Malawi. MPhil Thesis, Univ. of Kent. 58. Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. (1994) Vigilance in African mammals - differences among mothers, other females and males. Behaviour š“š(No. Pt. 3-4), 153-169. 59. Codrington, R. (1908) Exhibition of a collection of stones taken from the stomach of an elephant shot in north Rhodesia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. š˜”•, 203. 60. De Boer, W.F. and H.H.T. Prins. (1990) Large herbivores that strive mightily but eat and drink as friends. Oecologia (Berlin) •›, 264-274. 61. De Villiers, P.A. and O.B. Kok. (1997) Home range association and related aspects of elephants in the eastern Transvaal lowveld. Afr. J. Ecol. “•, 224-236. 62. Dunham, K.M. (1986) Movements of elephant cows in the unflooded middle Zambezi valley, Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Ecol. ›—, 287-291. 63. Eltringham, S.K. (1977) The numbers and distribution of elephant in the Rwenzori National Park and Chambura Game Reserve, Uganda. E. Afr. Wildl. J. š•, 19-39. 64. Gebbing, T. (1959) Beobachtungen über Schlaf der Elefanten. Z. Säugetierkunde ›—, 85-88. 65. Grzimek, B. (1956) Ein Merkwürdiges Verhalten von Afrikanischen Elefanten. Z. Tierpsychol. š“, 151-152. 66. Grzimek, B. (1956a) Einige Beobachtungen an Wildtieren in Zentral-Afrika. Z. Tierpsychol. š“, 143-150. 67. Guy, P.R. (1976) Diurnal activity patterns of elephant in the Sengwa area, Rhodesia. E. Afr. Wildl. J. €•, 285-295. 68. Heath, B.R. and C.R. Field. (1974) Elephant endurance on Galana ranch, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. €‚, 239-242. 69. Hendrichs, V.H. (1971) Freilandbeobachtungen zum Socialsystem der Afrikanischen Elefanten, ƒ„…„†„‡ˆ‰Š‰‹Œ•Ž‰‡‰ (Blumenbach, 1797). Ethologische Studien, Verlag Piper, München. 70. Huddard, W.D. (1928) Observations on the elephants of northern Rhodesia and Portuguese east Africa. J. Mamm. •, 39-49. 71. Kabigumila, J. (1993) Diurnal activity of elephants in Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. ‘€, 75-80. 72. Kalemera, M.C. (1987) Dry season diurnal activity of elephants in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. ‚’, 255-263. 73. Koen, J.H. (1984) A Study of the Distribution, Population Composition, Movements and Feeding of the Knysna Elephants ƒ„…„†„‡ˆ‰Š‰‹Œ•Ž‰‡‰Š‰‹Œ•Ž‰‡‰ (Blumenbach, 1797). Unpublished Report S 84/6. Department of Environment Affairs. 74. Laursen, L.H. (1975) The Ethology of the African Elephant. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder. 75. Martin, R.B. (1978) Aspects of elephant social organisation. Rhodesia Science News €‚, 184- 187. 76. Merz, G. (1986) Movement patterns and group size of the African elephant (ƒ„…„†„‡ˆ‰ ‰‹Œ•Ž‰‡‰ŠŽ“Ž”„ˆ••) in the Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Afr. J. Ecol. ‚•, 133-136. 77. Moss, C.J. and J.H. Poole. (1983) Relationships and Social Structure in African Elephants. In: Primate Social Relationships: An Integrated Approach (Ed. R.A. Hinde). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 78. Nummelin, M. (1990) Relative habitat use of duikers, bush pigs and elephants in virgin and selectively logged forest areas of the Kibale forest, Uganda. Trop. Zool. ‚, 111-120. 79. Petersen, K. (1993) Elephants I know. Wildl. Cons.Š•–(2), 38-43. 80. Thouless, C.R. (1995) Long-distance movements of elephants in northern Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. ‘‘, 321-334. 81. Western, D. and W.K. Lindsay. (1984) Seasonal herd dynamics of a savanna elephant population. Afr. J. Ecol. ‚‚, 229-244. 82. Wickler, W. and U. Seibt. (1997) Aimed object-throwing by a wild African elephant in an interspecific encounter. Ethology €—‘, 365-368. 83. Winter, W.H. (1964) Elephant behaviour. E. Afr. Wildl. J. ‚, 163-164. 84. Wyatt, J.R. and S.K. Eltringham. (1974) The daily activity of the elephant in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. E. Afr. Wildl. J. €‚, 273-289.
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85. Agnagna, M., R.F.W. Barnes and M. Ipanda. (1991) Inventaire Preliminaire des Elephants de Foret au Sud Du Congo. Typescript. 86. Alers, M.P.T. and A. Blom. (1988) Elephants and Apes of Rio Muni: Report of the First Mission to Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea). Typescript, WCI. 87. Alers, M.P.T., A. Blom, C. Sikubwabo Kiyengo, T. Masunda and R.F.W. Barnes. (1992) Preliminary assessment of status of the forest elephant in Zaire. Afr. J. Ecol. ‘—, 279-291. 88. Alers, M.P.T., A. Blom. C. Sikubwabo Kiyengo and T. Masunda. (1989) Reconnaisance des Elephants de Forest au Zaire. Rapport de Mission. Typescript report, WCI/IZCN/WWF, Kinshasa. 89. Anderson, J.L. (1965) Aerial Census: Elephant and Buffalo: Wankie Game Reserve. Departmental Report. 90. Ansell, W.F.H. (1960a) Mammals of Northern Rhodesia. Government Printer, Lusaka. 91. Barnes, R.F.W. (1989) The Status of Elephants in the Forests of Central Africa: Results of a Reconnaissance Survey. Typescript Survey, WCI. 92. Barnes, R.F.W. 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