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Annual Mass Drownings of the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration Influence Nutrient Cycling and Storage in the Mara River
Annual mass drownings of the Serengeti wildebeest migration influence nutrient cycling and storage in the Mara River Amanda L. Subaluskya,b,1, Christopher L. Duttona,b, Emma J. Rosib, and David M. Posta aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and bCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 Edited by James A. Estes, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, and approved May 16, 2017 (received for review September 8, 2016) The annual migration of ∼1.2 million wildebeest (Connochaetes taur- hundreds to thousands of bison drowning in rivers of the western inus) through the Serengeti Mara Ecosystem is the largest remaining United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when overland migration in the world. One of the most iconic portions of large bison herds were still intact (16, 17). River basins that no their migration is crossing of the Mara River, during which thousands longer contain terrestrial migrations may have lost the annual drown annually. These mass drownings have been noted, but their input of resources from mass drownings, which may fundamen- frequency, size, and impact on aquatic ecosystems have not been tally alter how those river ecosystems function now compared quantified. Here, we estimate the frequency and size of mass drown- with the past. The more well-studied annual migrations of ings in the Mara River and model the fate of carcass nutrients through anadromous fishes and subsequent carcass inputs have been > the river ecosystem. Mass drownings ( 100 individuals) occurred in at shown to be important in rivers (18, 19), but equivalent exami- least 13 of the past 15 y; on average, 6,250 carcasses and 1,100 tons of nation of the influence of terrestrial migrations is lacking. -
Collaborative Management Models in Africa
Collaborative Management Models in Africa Peter Lindsey Mujon Baghai Introduction to the context behind the development of and rationale for CMPs in Africa Africa’s PAs represent potentially priceless assets due to the environmental services they provide and for their potential economic value via tourism However, the resources allocated for management of PAs are far below what is needed in most countries to unlock their potential A study in progress indicates that of 22 countries assessed, half have average PA management budgets of <10% of what is needed for effective management (Lindsey et al. in prep) This means that many countries will lose their wildlife assets before ever really being able to benefit from them So why is there such under-investment? Two big reasons - a) competing needs and overall budget shortages; b) a high burden of PAs relative to wealth However, in some cases underinvestment may be due to: ● Misconceptions that PAs can pay for themselves on a park level ● Lack of appreciation among policy makers that PAs need investment to yield economic dividends This mistake has grave consequences… This means that in most countries, PA networks are not close to delivering their potential: • Economic value • Social value • Ecological value Africa’s PAs are under growing pressure from an array of threats Ed Sayer ProtectedInsights areas fromare becoming recent rapidly research depleted in many areas There is a case for elevated support for Africa’s PA network from African governments But also a case for greater investment from -
African Parks 2 African Parks
African Parks 2 African Parks African Parks is a non-profit conservation organisation that takes on the total responsibility for the rehabilitation and long-term management of national parks in partnership with governments and local communities. By adopting a business approach to conservation, supported by donor funding, we aim to rehabilitate each park making them ecologically, socially and financially sustainable in the long-term. Founded in 2000, African Parks currently has 15 parks under management in nine countries – Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda and Zambia. More than 10.5 million hectares are under our protection. We also maintain a strong focus on economic development and poverty alleviation in neighbouring communities, ensuring that they benefit from the park’s existence. Our goal is to manage 20 parks by 2020, and because of the geographic spread and representation of different ecosystems, this will be the largest and the most ecologically diverse portfolio of parks under management by any one organisation across Africa. Black lechwe in Bangweulu Wetlands in Zambia © Lorenz Fischer The Challenge The world’s wild and functioning ecosystems are fundamental to the survival of both people and wildlife. We are in the midst of a global conservation crisis resulting in the catastrophic loss of wildlife and wild places. Protected areas are facing a critical period where the number of well-managed parks is fast declining, and many are simply ‘paper parks’ – they exist on maps but in reality have disappeared. The driving forces of this conservation crisis is the human demand for: 1. -
Transhumant Pastoralism in Africa's Sudano-Sahel
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Transhumant Pastoralism in Africa’s Sudano-Sahel The interface of conservation, security, and development Mbororo pastoralists illegally grazing cattle in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Credit: Naftali Honig/African Parks Africa’s Sudano-Sahel is a distinct bioclimatic and ecological zone made up of savanna and savanna-forest transition Program Priorities habitat that covers approximately 7.7 million square kilometers of the continent. Rich in species diversity, the • Increased data gathering and assessment of core Sudano-Sahel region represents one of the last remaining natural resource assets across the Sudano-Sahel region. intact wilderness areas in the world, and is a high priority • Efficient data-sharing, analysis, and dissemination for wildlife conservation. It is home to an array of antelope between relevant stakeholders spanning conservation, species such as giant eland and greater kudu, in addition to security, and development sectors, and in collaboration African wild dog, Kordofan giraffe, African elephant, African with rural agriculturalists and pastoralists. lion, leopard, and giant pangolin. • Enhancement and promotion of multi-level This region is also home to many rural communities who rely governance approaches to resolve conflict and stabilize on the landscape’s natural resources, including pastoralists, transhumance corridors. whose livelihoods and cultural identity are centered around • Continuation and expansion of strategic investments in strategic mobility to access seasonally available grazing the network of priority protected areas and their buffer resources and water. Instability, climate change, and zones across the Sudano-Sahel, in order to improve increasing pressures from unsustainable land use activities security for both wildlife and surrounding communities. -
Human Pressure Threaten Swayne's Hartebeest to Point of Local
Research Article Volume 8:1,2020 Journal of Biodiversity and Endangered DOI: 10.24105/2332-2543.2020.8.239 Species ISSN: 2332-2543 Open Access Human Pressure Threaten Swayne’s Hartebeest to Point of Local Extinction from the Savannah Plains of Nech Sar National Park, South Rift Valley, Ethiopia Simon Shibru1*, Karen Vancampenhout2, Jozef Deckers2 and Herwig Leirs3 1Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia 2Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium 3Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium Abstract We investigated the population size of the endemic and endangered Swayne’s Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) in Nech Sar National Park from 2012 to 2014 and document the major threats why the species is on the verge of local extinction. The park was once known for its abundant density of Swayne’s Hartebeest. We used direct total count methods for the census. We administered semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaires with senior scouts who are a member of the local communities. Historical records were obtained to evaluate the population trends of the animals since 1974. The density of the animal decreased from 65 in 1974 to 1 individual per 100 km2 in 2014 with a decline of 98.5% in the past 40 years. The respondents agreed that the conservation status of the park was in its worst condition ever now with only 2 Swayne’s Hartebeest left, with a rapid decline from 4 individuals in 2012 and 12 individuals in 2009. Mainly hunting and habitat loss, but also unsuitable season of reproduction and shortage of forage as minor factors were identified as threats for the local extinction of the Swayne’s Hartebeests. -
WAR and PROTECTED AREAS AREAS and PROTECTED WAR Vol 14 No 1 Vol 14 Protected Areas Programme Areas Protected
Protected Areas Programme Protected Areas Programme Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 Parks Protected Areas Programme © 2004 IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 ISSN: 0960-233X Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS CONTENTS Editorial JEFFREY A. MCNEELY 1 Parks in the crossfire: strategies for effective conservation in areas of armed conflict JUDY OGLETHORPE, JAMES SHAMBAUGH AND REBECCA KORMOS 2 Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage 2004 Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo GUY DEBONNET AND KES HILLMAN-SMITH 9 Status of the Comoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire and the effects of war FRAUKE FISCHER 17 Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan WOUTER VAN HOVEN AND MUTASIM BASHIR NIMIR 26 Threats to Nepal’s protected areas PRALAD YONZON 35 Tayrona National Park, Colombia: international support for conflict resolution through tourism JENS BRÜGGEMANN AND EDGAR EMILIO RODRÍGUEZ 40 Establishing a transboundary peace park in the demilitarized zone on the Kuwaiti/Iraqi borders FOZIA ALSDIRAWI AND MUNA FARAJ 48 Résumés/Resumenes 56 Subscription/advertising details inside back cover Protected Areas Programme Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 ■ Each issue of Parks addresses a particular theme, in 2004 these are: Vol 14 No 1: War and protected areas Vol 14 No 2: Durban World Parks Congress Vol 14 No 3: Global change and protected areas ■ Parks is the leading global forum for information on issues relating to protected area establishment and management ■ Parks puts protected areas at the forefront of contemporary environmental issues, such as biodiversity conservation and ecologically The international journal for protected area managers sustainable development ISSN: 0960-233X Published three times a year by the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) of IUCN – Subscribing to Parks The World Conservation Union. -
Bangweulu Hunting Memo Who: This Brief Document Is for the Public
Bangweulu Hunting Memo Who: This brief document is for the public (to be placed on our website), key donors and partners who have a stake or vested interested in sustainable use of wildlife resources. Background Bangweulu Wetlands is a vast wetland ecosystem that is situated in north-eastern Zambia, covering an area of 6,000 km2. Bangweulu is unique in that it is a Game Management Area (GMA) and a community- owned protected wetland, home to 50,000 people who retain the right to sustainably harvest its natural resources and who depend on the natural resources the park provides. These wetlands and the adjoining lake Bangweulu are biologically significant. The area has been declared a RAMSAR site and contains diverse flora and fauna, including more than 433 bird species. The GMA encompasses most of the distribution of the endemic black lechwe antelope, as well as several other iconic species unique to the area, including the shoebill stork, and remnant elephant and buffalo populations. This landscape has been managed by the Bangweulu Wetlands Management Board (BWMB) since 2008. The Board is a partnership between conservation organisation African Parks, the Zambia Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW), as well as six Community Resource Boards associated with each Chiefdom. The mission of BWMB is to restore the functioning of the Bangweulu ecosystem, a critical wetland habitat of rich biodiversity that provides socio-economic benefits to the local communities. Prior to the partnership with African Parks, rampant poaching and unrestricted fishing had depleted the area’s natural resources, including the black lechwe population. -
Private Governance of Protected Areas in Africa: Case Studies, Lessons Learnt and Conditions of Success
Program on African Protected Areas & Conservation (PAPACO) PAPACO study 19 Private governance of protected areas in Africa: case studies, lessons learnt and conditions of success @B. Chataigner Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley Equilibrium Research & IIED Equilibrium Research offers practical solutions to conservation challenges, from concept, to implementation, to evaluation of impact. With partners ranging from local communities to UN agencies across the world, we explore and develop approaches to natural resource management that balance the needs of nature and people. We see biodiversity conservation as an ethical necessity, which can also support human wellbeing. We run our own portfolio of projects and offer personalised consultancy. Prepared for: IIED under contract to IUCN EARO Reproduction: This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from Equilibrium Research. Citation: Stolton, S and N Dudley (2015). Private governance of protected areas in Africa: Cases studies, lessons learnt and conditions of success. Bristol, UK, Equilibrium Research and London, UK, IIED Cover: Private conservancies in Namibia and Kenya © Equilibrium Research Contact: Equilibrium Research, 47 The Quays Cumberland Road, Spike Island Bristol, BS1 6UQ, UK Telephone: +44 [0]117-925-5393 www.equilibriumconsultants.com Page | 2 Contents 1. Executive summary -
The Hippopotamus 4
lesson The Hippopotamus 4 Before You Read Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✔) True, False, or Don’t Know. True False Don’t Know 1. The hippopotamus is big. 2. It lives in the snow and ice. 3. It has wings and a tail. 15 Lesson 4: The Hippopotamus 4 The Hippopotamus The hippopotamus, or hippo, lives in the hot part of Africa. It is a mammal. That is, its babies are born alive, and they drink milk from the mother’s body. The hippopotamus is a large animal. It weighs four big tons. Its stomach is seven meters long, and it eats only plants. It is a mammal, but it spends a lot of time in the water. During the day, it sleeps beside a river or a lake. at the side of Sometimes it wakes up. Then it goes under the water to get some plants for food. It can close its nose and stay under water for ten minutes. Its ears, eyes, and nose are high up on its head. It can stay with its body under the water and only its ears, eyes, and nose above the water. over Then it can breathe the air. At night, the hippo walks on the land and looks for food. It never goes very far from the water. A baby hippo often stands on its mother’s back. The mother looks for food underwater. The baby rides on her back above the water. 16 Unit 1: Animals a Vocabulary Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. -
The Effect of Species Associations on the Diversity and Coexistence of African Ungulates
The effect of species associations on the diversity and coexistence of African ungulates. By Nancy Barker For Professor Kolasa BIO306H1 – Tropical Ecology University of Toronto Wednesday, August 24th, 2005 Abstract: The effects of species associations on species diversity and coexistence were investigated in East Africa. The frequency and group sizes of African ungulates were observed and analyzed to determine for differences in species associations based on their density and distribution, as well as their associations with other species. Associations between species were determined to be nonrandom and seen to affect the demographics of associating herds. Such associations mirrored in other studies were shown to be the result of interspecific competition, habitat preferences and predation pressure which increases the potential for coexistence between species. This suggests a potentially important role in the regulation of species diversity by ecological dynamics in species rich communities. In the face of today’s biodiversity crisis, such understanding of species associations and how they are regulated may have huge implications for conservation. Introduction: known with the famous Darwin’s finches of the Galapagos Islands. However, there are many other Sympatric coexistence of organisms within a guilds with what seems to be extensive community poses several questions for ecologists. overlapping in their resources, such as the grazing High levels of species association occur with high herds in Africa which eat common and widely species packing, as is seen within the Selous game dispersed foods. Sinclair (Sinclair, 1979 as cited in reserve of Tanzania in east Africa. Sinclair (1985) Sinclair, 1985) has found that this seemingly notes that mixed herds are frequently seen in east extensive overlap among these herds have also Africa and Connor and Simberloff (1979) have undergone niche separation. -
Kordofan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Antiquorum), Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo
Quarterly conservation update – Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum), Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo October-December 2016 Mathias D’haen Czech University of Life Sciences (CULS), Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic Introduction Garamba National Park (GNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was first established in 1938 by virtue of its uniqueness, one of the first Parks in Africa. Throughout its long history the Park was initially made famous with the world’s only elephant domestication program, coupled with its high numbers of elephant and buffalo, and home to the world’s last northern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) population. The Park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980 and on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1996. Sadly, the Park’s infamy has increased through losing the last northern white rhino, and being plagued by numerous groups of rebels, in particular the Lord’s Resistance Army. In fact, the Park, being nestled in the far north-eastern corner of the country, is writing history every day again, not because of the countries’ own destabilised politics (the 2000km between the Park and the countries’ capital creates an efficient buffer), but because of its war against armed militia coming from within and neighbouring countries. GNP, and its adjacent Hunting Reserves, are also home to DRC’s only population of giraffe, historically named ‘Congo giraffe’ (Amube et al. 2009; De Merode et al. 2000; East 1999) but reclassified as they are genetically identical to other Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) across Central Africa (Fennessy et al. -
Deadly Profits: Illegal Wildlife Trafficking Through Uganda And
Cover: The carcass of an elephant killed by militarized poachers. Garamba National Park, DRC, April 2016. Photo: African Parks Deadly Profits Illegal Wildlife Trafficking through Uganda and South Sudan By Ledio Cakaj and Sasha Lezhnev July 2017 Executive Summary Countries that act as transit hubs for international wildlife trafficking are a critical, highly profitable part of the illegal wildlife smuggling supply chain, but are frequently overlooked. While considerable attention is paid to stopping illegal poaching at the chain’s origins in national parks and changing end-user demand (e.g., in China), countries that act as midpoints in the supply chain are critical to stopping global wildlife trafficking. They are needed way stations for traffickers who generate considerable profits, thereby driving the market for poaching. This is starting to change, as U.S., European, and some African policymakers increasingly recognize the problem, but more is needed to combat these key trafficking hubs. In East and Central Africa, South Sudan and Uganda act as critical waypoints for elephant tusks, pangolin scales, hippo teeth, and other wildlife, as field research done for this report reveals. Kenya and Tanzania are also key hubs but have received more attention. The wildlife going through Uganda and South Sudan is largely illegally poached at alarming rates from Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, points in West Africa, and to a lesser extent Uganda, as it makes its way mainly to East Asia. Worryingly, the elephant