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AP Art History Chapter 29: 1900‐1945 Part 2

1. Stieglitz was famous for his _____ in America. What is the theme of his Steerage? What group did he form? What is the “steerage class”? (869) 2. Weston was also a photographer. Describe how Nude is somewhat abstract? What did Weston consider a “straight” photograph to be? (870) 3. Many of Frank Lloyd Wright’s early designs were in and around ______, Illinois. One of these was the ______House from 1906. Wright’s homes had open designs that were asymmetrical. The roofs over‐extended in layers of the continuous planes. This style mimicked the natural environment around him and was called the P______style. (870) 4. ______was a movement in the and . What were the design elements? (871) 5. How does the Chrysler Building epitomizes the Art Deco design style? (871) 6. Art Deco was a design that penetrated far more than architecture. It hit jewelry, furniture, etc. it sought to work new materials into decorative designs. What architectural masterpiece in NYC epitomizes this period style? 7. What did all the artists of Neue Sachlichkeit () have in common? (872) 8. Beckmann’s Night is a disturbing and savage that does not depict a war scene, but rather v______and brutality that pervaded society. (873) 9. What were Otto Dix’s experiences in WWI? (873‐874) 10. Look at the Isenheim Altarpiece (23‐2), which greatly influenced Otto Dix’s Der Krieg. Mention two similarities between the two altarpieces. (874) 11. Which painting disturbs you more as to the suffering from war? Picasso’s Guernica (29‐18), Rubens’ Consequences of War(25­4), or Otto Dix’s Der Krieg? (874) 12. Barlach chose a war memorial for his artistic expression of the time. Describe the unusual installation (placement) of this WWI memorial entitled War Monument. What ended up happening to his bronze monument when the Nazi’s came to power? Why do we still have one today? (874) 13. Many of the Dadaists eventually joined up with the Surrealists. The Surrealists explored the inner world of the psyche and the realm of ______& the ______. (874‐875) 14. The psychoanalysts Freud and Jung influenced the Surrealists because of their focus on D______.(875) 15. What is the difference between Naturalistic and Biomorphic Surrealism? (875) 16. De Chirico’s can be classified as Metaphysical and Surrealist. What do you find eerie in his The Song of Love? (875) 17. Ernst, like Dix, also served in WWI. What are some of the surreal “ambiguities” in his Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale? (876) 18. Read on page 877. Hitler did not like avant‐garde art and called it degenerate. What did he order Joseph Goebbels to do in 1937? Designed to inflame public opinion, this actually turned out to gather 2 million viewers. Read through the list of exhibiting artists. List three that you have read about. In the exhibition, signs were posted by the Nazis that criticized the art. Some of the art was even hung askew to mock the paintings. By having this exhibition, the Nazis were able to confiscate over 16,558 works of art. Some of these were sold for revenue, and some were burned in a bonfire in 1942. There were tragic results of this exhibition. What happened to Kirchner? What happened to Beckmann? 19. Salvador Dali paints his famous Persistence of Memory in 19____. It shows empty space where time has ______. How many watches are in it? (877‐879) 20. Magritte’s The Treachery of Images is a trompe l’ oeil depiction of a pipe. What does trompe l’ oeil mean? (878) 21. What conversation was the motivation behind Oppenheim’s Object (also called Luncheon in Fur)? What do you think of her sculpture? (879) 22. Miro created “automatism.” What is that? What did he use in creating Painting? (879) 23. ’s works are small, whimsical and presented in a c______manner. (880) 24. What three art movements (two in Russia and one in Holland) espoused utopian ideals? (880) 25. What was the art period, De Stijl, actually named after? (880) 26. Piet Mondrian was a chief De Stijl (or pure plastic) painter. He eventually limited his work to the three primary colors which were what? What were the three primary values? What were the two primary directions? (880‐881) 27. Brancusi sought to express the essence of things. His ______in Space is over 4 feet tall. The ______(medium) sculpture does not capture what this object looks like, but what it feels like to soar through the sky. (881) 28. Read about Abstract Sculpture on page 882. Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore were both Organic sculptors. Barbara Hepworth is most famous for the use of the h______or negative space in sculptures. AP Art History Chapter 29: Modernism 1900‐1945 Part 2

29. Moore was also an admirer of negative space. He highly considered medium when creating his works. What was his favorite recurring theme in his sculptures? An inspiration for this was the Chacmool (18‐17 on page 505) from ancient Mexico (800CE). Describe what a Chacmool is. (883) 30. What does each person represent in Vera Mukhina’s sculpture? This work is called Socialist Realism. It magnifies the beliefs of socialism in a realistic and propaganda type format. The Russians celebrated as a _____ symbol. (884) 31. Before you read this section, how does Rievtveld’s Schroeder House look like a Mondrian painting (29‐60)? (884) 32. What was Walter Gropius’ school called in Germany? The B______. (884) 33. Read about Bauhaus on page 885. In what ways does the Bauhaus chair incorporate the tenets of the Bauhaus school? 34. What was Mies Van Der Rohe’s motto for his sleek glass and steel skyscrapers? ______is ______! (886) 35. Who closed the Bauhaus school in 1933? Where did Gropius go? Where did Van Der Rohe go? (886) 36. Le Corbusier is a name you don’t want to forget. He was a Swiss (then French) who dedicated his life to providing practical, modern living environments, especially in crowded cities. He pioneered the I______style. (887) 37. What materials did Le Corbusier use to allow them to put this heavy cube on top of the slender column supports? (887) 38. Due to the tremendous suppression from Hitler between the wars and during WWII, many European artists went into exile. They sought refuge in America, hence bringing/sharing new art forms in our country. List four European artists that sought a more hospitable environment temporarily in the United States. (887) 39. Hopper was a prolific American artist during the Depression and WWII. His paintings have an overwhelming feeling of L______and the echo of I______from modern life in the US. In some ways they are applicable today. (888) 40. Jacob Lawrence, an African American artist of the Harlem Renaissance, painted a 60 part series on what theme? In No. 49, what is it about and how does he get the viewer’s eye to travel through the painting? (889) 41. Paintings such as Grant Wood’s American Gothic that depicted Midwestern Rural Americana were known as American R______. It’s actually a painting of a father and his ______. (890) 42. Benton, also known as a Regionalist, also painted as a muralist. Where does his Pioneer Days and Early Settlers appear? Did his mural give an entirely positive depiction of Missouri’s history? (891) 43. Why do you think most muralists like Orozco and Rivera chose to be muralists primarily instead of painters? Think about where their art is displayed and match that with their political beliefs. (891) 44. What was the focus of Orozco’s large mural cycle at Dartmouth College? What ethnic group of people did he seek to “dramatize and validate” within that cycle according to the text book? (891) 45. What is the specific theme (conflict) in his History of Mexico, above the National Palace stairs in Mexico City? (892) 46. In Frida Kahlo’s, The Two Fridas, what does the Frida on the right in the blue and gold costume represent and Frida on the left in the white represent? How does the heart represent both her struggles as well as her Aztec heritage? (893) 47. Read the background behind Dorothea Lange’s Migrant Mother (1935). What agency hired her and for what purpose? Did anything beneficial come to this poor woman as a result of Lange’s photo? (894) 48. Margaret Bourke‐White’s, Fort Peck Dam, graced the cover of the first issue of what magazine? (894) 49. Read the grey inset on page 895. What women do The Museum of in NYC owes its existence? 50. Alexander Calder was fascinated with m______. Duchamp called his works mobiles. (895) 51. Look at Calder’s 9 foot mobile entitled Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. Where was this intended to hang so that the natural air current could set the parts moving? What “parts” do you see in the mobile? (895‐896) 52. Why did Wright decide to build Falling Water (aka Kauffman House) over the waterfall? Wright said that he designed ______not mass for the patron. (896) 53. If you had to select one work from this chapter that you think marks the beginning of the Modern Era, what would it be and why?