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INTRODUCTION Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 This pack is designed to support teachers, BOOK YOUR SCHOOL VISIT presents the faces of Germany between the educators and students in planning a visit to the two world wars told through the eyes of painter exhibition with a collection of ideas, activities Visiting Tate Liverpool with a school group Otto Dix (1891–1969) and photographer August and points for discussion with a focus on key couldn’t be easier – email [email protected] Sander (1876–1964) - two artists whose works works from the exhibition. We advise that some or call +44 (0)151 702 7400 today. document the radical extremes of the country works in the exhibition may be unsuitable for during this period. younger audiences and would recommend that Tate Liverpool welcomes school visits Monday the content is more suitable for Key Stages to Friday. Entrance to the special exhibition is Featuring more than 300 paintings, drawings, 4 and 5. This pack has been designed with priced at £6 per pupil, we also offer an audio prints and photographs, Portraying a Nation this age group in mind. The content has been guide at the discounted price of £1.50. combines two exhibitions: Otto Dix: The Evil Eye, written by artist educators and history teachers which includes paintings and works on paper to ensure that the talking points and activities Teachers wanting to make a research trip to the that explore Dix’s harshly realistic depictions are relevant to both areas of the curriculum and exhibition in advance of a visit are welcome to of German society and brutality of war, and support classroom and gallery engagement with do so free of charge. ARTIST ROOMS: August Sander, which presents the exhibition for both subject areas. Two key photographs from Sander’s best known series, works have been selected from the exhibition For further details about visiting Tate Liverpool People of the Twentieth Century, his attempt to for you and your students to focus on and each with your group see: document the German people. In painting and is presented with text about the artist and the photography, these works from a pivotal point work as well as relevant discussion points and www.tate.org.uk/learn/teachers/school-visits- in the country’s history reflect and depict both suggested activities. There is also a separate tate-liverpool the glamour and the misery of Weimar Republic. activity sheet for history students to use in the gallery which can be printed out separately. Details of events for teachers can be found on page 18 Cover image: Otto Dix, Self-Portrait with Easel 1926 © DACS 2017. 2 Teachers Pack – Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 The ‘Golden Twenties’ of the Weimar Republic In both cases, it is impossible to view these have passed into myth. For many in the portraits of the 1920s and 1930s without English-speaking world, the images of the allowing our knowledge of the fate that hit musical Cabaret, with its scenes of Berlin would befall Germany to intrude, but brought glamour and decadence, have come to together they offer a remarkable window into represent the period during which National a historical present that would come to shape Socialism rose to prominence. But the works the twentieth century. of Otto Dix and August Sander offer a rather different set of images. Dix’s often grotesque The chance to cut through the myths of and deliberately shocking work presents an Weimar and to see the works of these two alternative view of the world, one documenting great German artists in the flesh is a unique the savage effects of war and prostitution and opportunity for students to understand that in which the wealthy and influential queued historical moment directly through the portraits up to be subject to his satirical caricatures. of those who lived through it and to learn from the artistic vision of those who were trying to By contrast, Sander’s photographic portraits make sense of it. of ordinary Germans can seem mundane, but that contrast offers a clue to their power. Professor Matthew Philpott, Head of Modern The apparent objectivity of the camera lens Languages and Cultures, History Department, draws viewers into Sander’s documentation University of Liverpool, of the social reality of Germany between the two World Wars, inviting them to wonder what became of that overwhelming gallery of ordinary faces. 3 Teachers Pack – Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 CONTENTS ARTIST BIOGRAPHIES 5 AN INTRODUCTION TO WEIMAR GERMANY 7 KEY WORKS AND ACTIVITIES SKULL, 1924 OTTO DIX 8 VICTIM OF PERSECUTION, C.1938 AUGUST SANDER 10 GALLERY HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION SHEET 15 FURTHER RESOURCES 17 EVENTS 18 4 Teachers Pack – Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 ARTIST BIOGRAPHIES OTTO DIX 1891–1969 with many of his contemporaries was declared ‘degenerate’ and banned. He was forced to Otto Dix was born in Untermhaus (now Gera), paint inoffensive landscapes in the official realist near Leipzig in eastern Germany, the son of style. After the war he remained in Dresden a foundry mould-maker. He studied at the and painted religious allegories depicting a Dresden Art Academy from 1910 where his early suffering Christ, and received many national and influences were Durer, Van Gogh and Nietzsche. international awards for his life’s work before his At the outbreak of the First World War Dix death aged 77. volunteered as an artilleryman and machine- gunner and fought on the Western Front, where he took part in the Battle of the Somme. In 1918, weary of trench fighting he volunteered as an aerial observer and trained as an aeroplane pilot. He was traumatised by the war and suffered recurring nightmares. In 1924 he created a body of work based on his war experiences which he published as a suite of etchings. Now living and working in Dresden he met Georg Grosz and exhibited regularly with Expressionists and became known for his critical stance on contemporary German society. He continued to paint unflinching images of human disfigurement, and sleazy city life in a ‘primitive’ and raw style, depicting people on the margins of society; prostitutes, disabled war veterans, beggars. When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933 his art, along 5 Teachers Pack – Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 ARTIST BIOGRAPHIES AUGUST SANDER 1876–1964 in 1946 these were destroyed in an accidental fire. His son Erich had been arrested as a August Sander was born was born in Herdorf, Communist Party member and imprisoned by Germany, near the River Rhine. Sander was the Nazi’s. Sander photographed his son while best known for his photographic portraits taken he was in prison and included his portrait in his during the 1920s and 1930s although he was Political Prisoner series. Just before he was due also a landscape photographer. to be released in 1945, he died of untreated appendicitis. His father was a carpenter in the coal mining industry. He was introduced to photography by Sander made very few images after the war, his uncle and was largely self-taught. He worked concentrating on cataloguing the remaining for a photography studio in Linz, setting up his images into his portfolios. He died aged 87. own studio in Cologne in 1909. In 1911 Sander began taking portraits for his major body of work People of the 20th Century. The series is divided into seven sections: The Farmer, The Skilled Tradesman, Woman, Classes and Professions, The Artists, The City, and The Last People (homeless persons, veterans, etc.) images from which were featured in his first book Faces of Our Time, published in 1929. After the Nazis came to power this book was condemned by the regime and the original photographic plates destroyed. In 1942 Sander left Cologne to live in the country where his studio was hit by an Allied bomb. Thirty thousand negatives survived, but 6 Teachers Pack – Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933 AN INTRODUCTION TO WEIMAR GERMANY The Germany that emerged from World War Through a mixture of necessary, and sometimes The depression helped the Nazis to increase One was very different to the Germany that unpopular, initiatives by the Foreign Minister their share of the votes, and alongside some entered it. The defeat in the Great War brought of the time, Gustav Stresemann, and economic backroom political deals, Hitler became massive changes to the country. The Kaiser had support from the USA, Weimar Germany settled Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. fled, leaving a country with a need for a new down from 1924 and the period became By August 1934, the democratic Weimar political system. The new, Weimar Germany known as the “Golden Years”. No attempted Germany had been replaced by a one-party was the most democratic country in the world, political takeovers and somewhat stable Nazi dictatorship. The Nazis wanted to create run by the left wing Socialist Party (SPD), which economic conditions led to a flourish of cultural a volksgemeinschaft or “people’s community” granted more freedom to people than ever development – art, literature, architecture, and used a variety of methods to achieve their before. Not everyone in Germany was happy theatre, cabaret – all boomed after 1924. aims. Propaganda and censorship was used to with this change. The new government, for Germany’s international standing improved influence people’s beliefs and attitudes; policies many, would forever be tied to losing WW1 as it participated in international diplomacy, changed to indoctrinate children and women; and the humiliating punishments that followed joining the League of Nations in 1926, and with trade unions were banned, removing the rights from the Treaty of Versailles.
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