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UC San Francisco Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCSF UC San Francisco Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Uses of Dying: Ethics, Politics and the End of Life in Buddhist Thailand Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tw5w8fr Author Stonington, Scott David Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Uses of Dying: Ethics, Politics and the End of Life in Buddhist Thailand by Scott Stonington DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PITfLOSOPHY in MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO AND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Copyright (2009) by Scott Stonington ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank: Sharon Kaufman and Vincanne Adams for mentorship, heart power and creative input at every stage of this project, and for the gift of curious, humble and unflinching anthropology; Paul Rabinow, for moving me from theory to conceptual methodology and for a toolbox of powerful concepts; Doug White, for being open- hearted about a new kind of mentoring adventure; Suirya Wongkongkathep, for accepting me as his academic disciple, for gently leading me through ignorance about Thai society, and for attention to story and experience in social analysis; Linchong Pothiban, my Thai mother and unfailing friend, for taking me in and for always challenging me to grow and understand more deeply; Preeyanoot Surinkaew (Tom Tem), for being my teacher, dharma sister, and diligent conspirator, and for teaching me the constant joy of discovery and what it means to build a joyful spiritual community and life; Felicity Aulino, for helping manifest a new kind of collaboration, for being a source of razor-sharp and compassionate wisdom and for being a great friend and dharma sister; Ray McDermott, for teaching me to return to the heart of my work and to find concepts that stimulate curiosity, adventure and competence; Temsak Phungrassami, for sharing his love for palliative care, and the community of practice he has spent so long building; Phra Paisal Visalo, for his genius, clarity and compassion, and for his constant openness to rethinking and refeeling how to face difficult questions; Mary Stonington, for being coach and teacher, for helping me face the rawness of a fieldwork that includes self, and for being my primary source of heart power; Peter Stonington, for being an engine of curiosity and joy in discovery; Komatra Cheungsatiansup, for his brilliance in building the ideal career and for generously letting me into it; Arirat Senareut, for teaching me the possibility of iii erasing the suffering from pain; Tanapong Sungkaew, for teaching me Thai and for friendship in my inquiry process; Warapong Wongwachara for lending me his brilliant mind and for seeing the goals of my inquiry and knowing how to achieve them better than I could myself; Olivia Para, for logistics, partnership and for the spirit of adventure in discovery; Ichaya Wongsridakaew, for coaching me through the intricacies of Thai metaphysics and for always knowing how to give me heart power; Steve Epstein, for years of consultation about Thai-ness; Nicole Ripley for helping me acculturate to Thailand and holding me up while I got my sea legs; Steve Pantilat, for introducing me to palliative care; Steve McPhee, for teaching me to fuse caring, aesthetics and personal spirituality; Tom Gething, for reaching out beyond his duty to fuel and support my project; Connie Messom, Matthew Schojan, Madeline Sahagun, Laurence Gilliot and Gaston, Hannah Klausner, Heather Breen, and Kieran Dowling for friendship and many long, insightful conversations; Sakol Singha, Kalyani McCullough, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Nisit Wattanachariya, Yae Sunee, Chris Kiefer, Pinit Ratanakul and Dr. Kriengkrai for supporting me and my project at clutch moments, and for connections into the complex social world of Thailand; the nursing and medical staff at Nakhon Ping Hospital, who were extraordinarily welcoming to me and my work; all of the brilliant and inspiring leaders in Thai healthcare who shared their time and perspective with me; and the patients and families who were everything to me for a year of my life, for letting me into the intimate corners of their lives, and for letting me see and know things that are not usually seen and known. I would also like to thank Foreign Language Area Studies, the Blakemore Foundation, the Pacific Rim Research Program, the Fletcher-Jones Foundation, the iv Medical Scientist Training Program and the National Institutes of Health for financing portions of this research. v The Uses of Dying: Ethics, Politics and the End of Life in Buddhist Thailand Scott Stonington Abstract In Thailand, a series of global and local political events has destabilized the concept of dying and begun to replace it with a competing concept known as “the end of life.” As a result, the ethical frameworks governing the Thai deathbed have become disjointed. This dissertation is about the origin of these frameworks and how individuals, families and care providers navigate them. In Northern Thailand, dying has traditionally been conceived in two phases. First, from diagnosis until the hours before death, family members are driven by an imperative to pay back a “debt of life” to their relative by giving them “heart power” – support based on a unique model of the relationship between heart/mind, body and social world. The imperative to give “heart power” sets up an ambiguous relationship to truth-telling, which can drain heart power and hasten death. Second, the last hours of life are governed by an imperative to optimize the separation of body and spirit at the moment of death, best achieved in the familiarity of home rather than the metaphysically polluted hospital. It is into this ethical environment of these two phases that the new object “end of life” has arrived. In the 1990s, a military massacre of pro-democracy protesters and a scandal in the Buddhist clergy caused an opening in the traditional structures of Thai power. During this opening, the famous activist monk Buddhadasa died in the intensive care unit, against his wish for a natural death. Political and religious reform groups rallied around the Saint’s death as the focus of their interventions for Thai society. They proposed a set of new ethical figures: the figure of vi the dying patient as a rights-wielding citizen, and the figure of the dying patient as seeker of wisdom. These ethical figures require a knowing subject and stretch the moment of death into a prolonged “end of life” that can be used for subject formation. These figures clash with the existing frameworks at the deathbed, which require an ignorant subject and conceive death as a moment. Individuals must navigate among these politicized ethical frameworks to make decisions about dying. vii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Section I: Local Ethical Worlds: the Phases of Dying in Northern Thailand 19 Chapter One: Heart Power for Flesh, Blood and Breath: 24 Economies of Life at the Deathbed Chapter Two: Place, Spirits, Technology and the Moment of Death 65 Section II: Ethical Assemblages: Crafting the End of Life 112 Chapter Three: Social Change and the Uses of Death 116 Chapter Four: Patient as Rights-Wielding Citizen 141 Chapter Five: Facing Truth and the Market for Spiritual Value 158 Chapter Six: Conclusion: Ethical Worlds 183 Appendices 201 viii List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Bua’s and Phai’s “debt of life.” 25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 1. A medical student’s proof of ghosts’ affinity for hospitals. 85 Figure 2. The guard’s pickup ambulance with oxygen tanks and mattress. 95 Figure 3. The guard’s vein cut-down kit and improvised motorcycle tire pump 95 embalming apparatus with attached large-bore needle. Figure 4. Gamontip’s model of Thai political history as an oscillation between 122 two ideologies attempting to define the Thai nation (2002). ix Note on Transliteration and Translation of Thai Throughout the text, I have transliterated Thai words using the American Library Association/Library of Congress Romanization System, available at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html, with the following modifications for typesetting purposes: ALA-LC Symbol Replacement (short) Replacement (long) Ư (vowel) eu ēu ọ (vowel) aw āw Čh (consonant) j - I have placed words directly Romanized from Thai in italics. I have not strictly Romanized proper names: for public figures, I have used the Romanizations chosen by their owners; for other characters, I have created pseudonyms, and have Romanized them loosely for ease of reading. All translations, both of recorded interviews and published texts, are my own unless otherwise noted. x Introduction Overture “Can we talk English?” asks Jae. We are in a provincial hospital in Northern Thailand, home to some of the best public medical care in Asia. We are sitting on a rolled-out straw mat on the floor. Jae’s mother, Kiang, who is dying from lung cancer, is an arm’s length away, in and out of consciousness. “Her cousin had this [disease], before,” explains Jae, “If she hears us talk, she might guess.” Jae has not told Kiang that she has cancer, or that she is dying. Jae lives in the Middle East and works for an airline. At her foreign job, she is lonely and feels oppressed as a woman, but she makes good money, which helps her care for her mother. She is one of only two children. Jae and I spend a lot of our time crying together, because she went abroad to provide her mother Kiang with opportunities to travel and be healthy, and now her mother is dying and won’t be able to take advantage of any of it. It is just plain sad. Jae is losing everything right now, and I can feel it.
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