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Lukmanto 102210101046 Digital Repository Universitas Jember UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENETAPAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI DAUN KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) SKRIPSI Oleh Lukmanto 102210101046 FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2015 i Digital Repository Universitas Jember UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENETAPAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI DAUN KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) SKRIPSI Diajukan guna melengkapi tugas akhir dan memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk menyelesaikan program strata satu pada Fakultas Farmasi (S1) dan mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi Oleh Lukmanto 102210101046 FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 2015 i Digital Repository Universitas Jember PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini saya persembahkan untuk : 1. Orang tuaku, terutama ibuku Sulikah atas segala kasih sayang, doa, didikan, dukungan dan pengorbanan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya yang tak akan pernah terbalaskan; 2. Nenek dan Kakekku, yang ikut memberikan kasih sayang dan pengorbanan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya; 3. Bapak dan Ibu guruku sejak sekolah dasar hingga perguran tinggi yang telah memberikan ilmu dan seluruh kemampuannya untuk mendidikku; 4. Almamaterku Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember; ii Digital Repository Universitas Jember MOTTO Allah akan meninggikan orang-orang yang beriman di antara kamu dan orang-orang yang diberi ilmu pengetahuan beberapa derajat. (terjemahan Surat Al-Mujadalah ayat 11)*) Karena sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan. Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan. (terjemahan Surat Alam-Nasyroh ayat 5-6)*) Banyak kegagalan dalam hidup ini dikarenakan orang-orang tidak menyadari betapa dekatnya mereka dengan keberhasilan saat mereka menyerah. (Thomas Alva Edison)*)) *) Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia. 1998. Al Qur’an dan Terjemahannya. Semarang: PT Kumudasoro Grafindo *))Kennelly, A.E. 1932. Biographical Memoir of Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931. National Academy Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XV. iii Digital Repository Universitas Jember PERNYATAAN Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Lukmanto NIM : 102210101046 menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang berjudul “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.)” adalah benar-benar hasil karya sendiri, kecuali jika dalam pengutipan substansi disebutkan sumbernya, dan belum pernah diajukan pada instansi manapun, serta bukan karya jiplakan. Saya bertanggung jawab atas keabsahan dan kebenaran isinya sesuai dengan sikap ilmiah yang harus dijunjung tinggi. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya, tanpa adanya tekanan dan paksaan dari pihak manapun serta bersedia mendapat sanksi akademik jika ternyata dikemudian hari pernyataan ini tidak benar. Jember, 15 April 2015 Yang menyatakan, Lukmanto NIM 102210101046 iv Digital Repository Universitas Jember SKRIPSI UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENETAPAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI DAUN KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) Oleh Lukmanto 102210101046 Pembimbing Dosen Pembimbing Utama : Endah Puspitasari, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. Dosen Pembimbing Anggota : Lestyo Wulandari, S.Si., Apt. M.Farm v Digital Repository Universitas Jember PENGESAHAN Skripsi berjudul “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak dan Fraksi Dau Kenari (Canarium indicum L.)” telah diuji dan disahkan oleh Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Jember pada : Hari : Rabu Tanggal : 15 April 2015 Tempat : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Jember Tim Pembimbing Dosen Pembimbing Utama, Dosen Pembimbing Anggota, Endah Puspitasari, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. Lestyo Wulandari, S.Si., Apt. M.Farm NIP. 198107232006042002 NIP. 197604142002122001 Tim Penguji Penguji I, Penguji II, Siti Muslichah, S.Si., M.Sc., Apt. Nia Kristiningrum, S.Farm., M.Farm., Apt. NIP. 197305132005012001 NIP. 198204062006042001 Mengesahkan, Dekan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember Lestyo Wulandari, S.Si., Apt. M.Farm NIP. 197604142002122001 vi Digital Repository Universitas Jember RINGKASAN Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.); Lukmanto, 102210101046; 2015; 49 halaman; Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Jember. Sumber radikal bebas mudah dijumpai dalam lingkungan sehari-hari, seperti asap rokok, obat tertentu, makanan dalam kemasan, bahan aditif, dan lain-lain. Radikal bebas merupakan senyawa yang mengandung elektron tidak berpasangan yang sangat reaktif mencari pasangan elektronnya yang dapat bereaksi dengan molekul sel tubuh sehingga dapat menginduksi penyakit kanker, arteriosklerosis dan penuaan dini, disebabkan oleh kerusakan jaringan karena oksidasi. Radikal bebas ini dapat dinetralisir oleh antioksidan. Sumber antioksidan dapat berupa antioksidan sintetik maupun alami, namun antioksidan dari bahan sintetik memberikan efek samping yang cukup berbahaya bagi kesehatan sehingga dicari sumber antioksidan alami yang lebih aman untuk dikembangkan salah satunya dari tumbuhan. Penelitian sebelumnya mengungkapkan bahwa daun beberapa spesies genus Canarium L. mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat. Kemungkinan daun kenari (Canarium indicum L.) juga berpotensi besar mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan, karena semakin dekat kekerabatan semakin banyak senyawa fitokimia yang mirip termasuk senyawa yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia, menguji aktivitas antioksidan, menetapkan kadar flavonoid total dan mengetahui hubungan kadar flavonoid total dengan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak dan fraksi daun kenari. Serbuk kering daun kenari diekstraksi dengan ultasonikasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian ekstrak dilarutkan campuran air dan etanol dan dilakukan ekstraksi cair-cair (fraksinasi) dengan pelarut n-heksana dan etil asetat. Pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dan penetapan kadar flavonoid vii Digital Repository Universitas Jember total menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan metode kolorimetri menggunakan pereaksi AlCl dengan standar kuersetin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi etanol-air mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC berturut-turut adalah 25,294; 20,135; dan 28,806 μg/ml. Sedangkan fraksi n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lemah dengan nilai IC 175,245 μg/ml. Kadar flavonoid total pada ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi etanol-air berturut-turut adalah 2,624; 0,499; 3,846; dan 1,596 gram kuersetin ekuivalen per gram ekstrak/fraksi. Hubungan antara aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak dan fraksi daun kenari dengan kadar flavonoid totalnya diperoleh persamaan regresi linier y = -41,896 + 152,079; r² = 0.632. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa 63,2 % aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak dan fraksi daun kenari merupakan kontribusi dari senyawa flavonoid dan 36,8 % karena kehadiran metabolit sekunder yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan lainnya. viii Digital Repository Universitas Jember PRAKATA Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT atas segala limpahan rahmat dan karunia- Nya sehingga penulis dapat meyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.)”. Skripsi ini disusun sebagai prasyarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana farmasi pada Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember. Penyusunan skripsi ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada : 1. Ibu Lestyo Wulandari, S.Si., Apt. M.Farm selaku Dekan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember; 2. Ibu Endah Puspitasari, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing utama dan Ibu Lestyo Wulandari, S.Si., Apt. M.Farm selaku dosen pembimbing anggota yang telah bersedia memberikan bimbingan dan ilmu kepada penulis selama penelitian dan penulisan skripsi ini; 3. Ibu Siti Muslichah, S.Si., M.Sc., Apt. dan Ibu Nia Kristiningrum, S.Farm., M.Farm., Apt. selaku dosen penguji yang telah banyak memberikan bantuan, saran, waktu dan perhatiannya dalam penulisan skripsi ini; 4. Ibu Fransisca Maria C, S.Farm., Apt. dan Ibu Lidya Ameliana, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing akademik yang telah membimbing penulis untuk menentukan SKS selama kuliah; 5. Seluruh bapak dan ibu dosen Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember yang telah memberikan ilmu yang bermanfaat bagi saya; 6. Teman-teman angkatan 2010, terima kasih untuk masa-masa indah dan kehangatan persahabatan kita; 7. Bu Widi dan Mbak Anggra selaku laboran laboratorium biologi, Bu Wayan dan Mbak Hani selaku laboran kimia, serta Mbak Indri dan Mbak Dinik yang telah membantu selama penulis melakukan penelitian; ix Digital Repository Universitas Jember 8. Taman Nasional Meru Betiri Jember yang telah memberikan bahan berupa daun kenari yang penulis butuhkan dalam penelitian ini; 9. Serta semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran untuk kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Akhirnya, penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat. Jember, 15 April 2015 Penulis x Digital Repository Universitas Jember DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................ i HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ........................................................................... ii HALAMAN MOTTO .........................................................................................iii HALAMAN PERNYATAAN............................................................................
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