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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KENARI (Canarium Indicum L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus Epidermidis Dan Propionibacterium Acnes

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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KENARI (Canarium Indicum L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus Epidermidis Dan Propionibacterium Acnes AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes Suherman B.*), Sri Suhartaty Djamin*), Sesilia R. Pakadang**) *) Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia Timur Makassar **) Jurusan Farmasi Poltekkes Kemenkes RI Makassar Email : [email protected] ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstrak Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes dengan tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak daun kenari (Canarium indicum L.) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar menggunakan media Muller Hilton Agar. Klindamisin sebagai kontrol positif dan Na.CMC 1% sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Aktivitas antibakteri daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) dengan konsentrasi 2%, 4% dan 6% memberikan zona hambat masing-masing sebesar 19 mm, 19,64 mm, dan 23,44 mm terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aktivitas antibakteri daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) dengan konsentrasi 2%, 4% dan 6% memberikan zona hambat masing-masing sebesar 17,36 mm, 20,41 mm, dan 23,30 mm terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Kata kunci : Aktivitas, Ekstrak Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes. PENDAHULUAN membuat sebagian masyarakat belum Indonesia sebagai negara tropis menyadari bahwa disekitar mereka ada memiliki keanekaragaman sumber daya banyak tanaman yang berkhasiat sebagai alam hayati. Keanekaragaman ini sangat obat (Oyen, 1999). bermanfaat, terutama dengan banyaknya Daun Kenari merupakan bagian spesies tumbuhan dan tanaman yang dari tumbuhan kenari.Daunnya majemuk digunakan sebagai obat. Tumbuhan dan menyirip ganjil terdiri dari 6 - 8 pasang tanaman obat ini telah dijadikan obat berhadapan, lonjong, dan pangkal tradisional secara turun temurun karena obat meruncing, berwarna terang sampai hijau tradisional memiliki banyak kelebihan gelap (Thomson dan Evan, 2006). diantaranya mudah diperoleh, harganya yang Jerawat merupakan penyakit pada lebih murah, dapat diramuan sendiri dan permukaan kulit wajah, leher, dada, dan memiliki efek samping yang lebih kecil punggung yang muncul pada saat kelenjar dibandingkan obat-obatan dari produk minyak pada kulit terlalu aktif sehingga pori farmasi. Oleh sebab itu, kecenderungan - pori kulit akan tersumbat oleh timbunan masyarakat untuk menggunakan obat lemak yang berlebihan. Jika menyebabkan tradisional yang berasal dari alam atau timbunan lemak dengan keringat, debu dan herbal dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan dan kotoran lain, maka akan menyebabkan kebugaran (Suprianto, 2008). timbunan lemak dengan bintik hitam di Sejak dahulu sampai sekarang atasnya yang disebut komedo. Jika pada masyarakat telah menggunakan tanaman komedo itu terdapat infeksi bakteri, maka obat yang diolah dengan resep tradisional terjadilah peradangan yang dikenal dengan nenek moyang dalam penyembuhan jerawat yang ukurannya bervariasi mulai penyakit, namun karena banyaknya aneka dari ukuran kecil sampai ukuran besar serta tanaman yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia berwarna merah, kadang - kadang bernanah Media Farmasi Vol. XIII. No. 2. November 2017 83 serta menimbulkan rasa nyeri (Djajadisastra, dengan mengujikannya pada beberapa jenis 2009). bakeri. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, timbul Bakteri yang umum menginfeksi permasalahan yaitu apakah ekstrak daun jerawat adalah Staphylococcus aureus, Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) dapat Staphylococcus epidermidis dan menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus Propionibacterium acnes. Pengobatan epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. jerawat biasanya menggunakan antibiotik Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yang dapat menghambat inflamasi dan adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas membunuh bakteri, contohnya Klindamisin. antibakteri dari daun Kenari (Canarium Masalah yang timbul akibat indicum L.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus penggunaan antibiotik, maka dicari alternatif epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes lain dalam mengobati jerawat yaitu dengan yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi kulit menggunakan bahan - bahan dari alam, khususnya jerawat. Manfaat penelitian ini dengan harapan dapat meminimalkan efek adalah untuk data ilmiah yang dapat samping yang tidak diinginkan seperti yang menambah informasi tentang Daun Kenari terjadi pada pengobatan jerawat dengan sebagai salah satu obat tradisional yang antibiotik atau zat - zat aktif lain mempunyai daya hambat terhadap bakteri (Djajadisastra, 2009). penyebab infeksi kulit serta memberi Berdasarkan beberapa literatur, alternatif bagi masyarakat untuk telah banyak dilaporkan tentang kandungan memanfaatkan tanaman ini dalam mengatasi kimia dari daun kenari spesies genus jerawat. Canarium L. lainnya, diantaranya pada Canarium schweinfurthii (Atile) METODE DAN BAHAN mengandung saponin, tanin, glikosida Jenis dan Desain Penelitian jantung, steroid dan flavonoid sedangkan Jenis penelitian ini adalah alkaloid dan antrakuinon tidak ada (Ngbede penelitian eksperimental yaitu dengan et al., 2008). Pada Canarium odontophyllum melihat aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak mengandung terpenoid, tanin, flavonoid, daun Kenari terhadap Staphylococcus fenol dan saponin sedangkan alkaloid tidak epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. ada (Basri dan Nor, 2014). Pada Canarium Desain penelitian yaitu menggunakan album mengandung flavanoid, triterpena, metode difusi agar (disc diffusion), dimana dan seskuiterpena (Mogana et al., bahan uji yang digunakan adalah ekstrak 2011).Pada Canarium bengalense Daun Kenari (Canarium indicum L.) yang mengandung sabinene, caryophyllene, epi- dibuat dengan beberapa variasi konsentrasi. bisyclosesquiterpene (Thang et al., 2004). Biji, Daun, dan Tempurung dari Tempat Penelitian Kenari digunakan untuk obat kosmetik dan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di perawatan kulit pada wajah. Kulit batang Laboratorium Fitokimia Farmasi dan kayu digunakan sebagai obat tradisional Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Farmasi untuk sakit dada (Lim, 2012).Akar untuk Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Indonesia mengobati sakit kepala serta biji kering Timur Makassar. dimakan untuk menginduksi sterilitas (Quattrocchi, 2012). Alat dan Bahan yang digunakan Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu Alat-alat yang digunakan : mengemukakan bahwa ekstrak daun kenari Autoklaf, cawan petri, inkubator, efektif menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus alat-alat gelas, jarum ose, LAF (Luminar Air aureus. Selanjutnya hasil penelitian yang Flow), mikro pipet, oven, pinset, paper disk, lainnya pula mengemukakan bahwa ekstrak pipet volume, rotavapor, swab steril,. serbuk Tempurung Kenari pada larutan uji 15% belum berpengaruh dalam menghambat Bahan-bahan yang digunakan : pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Air steril, alkohol 96%, aluminium Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, foil, daun Kenari, kapas, kontrol positif maka peneliti tertarik melakukan suatu (Klindamisin), larutan NaCl 0,9% steril, penelitian dengan menguji aktivitas daun larutan standar Mc. Farland 0,5, Medium Kenari sebagai antibakteri penyebab jerawat Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), Medium Media Farmasi Vol. XIII. No. 2. November 2017 84 Nutrient Agar (NA), Na. CMC 1%, cakram 3. Pembuatan Suspensi Bakteri disk. a. Komposisi larutan standar Mc. Farland 0,5 adalah BaCl2 0,048 M Penyiapan Bahan Uji sebanyak 0,5 mL dan H2SO4 0,18 M 1. Pengolahan Bahan Uji sebanyak 9,5 mL. Daun Kenari (Canarium b. Bakteri uji yang berumur 24 jam indicum L.) yang telah disortasi basah diambil 1 ose kemudian terlebih dahhulu dibuat menjadi simplisia disuspensikan dengan larutan kering kemudian diekstraksi fisiologis NaCl 0,9% steril hingga menggunakan metode maserasi dengan setara dengan larutan standar Mc. pelarut etanol 96% untuk mendapatkan Farland 0,5. ekstrak kental. 2. Pembuatan Suspensi Bahan Uji Pembuatan Kontrol Positif (Klindamicin) Konsentrasi suspensi 2% b/v, Larutan kontrol positif 4% b/v dan 6% b/v (hasil dari KHM) (klindamisin) dibuat dalam konsentrasi 30 dibuat dengan cara yaitu ekstrak etanol bpj. daun kenari ditimbang sebanyak 2 gram, 4 gram dan 6 gram dalam Na.CMC 1% Pengujian Bahan Uji Dengan Metode pada labu ukur 100 ml. Difusi Agar Medium Mueller Hinton Agar Penyiapan Kultur Bakteri (MHA) dituang secara aseptis kedalam 1. Pengujian Mikroskopik cawan petri steril sebanyak 20 mL dibiarkan Goreskan masing - masing ose memadat. Diinokulasikan suspensi bakteri ke dalam bakteri uji, kemudian masing - Staphylococcus epidermidis dengan masing bakteri tersebut diusapkan diatas menggunakan swab steril lalu dipulaskan objek glass, ditetesi dengan zat warna I secara merata diatas permukaan media. (metilen blue), dibiarkan selama 5 detik, Paper disk yang sudah direndam pada dibilas dengan Alkohol, kemudian masing-masing konsentrasi suspensi ekstrak dipijarkan dengan api. Dilanjutkan daun kenari 2% b/v, 4% b/v dan 6% b/v pewarnaan II (gentian violet) ditetesi dengan kontrol positif (Klindamicin 30 bpj) diatas objek glass, dibiarkan 5 detik, dan kontrol negatif (Na. CMC 1%) dibilas dengan Alkohol, kemudian dimasukkan secara aseptis dengan dipijarkan dengan api. Kemudian diamati menggunakan pinset steril, diinkubasi pada dengan Mikroskop dengan perbesaran suhu 37o C selama 1 x 24 jam (dibuat 3 100x. replikasi). Daerah hambatan yang terbentuk 2. Peremajaan Bakteri diukur dengan menggunakan jangka sorong
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