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The Glories of Norman Sicily Betty Main, SRC
The Glories of Norman Sicily Betty Main, SRC The Norman Palace in Palermo, Sicily. As Rosicrucians, we are taught to be they would start a crusade to “rescue” tolerant of others’ views and beliefs. We southern Italy from the Byzantine Empire have brothers and sisters of like mind and the Greek Orthodox Church, and throughout the world, of every race and restore it to the Church of Rome. As they religion. The history of humankind has were few in number, they decided to return often demonstrated the worst human to Normandy, recruit more followers, aspects, but from time to time, in what and return the following year. Thus the seemed like a sea of barbarism, there Normans started to arrive in the region, appeared periods of calm and civilisation. which was to become the hunting ground The era we call the Dark Ages in Europe, for Norman knights and others anxious was not quite as “dark” as may be imagined. for land and booty. At first they arrived as There were some parts of the Western individuals and in small groups, but soon world where the light shone like a beacon. they came flooding in as mercenaries, to This is the story of one of them. indulge in warfare and brigandage. Their Viking ways had clearly not been entirely It all started in the year 1016, when forgotten. a group of Norman pilgrims visited the shrine of St. Michael on the Monte Robert Guiscard and Gargano in southern Italy. After the Roger de Hauteville “pilgrims” had surveyed the fertile lands One of them, Robert Guiscard, of Apulia lying spread out before them, having established his ascendancy over the promising boundless opportunities for south of Italy, acquired from the papacy, making their fortunes, they decided that the title of Duke of Naples, Apulia, Page 1 Calabria, and Sicily. -
The Fleet of Syracuse (480-413 BCE)
ANDREAS MORAKIS The Fleet of Syracuse (480-413 BCE) The Deinomenids The ancient sources make no reference to the fleet of Syracuse until the be- ginning of the 5th century BCE. In particular, Thucydides, when considering the Greek maritime powers at the time of the rise of the Athenian empire, includes among them the tyrants of Sicily1. Other sources refer more precisely to Gelon’s fleet, during the Carthaginian invasion in Sicily. Herodotus, when the Greeks en- voys asked for Gelon’s help to face Xerxes’ attack, mentions the lord of Syracuse promising to provide, amongst other things, 200 triremes in return of the com- mand of the Greek forces2. The same number of ships is also mentioned by Ti- maeus3 and Ephorus4. It is very odd, though, that we hear nothing of this fleet during the Carthaginian campaign and the Battle of Himera in either the narration of Diodorus, or the briefer one of Herodotus5. Nevertheless, other sources imply some kind of naval fighting in Himera. Pausanias saw offerings from Gelon and the Syracusans taken from the Phoenicians in either a sea or a land battle6. In addition, the Scholiast to the first Pythian of Pindar, in two different situations – the second one being from Ephorus – says that Gelon destroyed the Carthaginians in a sea battle when they attacked Sicily7. 1 Thuc. I 14, 2: ὀλίγον τε πρὸ τῶν Μηδικῶν καὶ τοῦ ∆αρείου θανάτου … τριήρεις περί τε Σικελίαν τοῖς τυράννοις ἐς πλῆθος ἐγένοντο καὶ Κερκυραίοις. 2 Hdt. VII 158. 3 Timae. FGrHist 566 F94= Polyb. XII 26b, 1-5, but the set is not the court of Gelon, but the conference of the mainland Greeks in Corinth. -
Cry Havoc Règles Fr 05/01/14 17:46 Page1 Guiscarduiscard
maquette historique UK v2_cry havoc règles fr 05/01/14 17:46 Page1 Guiscarduiscard HISTORY & SCENARIOS maquette historique UK v2_cry havoc règles fr 05/01/14 17:46 Page2 © Buxeria & Historic’One éditions - 2014 - v1.1 maquette historique UK v2_cry havoc règles fr 05/01/14 17:46 Page1 History Normans in Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th Century 1 - The historical context 1.1 - Southern Italy and Sicily at the beginning of the 11th Century Byzantium had conquered Southern Italy and Sicily in the first half of the 6th century. But by the end of that century, Lombards coming from Northern Italy had conquered most of the peninsula, with Byzantium retaining only Calabria and Sicily. From the middle of the 9th century, the Aghlabid Dynasty of Ifrîquya (the original name of Eastern Maghreb) raided Sicily to take possession of the island. A new Byzantine offensive at the end of the century took back most of the lost territories in Apulia and Calabria and established Bari as the new provincial capital. Lombard territories further north were broken down between three cities led by princes: Capua, Salerno, and Benevento. Further east, Italian duchies of Naples, Amalfi, and Gaeta tried to keep their autonomy through successive alliances with the various regional powers to try and maintain their commercial interests. Ethnic struggles in Sicily between Arabs and Berbers on the one side, and various dynasties on the other side, led to power fragmentation: The island is divided between four rival military factions at the beginning of the 11th century. Beyond its natural boundaries, Southern Italy had to cope with two external powers which were looking to expel Byzantium from what they considered was part of their area of influence: the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. -
Assessment of the 1783 Scilla Landslide–Tsunami's Effects on The
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1585–1600, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1585-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Assessment of the 1783 Scilla landslide–tsunami’s effects on the Calabrian and Sicilian coasts through numerical modeling Filippo Zaniboni1,2, Gianluca Pagnoni1, Glauco Gallotti1, Maria Ausilia Paparo1, Alberto Armigliato1, and Stefano Tinti1 1Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Sezione di Bologna, via Donato Creti 12, 40128 Bologna, Italy Correspondence: Filippo Zaniboni (fi[email protected]) Received: 26 March 2019 – Discussion started: 23 April 2019 Revised: 24 June 2019 – Accepted: 25 June 2019 – Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract. The 1783 Scilla landslide–tsunami (Calabria, which is one of the most exposed areas to tsunami threats in southern Italy) is a well-studied event that caused more than Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea overall. 1500 fatalities on the beaches close to the town. This paper complements a previous work that was based on numerical simulations and was focused on the very local effects of the tsunami in Scilla. In this study we extend the computational 1 Introduction domain to cover a wider portion of western Calabria and northeastern Sicily, including the western side of the Straits The recent catastrophic tsunamis of Sumatra (2004), Japan of Messina. This investigation focuses on Capo Peloro area (2011), and Sulawesi (2018) have raised the interest in (the easternmost cape of Sicily), where the highest tsunami such natural phenomena worldwide, including Europe. -
ROGER II of SICILY a Ruler Between East and West
. ROGER II OF SICILY A ruler between east and west . HUBERT HOUBEN Translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge cb2 1rp, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org Originally published in German as Roger II. von Sizilien by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1997 and C Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1997 First published in English by Cambridge University Press 2002 as Roger II of Sicily English translation C Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Bembo 10/11.5 pt. System LATEX 2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Houben, Hubert. [Roger II. von Sizilien. English] Roger II of Sicily: a ruler between east and west / Hubert Houben; translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn. p. cm. Translation of: Roger II. von Sizilien. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0 521 65208 1 (hardback) isbn 0 521 65573 0 (paperback) 1. Roger II, King of Sicily, d. -
The Tyrannies in the Greek Cities of Sicily: 505-466 Bc
THE TYRANNIES IN THE GREEK CITIES OF SICILY: 505-466 BC MICHAEL JOHN GRIFFIN Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Classics September 2005 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank the Thomas and Elizabeth Williams Scholarship Fund (Loughor Schools District) for their financial assistance over the course of my studies. Their support has been crucial to my being able to complete this degree course. As for academic support, grateful thanks must go above all to my supervisor at the School of Classics, Dr. Roger Brock, whose vast knowledge has made a massive contribution not only to this thesis, but also towards my own development as an academic. I would also like to thank all other staff, both academic and clerical, during my time in the School of Classics for their help and support. Other individuals I would like to thank are Dr. Liam Dalton, Mr. Adrian Furse and Dr. Eleanor OKell, for all their input and assistance with my thesis throughout my four years in Leeds. Thanks also go to all the other various friends and acquaintances, both in Leeds and elsewhere, in particular the many postgraduate students who have given their support on a personal level as well as academically. -
The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(S): W
The Fleets of the First Punic War Author(s): W. W. Tarn Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 27 (1907), pp. 48-60 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624404 . Accessed: 24/02/2013 08:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 24 Feb 2013 08:32:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE FLEETS OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. ACCORDINGto Polybius, there took part in the battle of Ecnomus 680 quinqueremes and 290,000 men, i.e. crews 204,000 and troops 86,000; while in the next year, at the battle of the Hermaean promontory, 550 quiuqueremes were engaged. The only figures comparable to these in Roman history, manifest absurdities apart, are those given by Appian for the battle of Naulochus, and perhaps those for Actiumrn. At Naulochus 300 ships of all sizes are said to have been in action on either side, and no doubt Agrippa's fleet, at any rate, did amount to this large number1; while at Actium Octavian may have had anything up to 400.2 But in Octavian's time the population of all Italy may have been 7 to 8 millions 3; the Mediterranean was almost a Roman lake, and its entire resources went to furnish the fleets for the civil wars. -
AR 337 Britain in the Roman Empire
No. of Pages 3 AH3012 No. of Questions: 8 SUMMER EXAMINATIONS 2005 Subject ARCHAEOLOGY Title of Paper AH3012 ANCIENT SICILY Time Allowed TWO HOURS __________________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to candidates Candidates should answer BOTH sections of the paper. In SECTION A (45%), answer any THREE questions (45minutes-1hr). In SECTION B (55%) answer ONE of the essay questions (1hr-1hr15mins). You should include detailed examples and show evidence of critical reading. __________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A 1. Comment on any THREE of the following passages from the ancient documentary evidence for Sicily. Your answer should examine the source itself (e.g., what is it, when was it composed, what advantages and disadvantages does it present?), the historical context (e.g., who, what, when?) and the historical significance of the passage quoted. You should not spend more than 15-20 minutes on each passage and you should not write more than c.250 words for each (15% each). a. Diodorus Siculus 5.6: We must now write briefly about the Sikanoi who were the first inhabitants of Sicily, in view of the fact that certain historians are not in agreement about this people. Philistos, for instance, says that they removed from Iberia and settled on the island, having got the name they bore from a certain river in Iberia named Sikanos; but Timaios adduces proof of the ignorance of this historian, and correctly declares that they were indigenous. b. Thucydides 6.3.1: The first of the Hellenes to arrive were Chalcidians from Euboea with Thukles, their founder. They founded Naxos and built the altar of Apollo Archegetes, which now stands outside the city and is where visitors to the games first sacrifice when they are sailing from Sicily. -
The Roman Army's Emergence from Its Italian Origins
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE ROMAN ARMY’S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Richard Talbert Nathan Rosenstein Daniel Gargola Fred Naiden Wayne Lee ABSTRACT PATRICK ALAN KENT: The Roman Army’s Emergence from its Italian Origins (Under the direction of Prof. Richard Talbert) Roman armies in the 4 th century and earlier resembled other Italian armies of the day. By using what limited sources are available concerning early Italian warfare, it is possible to reinterpret the history of the Republic through the changing relationship of the Romans and their Italian allies. An important aspect of early Italian warfare was military cooperation, facilitated by overlapping bonds of formal and informal relationships between communities and individuals. However, there was little in the way of organized allied contingents. Over the 3 rd century and culminating in the Second Punic War, the Romans organized their Italian allies into large conglomerate units that were placed under Roman officers. At the same time, the Romans generally took more direct control of the military resources of their allies as idea of military obligation developed. The integration and subordination of the Italians under increasing Roman domination fundamentally altered their relationships. In the 2 nd century the result was a growing feeling of discontent among the Italians with their position. -
A Dictionary of Mythology —
Ex-libris Ernest Rudge 22500629148 CASSELL’S POCKET REFERENCE LIBRARY A Dictionary of Mythology — Cassell’s Pocket Reference Library The first Six Volumes are : English Dictionary Poetical Quotations Proverbs and Maxims Dictionary of Mythology Gazetteer of the British Isles The Pocket Doctor Others are in active preparation In two Bindings—Cloth and Leather A DICTIONARY MYTHOLOGYOF BEING A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME, BABYLONIA, EGYPT, AMERICA, SCANDINAVIA, & GREAT BRITAIN BY LEWIS SPENCE, M.A. Author of “ The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru,” etc. i CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD. London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne 1910 ca') zz-^y . a k. WELLCOME INS77Tint \ LIBRARY Coll. W^iMOmeo Coll. No. _Zv_^ _ii ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INTRODUCTION Our grandfathers regarded the study of mythology as a necessary adjunct to a polite education, without a knowledge of which neither the classical nor the more modem poets could be read with understanding. But it is now recognised that upon mythology and folklore rests the basis of the new science of Comparative Religion. The evolution of religion from mythology has now been made plain. It is a law of evolution that, though the parent types which precede certain forms are doomed to perish, they yet bequeath to their descendants certain of their characteristics ; and although mythology has perished (in the civilised world, at least), it has left an indelible stamp not only upon modem religions, but also upon local and national custom. The work of Fruger, Lang, Immerwahr, and others has revolutionised mythology, and has evolved from the unexplained mass of tales of forty years ago a definite and systematic science. -
Album Top 1000 2021
2021 2020 ARTIEST ALBUM JAAR ? 9 Arc%c Monkeys Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not 2006 ? 12 Editors An end has a start 2007 ? 5 Metallica Metallica (The Black Album) 1991 ? 4 Muse Origin of Symmetry 2001 ? 2 Nirvana Nevermind 1992 ? 7 Oasis (What's the Story) Morning Glory? 1995 ? 1 Pearl Jam Ten 1992 ? 6 Queens Of The Stone Age Songs for the Deaf 2002 ? 3 Radiohead OK Computer 1997 ? 8 Rage Against The Machine Rage Against The Machine 1993 11 10 Green Day Dookie 1995 12 17 R.E.M. Automa%c for the People 1992 13 13 Linkin' Park Hybrid Theory 2001 14 19 Pink floyd Dark side of the moon 1973 15 11 System of a Down Toxicity 2001 16 15 Red Hot Chili Peppers Californica%on 2000 17 18 Smashing Pumpkins Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness 1995 18 28 U2 The Joshua Tree 1987 19 23 Rammstein Muaer 2001 20 22 Live Throwing Copper 1995 21 27 The Black Keys El Camino 2012 22 25 Soundgarden Superunknown 1994 23 26 Guns N' Roses Appe%te for Destruc%on 1989 24 20 Muse Black Holes and Revela%ons 2006 25 46 Alanis Morisseae Jagged Liale Pill 1996 26 21 Metallica Master of Puppets 1986 27 34 The Killers Hot Fuss 2004 28 16 Foo Fighters The Colour and the Shape 1997 29 14 Alice in Chains Dirt 1992 30 42 Arc%c Monkeys AM 2014 31 29 Tool Aenima 1996 32 32 Nirvana MTV Unplugged in New York 1994 33 31 Johan Pergola 2001 34 37 Joy Division Unknown Pleasures 1979 35 36 Green Day American idiot 2005 36 58 Arcade Fire Funeral 2005 37 43 Jeff Buckley Grace 1994 38 41 Eddie Vedder Into the Wild 2007 39 54 Audioslave Audioslave 2002 40 35 The Beatles Sgt. -
Wars with the Barbary Powers, Volume VI Part 3
Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers Volume VI Part 3 of 4 Naval Operations including diplomatic background from May 1805 through 1807 United States Government Printing Office Washington, 1944 Electronically published by American Naval Records Society Bolton Landing, New York 2011 AS A WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THIS PUBLICATION IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. WARS WITH BARBARY POWERS To Secretary of the Navy from Cap- John Rodgers, U. S. Navy U S SHIPConstitution Syracuse 1 ** Janr 1806 SIB In answer to Duplicate of your letter of the 25'P of June 1805 by the Store Brig Washington permit me to say, that the Marine cloathing, in lieu of that ship'd in the Huntress, has been procured by Cap. Gale, of Marines, agreeabk to your Orders, - But that Gun Boat NP7 has not yet arrived in the Mediter- ranean - at least I have not yet heard of her - therefore !presume that subse- quent to the 25 Q of June you had given orders for her not to proceed - [NDA. Captain's LB, Vol. 1, 1806.1 To Secretary of the Navy from Ceptain John Rodgers, U. S. Bevy U. S. SHIP Comtituiion Syracuse 10,Jan? 1806 SIR The contents of your letter of the 25tb of July, directing that five PI Cent be allow'd, on the am$ of all purchases made by the Navy Agent a[t] Syracuse for the Use of the Squadron, I have made him acquainted of [LC. JRP, L Bk 3,May, 1805-July 1806.1 To Lieutenant David Porter, U.