Bedrock Aquifer Systems of Vigo County, Indiana

Home , Patoka Formation, Shelburn Formation

Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director Aquifer Systems Map 66-B

BEDROCK AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA

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The occurrence of bedrock aquifers depends on the original composition of the geologic material and subsequent changes which influence the hydraulic properties. Post- Pennsylvanian -- Carbondale Group Aquifer System depositional processes, which promote jointing, fracturing, and solution activity of exposed bedrock, generally increase the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of the upper portion of bedrock aquifer systems. Because permeability in many places is The Carbondale Group Aquifer System subcrops throughout much of Vigo County. The greatest near the bedrock surface, bedrock units within the upper 100 feet are commonly group consists in ascending order of the Linton, Petersburg, and Dugger Formations. the most productive aquifers. Bedrock deposits include mostly shale and sandstone with some limestone and commercially important coal. Thickness of the Carbondale Group in Vigo County ranges Bedrock aquifer systems in the county are overlain by unconsolidated deposits ranging up to 350 feet. from less than one foot up to150 feet thick. The unconsolidated sand and gravel outwash aquifers near the Wabash River have far greater groundwater potential than any of the Depth to the bedrock surface is typically from 25 to 75 feet and well depths generally bedrock aquifers. However, bedrock aquifers are widely used in Vigo County where range from 70 to 200 feet. The amount of rock penetrated ranges from 10 to 160 feet. unconsolidated sediments are relatively thin and unproductive. There are no registered The Carbondale Group is considered a minor groundwater source with domestic wells Location Map significant groundwater withdrawal facilities utilizing bedrock aquifers in this county. typically pumping less than 10 gpm. Static water levels in the wells are commonly Most of the bedrock aquifers are under confined conditions. In other words, the between 20 and 65 feet below the surface. potentiometric surface (water level) in most wells completed in bedrock rises above the top of the water-bearing zone. Most wells produce from the thicker sandstone and coal units in the upper formations of the Carbondale Group. Localized yields are greater in areas where outwash and alluvial The yield of a bedrock aquifer depends on its hydraulic characteristics and the nature of sands and gravels directly overlie bedrock. A few dry (pumped) holes have been EXPLANATION the overlying deposits. Shale and glacial till act as aquitards, restricting recharge to reported. Water quality from the deeper bedrock units is highly mineralized. underlying bedrock aquifers. However, fracturing and/or jointing may occur in aquitards, Stream which can increase recharge to the underlying aquifers. Hydraulic properties of the In areas where overlying clay materials are present, the Carbondale Group Aquifer bedrock aquifers are highly variable. System is at low risk to contamination. However, in some areas outwash and alluvial County Road materials directly overlie the bedrock surface. These areas are at moderate to high risk The susceptibility of bedrock aquifer systems to surface contamination is largely from surface contamination. State Road & US Highway dependent on the type and thickness of the overlying sediments. Because the bedrock aquifer systems have complex fracturing systems, once a contaminant has been Interstate introduced into a bedrock aquifer system, it will be difficult to track and remediate. Pennsylvanian -- Raccoon Creek Group Aquifer System

Three bedrock aquifer systems are identified for Vigo County. They are, from west to Municipal Boundary east and younger to older: the McLeansboro Group of Pennsylvanian age, the Carbondale Group of Pennsylvanian age and the Raccoon Creek Group of Pennsylvanian The Raccoon Creek Group Aquifer System subcrops in portions of northeastern Vigo age. County. This bedrock aquifer system consists of mostly sandstone and shale with minor State Managed Property amounts of mudstone, coal, and limestone. The basal formation of the Raccoon Creek Group, the Mansfield Formation, rests unconformably on Mississippian rocks. The Pennsylvanian-Mississippian erosional contact surface is quite irregular in elevation, Lake & River Pennsylvanian -- McLeansboro Group Aquifer System resulting in variable thickness of Mansfield rocks. The lowermost part of the Mansfield commonly contains a large percentage of sandstone.

The McLeansboro Group subcrop area is located in the western and southwestern The depth to the bedrock surface is typically less than 100 feet. Wells in the Raccoon portions of the county. This aquifer system consists in ascending order of the Shelburn, Creek Group Aquifer System generally range from 70 to 250 feet deep. The amount of Patoka, Bond, and Mattoon Formations. However, in Vigo County the Mattoon rock penetrated by wells varies from 10 to 150 feet. Domestic well production typically Formation is absent. Total thickness of the group ranges up to 200 feet. ranges from 2 to 15 gpm with a few dry (pumped) holes reported. Static water levels commonly range from 10 to 55 feet below the surface. This system is not very The Patoka Formation consists primarily of shale and sandstone with clay, limestone, and susceptible to contamination from the land surface because of thick, low-permeability coal. The underlying Shelburn Formation consists of shale, siltstone, sandstone, coal, strata above water-bearing zones. However, the system is moderately susceptible to and limestone. Two important members of the Shelburn Formation include the West contamination from the land surface where the unconsolidated deposits are thin. Franklin Limestone at the top of the formation and the Busseron Sandstone at the base. These are the primary aquifer units within the McLeansboro Group Aquifer System. Underground Mine Areas The depth to the bedrock surface ranges from less than one foot to over 125 feet in places, near St. Mary-of-the-Woods. Total well depths typically range from 50 to 170 feet. The amount of rock penetrated generally ranges from 10 to 110 feet. Most domestic wells produce less than 5 gallons per minute (gpm) with a few dry (pumped) In about 20 percent of the county various coal seams, primarily within the Carbondale holes reported. Static water levels range from 10 to 40 feet below the surface. Group, have been removed by underground mining methods. In underground mines, approximately 50 percent of the coal seam was typically removed, leaving the potential Most of the McLeansboro Group Aquifer System contains fine-grained materials that for storage of substantial amounts of water in the larger mines. Although the Division limit the movement of groundwater. However, in some areas alluvial materials directly has no records of wells drilled into these mines, yields of a few hundred gpm may be overlie the bedrock surface. Therefore, the aquifer system is considered at moderate risk possible. A limitation on use of the water could be its more mineralized nature. to contamination.

This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Map Use and Disclaimer Statement Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621) and Bedrock Aquifer Systems of Vigo County, Indiana We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived Underground Coal Mines (polygon shapefile, 20081231), were all from the Indiana from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Geological Survey and based on a 1:24,000 scale, except the Bedrock Geology of Indiana Map generated by Scott H. Dean (polygon shapefile, 20020318), which was at a 1:500,000 scale. Draft road shapefiles, by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from the Indiana Department of Glenn E. Grove Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Indiana 2000 (polygon Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based on a 1:100,000 scale. “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420 was from the Center for Advanced Applications in December 2009 is intended for use only at the published scale. GIS at Purdue University. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shapefile, various dates) was from IDNR.