is for Amphibian Tracks This trackway from Martin County, Ind., is 7 ft long and contains impressions made by an animal’s front and back feetA as it walked across a mud flat. Note the wide line etched by a dragging tail. The balls on the toes of the feet indicate that the animal was probably an amphibian and not a reptile.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Brachiopod,

a marine invertebrate that has two shells. Brachiopods are common in most Indiana rocks and especially in rocks Bfrom the Ordovician Period (443 to 485 million years ago). Brachiopods have a bilateral (side-to-side) symmetry that is perpendicular to the hinge line of the shells.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Calcite,

a carbonate mineral and the crystal form of calcium Ccarbonate (CaCO3). Calcite is the main mineral in limestone, which is formed primarily from the shells of marine organisms and ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers. Calcite crystals are found in small cavities (known as “vugs”) inside rocks and geodes.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Disappearing Stream, also known as a “sinking stream,” is a drainage that flows into a hole in the ground, disappearing from view. The best known is the Lost DRiver in south-central Indiana. Southeast of Orleans, the Lost River goes underground into swallow holes along a 21-mile-long dry bed. The river rises again a mile south of Orangeville.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology KNOXKNOX DAVIESSDAVIESS i VincennesVincennes

Washington

50 Shoals

21

1

ORANGEORANGE

Paoli

s 6 r o 150 18

r o i Petersburg

41 14 PIKEPIKE Jasper o Princeton 34 DUBOISDUBOIS English 28 24 CRAWFORDCRAWFORD Owensville GIBSONGIBSON 64 Gri n 17 27 64 is 35for 231 11 PERRYPERRY Wabash Valley 164 WARRICKWARRICK Fault System Boonville SPENCERSPENCER Indian POSEYPOSEY 40 3 Creek Earthquake, 2 VANDERBURGH7 Fault Mount theHawesville shaking or vibrationGerman of the earth’s surface in response Fault Vernon Evansville Yankeetown 26 to fault movement.Ridge Since Fault 1819,Indiana has experienced 38 Cannelton E44 earthquakes having magnitude 3.0 and larger. In recent Rockport

25 Africa times, larger earthquakes have produced disrupted ground Fault along rivers and streams.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology 90 to New Albany 359 350 Sh. Ellsworth Sh.

Generalized Stratigraphic Column of Indiana Bedrock Antrim Sh.

4 5

3 ROCK UNIT North Vernon LOCATION Traverse Fm. 25 Ls. OF ROCKS LITHOLOGY* to Muscatatuck (millions

AT BEDROCK (feet) 2

PERIOD SIGNIFICANT 300 Jeffersonville Detroit River SURFACE1 of years) FORMATION GROUP THICKNESS MEMBER Ls. Fm. AGE Geneva Dol.

Clear Creek southwest and south-central Chert† Mattoon Fm. 0 New Livingston Ls. to Grassy Harmony

Bond Fm. 800 Knob Ls. 150 DEVONIAN †

Chert Backbone to Carthage Ls. McLeansboro 416 Vigo Ls. Patoka Fm. southwest northeast 750 West Franklin

Ls. † Shelburn Fm. Liston Cr. Ls. Ls.

Bailey Wabash Danville Coal Fm. Hymera Coal Herrin Coal Dugger Fm. Alum Cave Ls. Mississinewa † Sh. Bainbridge 300 Spring eld Coal Fm. Springs Moccasin or to Houchin Creek Carbondale 100 Coal Petersburg Fm. Salina† 450 to Louisville Survant Coal Ls. Pleasant Colchester 775 Mills Linton Fm. Coal † Waldron Fm.

Seelyville Coal Ls. Sh. Limberlost Dol. St. Clair Perth Ls. Staunton Fm. Laurel Salamonie Dol.

Minshall/ SILURIAN Buffaloville Coal Osgood north and 150 west & central southeast northeast Upper Block Brazil Fm. Raccoon Cataract to Coal Sexton Brass eld Creek Creek Ls.† Ls. Fm.

PENNSYLVANIAN 1000 Lower Block 444 Coal west east Lead Creek Brainard Sh.† Whitewater Fm. Ls. Mans eld Fm. Saluda 150 Fort Atkinson Ls.† 318 Maquoketa southwest to Dillsboro Fm. Grove Church Sh.† 1000 Scales Sh.† Kinkaid Ls. Kope Fm. Negli Creek south-central 25 Ls. Lexington † Trenton Ls.† Degonia Fm. to Ls. 250 Clore Fm.† Tobinsport Fm. 100 Plattin Fm.† Black River 30 to † † Buffalo Pecatonica Fm. to Palestine Fm. 600 Wallow 300 † Leopold Ls. 25 Joachim Dol. Menard Ls.† † Ancell is for to Dutchtown Fm. Branchville Fm. † Waltersburg Not 500 St. Peter Ss. Fm.† exposed 0 southwest Vienna Ls.† to Everton Dol.† southwest and south-central

ORDOVICIAN 325 Tar Springs Fm. Shakopee Dol.† Glen Dean Ls. 50 Hardinsburg Fm. † Chien 120 to Oneota Dol. Prairie du Haney Ls. Stephensport 488 4500

to Knox Supergroup 200 Big Clifty Fm. Potosi Dol.† Beech Creek Ls. † Formation, Franconia Fm. Cypress Fm. Elwren Fm. Ironton Ss.† Reelsville Ls. Not Davis † † 100 exposed Fm. Galesville Ss. to Sample Fm. West Baden 825 to Munising 250 † Beaver Bend Ls. 3300 Eau Claire Fm. Bethel Fm. a name given to a group of rocks. Formations are rocks of a † Mount Simon Ss. Potsdam Supergroup Paoli Ls. CAMBRIAN 542 southeast 250 Middle Run Fm.† Ste. Genevieve Ls. Blue River Not MISSISSIPPIAN to Basement similar type that can be mapped at the bedrock surface and >1900 650 exposed Complex PRE- Eastern Granite-Rhyolite Province† St. Louis Ls. CAMBRIAN Salem Ls. 125 Italics indicate geographic areas in Indiana where unit names are used. south are traceable in the subsurface. Formations combined together to Harrodsburg Ls. Sanders F * Simpli ed to illustrate common lithologies. 800 Muldraugh Fm. Ramp Creek Fm. † Normally, these units occur only in the subsurface. However, some units of Ordovician and Edwardsville Fm. 3 Floyds Knob Lower Silurian age are exposed at the Kentland impact structure in northwestern Indiana. to Ls. Spickert Knob Fm. Borden are known as “groups,” and they can be further defined and 750 New Providence Sh. southwest northeast sandstone, conglomerate coal unconformity Rockford Ls. Coldwater Sh. shale, mudstone, siltstone volcanic rocks bioturbation 90 Sunbury Sh. to split up into “members” and “beds.” These designations allow New Albany limestone igneous rocks chert 359 350 Sh. Ellsworth Sh. dolostone rocks absent Note: Mixtures and interbedding Antrim Sh. of lithologies can occur. geologists to correlate various strata across wide distances. DEVONIAN

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Geode

A geode is a cauliflower-shaped nodule that occurs in rocks that Gcrop out throughout south-central Indiana. A common collector’s item, they are found in outcrops and in stream beds along the western margin of the Norman Upland. Geodes are made up of quartz and calcite, and many have hollow interiors with crystals of millerite, celestite, strontianite, barite, and amethyst.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Hand lens, a glass or plastic lens used to magnify a rock or Hfossil. Geologists frequently use a hand lens. Unlike a magnifying glass, a hand lens is held close to the eye and the specimen is brought toward the eye to be in focus. Geologists can often be recognized from other science professionals by the hand lens dangling from their neck.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Ice Age,

a time when glaciers extended from the earth’s poles across the continents and oceans. The last ice age in Indiana is called the Wisconsin for the state of Wisconsin. Glaciers extended more than half way across Indiana toward Kentucky. Most glacial features and deposits at Indiana’s surface are from this glacial time period.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Jug Rock,

one of several standing rocks created by the erosion of surrounding material from frost, plant roots, and running water. Made up of cross- Jbedded sandstone of the Mansfield Formation, Jug Rock is about 60 feet high. This distinctive feature can be seen from late fall through early spring along S.R. 50, north-northwest of Shoals, Indiana.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Karst, an area underlain by carbonate rocks that have undergone dissolution, producing sinkholes, caves, and underground Kchannels. The Mitchell Plateau in south-central Indiana is characterized by its karst topography and underground drainage. Sinkholes are the most common feature of the karst topography, which has a pocked surface like a golf ball.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology 88o 87o 86o 85o Longitude

ST JOSEPH ELKHART LAGRANGE STEUBEN LA PORTE

LAKE PORTER

NOBLE DE KALB MARSHALL KOSCIUSKO STARKE

WHITLEY ALLEN JASPER Latitude FULTON NEWTON PULASKI 41o MIAMI WABASH HUNTING- TON WELLS ADAMS CASS is for WHITE BENTON CARROLL GRANT

JAY HOWARD BLACK- TIPPECANOE FORD

WARREN CLINTON TIPTON MADISON DELAWARE Latitude and longitude, RANDOLPH

FOUNTAIN MONTGOMERY HAMILTON BOONE HENRY 40o WAYNE PARKE HENDRICKS MARION HANCOCK PUTNAM

VERMILLION RUSH FAYETTE UNION SHELBY JOHNSON VIGO CLAY MORGAN FRANKLIN OWEN DECATUR

BARTHOLOMEW MONROE BROWN DEAR- RIPLEY SULLIVAN BORN imaginary lines on the earth that are used to define geographic

GREENE JENNINGS 39o locations. Latitude lines are parallel to the equator and drawn LAWRENCE JACKSON OHIO JEFFERSON KNOX MARTIN SWITZERLAND DAVIESS east to west. The north and south poles are 90º north and south WASHINGTON SCOTT L ORANGE CLARK of the equator (0º). Longitude lines are drawn north south with 0º

PIKE DUBOIS GIBSON CRAWFORD FLOYD longitude, known as the prime meridian, runs through an observatory

HARRISON PERRY POSEY WARRICK in London, England. Latitude and longitude are expressed in angular VANDER- SPENCER BURGH 38o measurements. Downtown Indianapolis is at 39.7685° N, 86.1580° W.

Index map of Indiana Showing Latitude and Longitude ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Meandering River, a river that has many loops and bends. Meanders form because the river erodes silt and rock from the outer bank Mof the loop and deposits it on the inner bank. Through time the river moves back and forth across the river valley. You can see the many meanders along the East Fork of the White River, south of Columbus, Ind., in this LiDAR image.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for New Harmony, This small town along the Wabash River in southwestern Indiana was a center of progressive education and scientific research during the early 1800s. Notably, Indiana’s first state geologist, David Dale Owen, lived and worked there. William Maclure, the “father of American geology” and long-term president of the Academy Nof Natural Sciences, lived and taught for several years in New Harmony.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Ooid, a spherical sand-sized, snowball-like grain usually composed of calcite crystals. The presence of ooids can Otell geologists that high-energy wave or storm conditions occurred during the time of their deposition. Ooid grains sometimes cement together to form a sedimentary rock called an “oolite.” If you visit Oolitic, Indiana, you may find some ooids in the limestone rocks there.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Paleontology, the study of past life. Paleontologists are biologists that work with fossils, reconstructing past stratigraphic, environmental, and Pevolutionary patterns in the fossil record.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for QQuarry, Quarries are man-made excavation pits from which stone, aggregate, or sand and gravel is extracted. The pit is made by digging, cutting, or blasting the rock. Blasting is common in aggregate (gravel) quarries, but dimension stone (large blocks of building stone) is extracted by sawing the rock from the earth.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Rock, an aggregate of one or more minerals, joined together by cement or interlocking crystals to form a hard mass. RThe three main types of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Rocks of Indiana are sedimentary except for those that occur at extreme depths. The most common sedimentary rock in Indiana is limestone.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Surface Geology,

the study of the distribution of unconsolidated sediments at the ground surface. In Indiana, the spatial distribution of Ssand, gravel, and clay are related to the advance and retreat of glaciers across the landscape and wind (eolian), coastal, and river (fluvial) transport and deposition following glaciation.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Topography, a term used to describe the shape of the land surface, such as hilly or flat topography. Topography is shown on a topographic map, most using sea level as the datum or reference point. These maps use lines to represent the elevation of the land surface above a reference point, and they may be shaded to enhance the visibility of the relief depicted Ton the map.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Unconsolidated sediment,

loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that is not cemented together into a rock. The bedrock surface of most of Indiana is covered with Usome form of unconsolidated sediment as soil, alluvium along streams, windblown (eolian) and coastal sediments along the modern and ancient lakes, and glacial outwash and till.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Varve, a term used to describe sediments that have horizontal laminations. The horizontal laminations of varves Vrhythmically alternate in color and composition, and are interpreted to indicate seasonal deposition in a standing body of water. Varves are more common in sediments that accumulated during glacial times.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Weathering, an all-encompassing term for chemical, mechanical, and Wbiological processes that break down rocks. Weathering is a continuous process throughout Indiana. The weathering of Pennsylvanian sandstones along the White River near Shoals produces oddly shaped and spectacularly colored outcrops.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for X-ray fluorescence, a laboratory method of identifying a material’s chemical compositionX by irradiating a rock sample with x-rays. X-rays interact with the atoms of a material and the amount of energy that is released can be used to identify and quantify its elemental composition. A rock sample’s chemical analysis can be used to determine depositional sequences and rates of sedimentation.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Yield, a term used to describe a quantity of geologic material, such as water, coal, or minerals. An oil Ywell will yield a certain number of barrels of oil a day. In 2015, the total crude oil production in Indiana was 2,219 thousand barrels.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology is for Zircon,

a heavy mineral that weathers slowly. In Indiana, zircons in glacial till can be used to determine where a glacier Zoriginated by associating it to similarly aged rocks containing zircons in Canada.

ABC’s of Indiana Geology