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Petrified Wood from the Inglefield Sandstone of the Patoka Formation (Upper Pennsylvanian) in Vanderburgh County, Southwest Indiana Scott C

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Petrified Wood from the Inglefield Sandstone of the Patoka Formation (Upper Pennsylvanian) in Vanderburgh County, Southwest Indiana Scott C Petrified wood from the Inglefield Sandstone of the Patoka Formation (Upper Pennsylvanian) in Vanderburgh County, Southwest Indiana Scott C. Beard and William S. Elliott, Jr. Department of Geology and Physics, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd., Evansville, Indiana 47712; [email protected] Introduction Results Discussion Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in southwest Indiana dip 1 to 2 degrees to the west on the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin (Fig 1). The Patoka Table 1. Descriptions of all the cut samples of petrified wood. Previous work by Falcon-Lang et al. (2009) challenges the idea that tropical lowlands were Formation overlies the West Franklin Limestone of the Shelburn Formation and is capped by the Carthage Limestone of the Bond Formation. The Number of dominated by rainforest, but were dominated by seasonally dry vegetation during periods Previous studies by Jensen (1982) and Menci et al. (2009) described Pennsylvanian petrified Sample Description Preservation Type Growth Rings Identification lower part of the Patoka is subdivided into the Ditney Coal overlain by the Inglefield Sandstone. The Inglefield Sandstone consists of tan to gray, Cells High of glaciation. Falcon-Lang et al. (2009) discusses fossil plants found within incised channels thin to thick bedded, trough cross-stratified, fine- to medium-grained quartz arenite. The Inglefield Sandstone is typically 5 to 10 m thick, with wood from Oklahoma and Czech Republic respectively. Specifically, Jensen (1982) described Uniseriate rays; uniform cell in paleovalleys beneath the Pennsylvanian Baker Coal of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. samples exhibiting growth rings and identified the petrified wood as Cordaites and Dadoxylon. PF-1 Silicified Not Present 1 to 7 Cordaite localized 20 to 25 m thick deposits in Vanderburgh and Posey Counties, Indiana (Fig. 2). These localized thick sandstone deposits are interpreted size and shape Furthermore, DiMichele (2013) discusses two qualitatively distinct kinds of seasonally dry as incised paleovalleys that formed during lowstand systems tracts and subsequently back-filled during early transgression. Menci et al. (2009) described Pennsylvanian petrified wood from the Intra Sudetic Basin of Czech assemblages that appeared periodically in Pennsylvanian lowlands. Theses assemblages Uniseriate rays; minimal Eight samples of petrified wood were collected from the Inglefield Sandstone west of Evansville in Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Four specimens Republic. These samples lacked growth rings and were identified as Dadoxylon. Likewise, Arnold include cordaitalean dominated and conifer dominated with overlap between the two distortion from compaction, (1931) identified specimens of Cordaites and Dadoxylon lacking growth rings from Pennsylvanian PF-2 Silicified Not Present 1 to 12 Dadoxylon environments. are identified as Dadoxylon, two specimens are Cordaites, and two specimen are coniferous. The conifer specimens have a hematite/limonite cells are mostly circular and preservation and upon preparing thin sections were too degraded to identify wood type. Transverse and tangential thin sections were prepared rocks of Michigan and Ohio. uniform in shape Traditionally, the coal measures of the Pennsylvanian have been interpreted to represent from silicified petrified wood samples. Transverse sections are one to twelve cells high and exhibit uniseriate rays. Many of the cells are circular in vast tropical wetlands and coal swamps (Fig. 13). Over the past 40 years, researchers have In this study, eight specimens of petrified wood were collected from the Inglefield Sandstone of Uniseriate rays; deformed shape, while others are angular, most likely caused by compaction. Tangential sections show broad tracheids in contrast to narrow rays. Growth Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Tangential and transverse thin sections were prepared from PF-3 sections, cells not uniform in Silicified Not Present 1 to 7 Dadoxylon modified their focus on the paleobotany of Pennsylvanian sediments, focusing on intervals rings are not present in any of the samples. silicified and hematite replaced specimens. Transverse sections exhibit uniseriate rays with one size because of compaction related to lowstands of sea level. From these studies, researchers discovered a diversity of plants during glacial intervals, including conifers and cordaites, attesting to seasonally dry Regression of continental seas due to periodic Gondwana glaciation resulted in repeated exposure of the Illinois Basin and the onset of drier to twelve cells high. Most cells are circular in shape, while others are angular or distorted. This Uniseriate rays; cells are upland ecosystems in the Pennsylvanian (Falcon-Lang et al. 2009; DeMichele, 2013). climates. The association of Cordaitalean and coniferous petrified wood from the Inglefield Sandstone is consistent with the remains of dry distortion is most likely caused by compaction. Tangential sections show narrow rays in contrast PF-4 rectangular; many cells merge Silicified Not Present 3 to 10 Dadoxylon lowland vegetation that accumulated during a lowstand systems tract. Because of the decreased preservation potential of lowstand deposits, this to broad tracheids. Four specimens are identified as Dadoxylon (Figs. 5, 6, 8, 9, & 10), two to form larger cells study provides additional insights into the xerophytic floras of the Late Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian) of North America. Uniseriate rays; uniform cell specimens are Cordaites, and two specimen are coniferous (Figs. 7 & 11). All petrified wood PF-5 Silicified Not Present N/A Cordaite samples from the Inglefield lack growth rings, suggesting an absence of seasonality. size and shape Furthermore, specimens studied from the Inglefield exhibited deformational features including Uniseriate rays; cells are PF-6 rectangular with rounded cells Silicified Not Present 1 to 6 Dadoxylon compaction, quartz-filled fractures, contortion, and shearing (Fig. 12). These deformation and rays deformed features attest to significant burial and diagenetic compaction of the petrified wood. Uniseriate rays with circular cells of approximately the Too degraded In summary, the presence of cordaitalean and conifer petrified wood in lowstand deposits is D-1 Hematite/Limonite Not Present Conifer-Like consistent with the expansion of dry upland vegetation during glacial periods in the Late same size; sample has been to determine degraded by weathering Pennsylvanian. Finally, petrified wood from the Inglefield provides another avenue to further Uniseriate rays; sample has Too degraded D-2 Hematite/Limonite Not Present Conifer-Like study ancient ecosystems and provide insights into seasonality and paleoclimate. been degraded by weathering to determine Figure 13. A. Artists reconstruction of the traditional view of Pennsylvanian swamps dominated by tree ferns and lycopsids. B. Cordaitalean forest dominated by large trees with undergrowth of ferns and seed ferns consistent with dryland landscapes. Modified from Hand Specimens of Petrified Wood from Inglefield Sandstone Photomicrographs of Petrified Wood from Inglefield Sandstone DiMichele (2013) Periodic regression of continental seas due to Gondwana glaciation resulted in periodic 500 mm exposure of the Illinois Basin and lowstand deposits during the mid- to Late Pennsylvanian. In particular, the Inglefield Sandstone is interpreted as an incised paleovalley fill associated with backfilling following a lowstand. Thus, the petrified wood in the Inglefield provides a unique opportunity to learn more about the paleobotany of dry upland environments in the Pennsylvanian. Conclusion Figure 1. Geology and location of where Figure 2. Stratigraphic column of the university of Southern Indiana, petrified wood sample were found. Vanderburgh County, Southwest Indiana • Specimens studied from the Inglefield Sandstone (Pennsylvanian) exhibit 500 mm deformational features including compaction, quartz-filled fractures, Methods contortion, and shearing that attest to significant burial and diagenetic Figure 5. Specimen PF-6 showing the irregular surface of Figure 9. Tangential photomicrograph of Figure 11. Transverse section of D-1 in plain petrified wood with tangential orientation. This alteration of the petrified wood. The petrified wood specimens were prepared by cutting billets of the Figure 7. Transverse cut of hematite-limonite preserved specimen PF-6 in plain polarized light polarized light showing vascular structure specimen is silicified and contains numerous quartz-filled petrified wood samples in the tangential and transverse directions Figure 3. Illustration showing the petrified wood (D-1) from the Inglefield Sandstone. The displaying narrow rays and broad tracheids. consistent with conifer-like wood. This • Presence of cordaitalean and conifer petrified wood in lowstand fractures. Scale bar is one centimeter in length. (Fig. 3). The surface of the billets were prepared using silicon carbide orientation of transverse, radial, size of the cells, along with ray structures, are consistent This sample is identified as Dadoxylon, a specimen is poorly preserved and mineralized deposits of the Inglefield Sandstone is consistent with the expansion of (220-, 320-, 400-grit on a 350TSL Covington Deluxe Floor Lap. Billets and tangential sections through with a conifer. Scale bar is one centimeter in length. cordaitalean wood. by hematite and limonite. wood used for identification and dry upland vegetation during glacial periods in the Late Pennsylvanian of were
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