5110000-ane-bronze-cht-bcrx 3/1/2014 5110000-ane-bronze-cht-bcrx Ancient Near EastBronze Age Syro-Mesopotamia Northern Southern Climate B.C.E. and Coastal Syria Mesopotamia Mesopotamia Uruk colonies inSyria (Tell Mardikh) Early occupation ofEbla Mari (Tel Hariri)firstbuilt. 3300-2500 Nineveh style, V pottery Major river flood, 2900 Potter’s wheel3500 Cylinder seals. Cuneiform writing communities Ziggurat temples and colonies UrukIIIand Sumerian period Priora oscillation dry 3150-2850 3250-2900 EB1 of Ebla Continued occupation 2900-2350 First riseofMari, Wheeled vehicles ofUruk?Gilgamesh hierarchical societies. kings andpriestshead monarchies;hereditary City-states, wars; 2900-2334: Period,Early Pre-dynastic to end. Moist periodbegins 2850-2600 2900-2650 EB2
tablets inSumerian 17,000 clay Ebla cuneiform metalworking and barleyagriculture; textiles, timber;wheat Commercial rival ofMari: furnished tombs gates,ramparts, richly royal palace, 2150; defensive Ebla (2600-2240):large constructed, 2600-2400. Many walled cities priestess daughter ofSargon Enheduanna Hymns by franca. thelingua language became Akkadian . Semitic Elam, Mari , Uruk , Lagash of Sumer (2334-2279), ruled cities Semite Sargon ofAkkad Dynasty: establishedby First Empire, Akkadian goatherds. raising ofsheepand Walled towns, dry-farming, c. 2600 Shuruppak; Kesh Temple Hymn of texts: Instructions Sumerian Dynasty Kish texts cuneiform and literary thousands ofadministrative : royalUr IDynasty tombs, cities; Stele oftheVultures : powerful Dynasty Lagash Period:Early Dynastic East End ofEBcitiesintheMiddle period Dry 2600-2300 2650-2250 EB3 of Mitanni Kingdom. of Mitanni Mesopotamian states until rise 2200-2500, rulers ofsmallN. Hurrians appearc. Mesopotamia, c. 2250-2150 Gutian Period, N.andS. architecture, citadels urban centers; large stone Increased numberof caravan route. prehistoric times;onN-to-S , occupied since Damascus 2300-2200) temple, epigraphic tablets(c. wall,city thick-walled ofUrkeshcity (Tell Mozan): Syria, Hurrians innorthern centers, c. 2100. abandonment ofmajorurban Period ofupheaval and Amorites infiltrate from Syria. KingList,2170 Sumerian Gilgamesh versionSumerian ofEpic of Lament for Ur,2004 empire andhegemony Code ofUr-Nammu; extensive renaissance; Sumerian Law , 2112-2004: Ur IIIDynasty Mesopotamia c. 2250. EmpireAkkadian ofN.andS. Gutian invasions destroyed rainfall followed by “Dark Age” Increasing andfailing aridity Low Nile EB4/MB1 2300-2000 2250-2000
until c. 1780. extended power andinfluence capital,, Assyrian Assur Hammurabi, 1759. Mari destroyed by names. dating, adding500place (1780-1760) revised ANE palace; 20,000Mari tablets Amorite culture; magnificent (TellMari Hariri),center of statesCity inNorth target ofAmorites. strategic positionmade it Haran, center ofmooncult; of Patriarchs. flourish (1850-1600),in time Ebla Amorites continued to ofHittites inAnatoliaRise Planned urbancenters and Larsa. Isin Mesopotamian South, cultural relations with Old Syrian Period: close Atrahasis Epic EnumaAkkadian Elish and Isin andLarsa ofIsincity-states: Dynasty desert. Amorites invading from Syrian conqueredSumer by Semitic culture.of Sumerian from 2000,leadingto collapse depopulation oftheSouth ledto soilsalinity Rising Elamites destroyed Ur,2004. Cities return inPalestine. periodbeginsto end. Dry 2000-1750 2000-1700 MB2A Arameans Nomadic pressure from from Egypt, Hittites Syria underdomination dynasty. invade andendthe from TurkeyHittites Hammurabi (1792-1750). c. 1894-1595;Law Code of established inBabylon, First Amorite Dynasty private houses administrative complex, center: temple complex, Terqa, amajorAmorite end of18 urbanization beganat Abandonment andde- High Nile c. 1700 Eridu, oldestcopy Genesis attacks c. 1595. before Hittite andElamite ‘Amorite’ fell dynasty Elamites c. 1760,buthis Hammurabi drove out of course ofEuphrates?). centuries (due to change 1750-1550 1700-1575 MB2B th C.,lastingfour
culturally. to Hatti; independent trading post, tributary coastal Syrian city, major Shamra):Ugarit (Ras united Syria. Mitanni Kingdom Levant 17 (1450-1350); invaded inANE the mostpowerful states withvassal kings; confederation ofHurrian ofMitanni, Kingdom similar to thoseofIsrael. significant religious texts, Emar onEuphrates, with 1575-1475 MB2C th C. na
and publicdocuments. clay tablets;bothprivate five generations; on4,000 ancient customs, covering Nuzi tablets:recorded (15 under Hurrianinfluence Nuzi (Yorghan Tepe) th -14 1550-1400 1475-1400 th C.) LB1
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Hebrew texts bridgeto an important alphabetic cuneiform, religion; Ugaritic regarding Canaanite sourceimportant Ugarit tablets,1300-1200: 14 of Gilgamesh versionAkkadian ofEpic famous for chariots Pioneered iron age; Mesopotamia Anatolia, NWSyria, Upper at itsheight: included 3250–1200 BCE th C.,Hittite Empire 1400-1200 1400-1200 LB2
5110000-ane-bronze-cht-bcrx 3/1/2014 5110000-ane-bronze-cht-bcrx Egypt Palestine B.C.E. Earliest written records Predynastic Period Jericho (VI-VIII) Jerusalem, Gezer, Ai with mud-brickwalls. in Negev towns andSinai; Many cities;settlements 3150-2850 3250-2900 EB1 c. 2350 , avizierin5 Maxims ofPtahhotep Pyramid Texts , asearly3000 III-V inEBIII IandIIinEB Dynasties: Age ofPyramids, 2650-2150 Egyptian, c. OldKingdom 2700-2190. Barnea EB2 sites nearKadesh- techniques. improvement in shows gradual KerakKhirbet pottery town ofAi. Canaanite with North well-developed affinities Lower ofAradhad city South. Egyptian influence in continue to flourish. Meggido, Beth-shan Towns e.g., inNorth, 2850-2600 2900-2650 EB2
destroyed. occupied. Dan Ai fell at endofEB3.Hazor Large citiesofJerichoand Jordan Valley andNegev-Sinai and isolated cemeteries in numerous smallsettlements Post-urban phase, 2400-2000: th dynasty; assembled dynasty; 2600-2300 2650-2250 EB3 sacred place Mamre, nearHebron, a and MB. , wealthyDan through city EB enclosed by highramparts. had acitadel, lower town warfare. Majorcities inter-city to appear;atimeofwealth, Canaanite city-states begin Syria andPhoenicia. withcity-statesconnected of weapons, burialcustoms ofpottery, types Other andweapons,pottery c. 2200. burialcustoms,Distinctive Jericho, Megiddo. possibly Amorites, settle Local nomadicgroups, Egypt. withSyriacontact butnot centers, c. 2100.Pastoral; abandonment ofmajorurban Period ofupheaval and enemies ofEgypt Execration, listing texts XIinMBI VI-X inEBIV Dynasties: 2200-1989 First Intermediate Period, EB4/MB1 2300-2000 2250-2000
(or 1850-1570) Patriarchal Age: 2100-1640 in MBA. established andprospered Bethel (Tell Beitin) destroyed inLB. Little changeuntil violently tombsdistinctive at Jericho. small inMegiddo,Jericho; Towns andhousesremained between defended towns. including patriarchs, infiltrated including Habiru,possibly groupsSemi-nomadic cattle. wine; possiblytimberand ofgrain, olive oil,Exports Mesopotamian imports. Egyptian, Cypriot, and buildings; highlevels ofcrafts: temples, palaces, government Cyclopean enclosed Masonry; utilizedExtensive fortifications . , JerichoandAshdod Salem Gezer, Megiddo , Shechem urban city-states: Hazor, , Dan Several majorsophisticated Tale of Sinuhe, c. 1950,describes Palestine Coffin inscriptions, c. Texts, 2000 XIII-XIV inMBIIB XIIinMBIIA Dynasties: 1800-1446) Evidence (Israelites settlement for c. inNE Delta Semitic 12 tombsRock-cut at Hasan,show Semite Beni merchants, expelled 1540. Hyksos Period, c.1648-1540: ruled inLower Egypt; IntermediateSecond Period, 1780-1550 , 2116-1795 Middle Kingdom th dynasty. 2000-1750 2000-1700 MB2A with Cave ofMachpelah. founded c. 1720,linked Hebron (Tel Rumeida) gates. towers, citadelsand large moats,walls, large dry embankments, outer refurbished sites, with 1650-1500). Older sites, e.g., Gezer (c. New heavily fortified 1750-1550 1700-1575 MB2B
Hebron. Bethel, Jerichoand , Hazorof MB2C:Dan , cities fell Fortified at end Gezer, andHebron texts at Hazor, Megiddo fragments ofcuneiform Proto-Sinaitic script, Evidence ofliteracy: of Hyksos from Egypt?). destroyed (due to removal urban center was major By c. 1550every beginto decline.country inhill Settlements Egyptian, 1550 oftheDead Book Merneptah’s stele, c. 1220,mentions Israel. . , andAshdod Jerusalem, Lachish LettersAmarna , inHurrianandUgaritic, mostc. 1353-1336,from Gezer, XIXinLBII inLBI XVIII XV-XVII inMBIIC Dynasties: Large population. Semitic Thousands ofAsiatic prisoners, laborers making bricks. Renewed Egyptian dominance control, andpolitical especiallyfrom 1400-1200. Egyptian New, 1540-1100 Kingdom 1575-1475 MB2C na
well-built houses. Bethel now marked by Megiddo. Hazor, and , Lachish at temples, shrines, figurines showpractices remains of Canaanite religious Byblos. related to Ugarit scriptof Canaanite linearalphabet hieroglyphics,cuneiform, of writing, including differentSix types towns poor. trade contacts, buthill Mycenaean shows pottery Thutmosis III. c.1450, thetimeof Towns violently destroyed 1550-1400 1475-1400 LB1
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destruction. show littleevidence of , andGezerShechem Megiddo, Beth-shan . and Lachish c.1250-1150 at Hazor at endofperiod, Evidence ofdestruction and Jerusalem. , Gezer, Shechem , Dan ; richtombsAshdod at Gezerat , Aphekand Egyptian-type buildings and unwalled cities; Reuse ofMBfortifications Egyptian empire. toPalestine astributary lettersAmarna describe 1400-1200 1400-1200 LB2