L'autoaffondamento Della Flotta Imperiale Tedesca Dopo La Fine Della

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L'autoaffondamento Della Flotta Imperiale Tedesca Dopo La Fine Della L’AUTOAFFONDAMENTO DELLA FLOTTA IMPERIALE TEDESCA DOPO LA FINE DELLA PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE Bandiera di guerra della Marina Imperiale tedesca 1903-1918 e l’Ammiraglio Ludwig von Reuter (Guben, 1869 - Potsdam, 1943) all’epoca Contrammiraglio. Si era nel giugno del 1919. La flotta imperiale germanica era ancorata nella rada inglese di Scapa Flow nelle Isole Orcadi, in Scozia, in attesa della propria sorte: 74 navi da guerra in piena efficienza, equipaggi ridotti al minimo (c'erano stati segni di insubordinazione tra la bassa forza). Sul loro destino non sembravano esserci molti dubbi: i sensi dell'armistizio di Compiègne tutte quelle belle navi sarebbero state consegnate alle Marine vincitrici, che se le sarebbero spartite. Il triste compito era toccato al Contrammiraglio Ludwig von Reuter in quanto l'Ammiraglio in capo Franz von Hipper, che aveva avuto il comando durante la battaglia dello Jutland, si era rifiutato. Il von Reuter era un militare di carriera, aveva ordini da eseguire, anche se sgradevoli. Già!!! Gli ordini.... Forse von Reuter non era abbastanza ottuso da essere un perfetto militare di carriera, per cui ... Gli inglesi, che avevano accompagnato la flotta germanica con un numero di navi da guerra triplo, non si fidavano proprio per niente, perciò, oltre alla umiliante intimazione di ammainare la bandiera da guerra rivolta ad una flotta che non era stata piegata 1 con le armi, imposero agli equipaggi la censura postale e il divieto di comunicare da una nave all'altra, nonché di scendere a terra. Gli uomini avrebbero dovuto essere demoralizzati dall'attesa, dalla forzata inattività e dall'alimentazione scadente. Gli inglesi forse allentarono un po' i controlli, forse si distrassero: alle 10.30 del mattino, con precisione e simultaneità tutta tedesca, scattò l'operazione accuratamente preparata: dalla nave ammiraglia fu innalzata la bandiera di guerra e le bandierine di segnalazione ordinarono: “ Affondare le navi! ”. Sopra, a sinistra: Uniforme di gala di Ammiraglio della Marina Imperiale tedesca (nella foto l’Ammiraglio Guido von Usedom). Sopra, a destra: La nave da battaglia Bayern , della Marina Imperiale tedesca, mentre scivola sott’acqua, in seguito all’autoaffondamento disposto dal Comandante Ludwig von Reuter. Baia di Scapa Flow, nelle Isole Orcadi, in Scozia, 21 giugno 1919. Il von Reuter 1 in alta uniforme guidò l'operazione e gli equipaggi fedelmente eseguirono. Il segreto era stato gelosamente conservato. Nove marinai tedeschi 1 Persuaso che la flotta tedesca sarebbe stata consegnata alle Potenze vincitrici della guerra e, in particolare, agl’inglesi, per non far cadere le navi in mani nemiche, il Contrammiraglio aveva già diramato in precedenza un ordine di autoaffondamento. A tal fine sarebbe stato utilizzato un inusuale segnale di bandiere, precedentemente convenuto: Paragraph Elf. Bestätigen (Paragrafo 11. Confermare. ). All'oscuro dei britannici, tutte le navi si erano da tempo preparate per l'autoaffondamento. In cinque ore, 10 navi da battaglia, cinque incrociatori da guerra, quattro incrociatori leggeri e 32 torpediniere affondarono a Scapa Flow. La nave da battaglia SMS Baden (ovvero la nave Baden di Sua Maestà), quattro incrociatori leggeri e 14 torpediniere furono arenate 2 furono uccisi dagli inglesi nel tentativo di impedire l'operazione 2, ma 52 navi su 74 andarono definitivamente a fondo, una sola rimase a galla, le altre furono incagliate dagli inglesi nei bassi fondali, tutte con danni che ne pregiudicarono l'impiego futuro, per cui finirono in demolizione. L'onore era salvo! 3 Era il 21 giugno 1919, Solstizio d'estate. Altri tempi, altri tedeschi, altri marinai . Sotto: Relitti delle navi della Marina Imperiale tedesca, tuttora visibili nella baia di Scapa Flow, in Scozia. dai britannici che intervennero in tempo, rimorchiandole in secca. Solo quattro torpediniere rimasero a galla. 2 Fra i nove marinai tedeschi rimasti uccisi nelle mischie che si accesero sulle navi, cadde anche il Capitano della SMS Markgraf, che fu l'ultima vittima tedesca della Prima Guerra Mondiale. SMS è un acronimo che sta per: Seiner Majestät Schiff , ovvero Nave di Sua Maestà , l’Imperatore. 3 Il Contrammiraglio Reuter fu tratto prigioniero dagl’inglesi per la violazione delle clausole dell'armistizio, insieme ad altri 1.773 marinai ed ufficiali delle navi internate. Ma in Germania l’Ammiraglio fu acclamato come un eroe nazionale, per aver riscattato l'onore della Marina Imperiale tedesca. La maggior parte degli equipaggi fece presto ritorno in Germania, mentre von Reuter fu tra quelli che rimase recluso più a lungo, sicché poté tornare in Patria solo nel gennaio del 1920. 3 http://www.mareonline.it/?p=18392 - 11 aprile 2014 Così la flotta tedesca si suicidò ≤ autoaffondandosi a Scapa Flow Sopra: Relitti di navi militari tedesche a Scapa Flow, dopo l’autoaffondamento. Baia di Scapa Flow, Isole Orcadi. 21 giugno 1919, mezzogiorno trascorso da pochi minuti. La corazzata tedesca SMS Friedrich der Grosse [Nave di Sua Maestà Federico il Grande], 27mila tonnellate di stazza, si inclina visibilmente a dritta. Nei minuti immediatamente successivi, anche le altre navi da guerra cominciano a colare a picco. L’agonia della flotta germanica prosegue fino alle cinque del pomeriggio, quando infine s’inabissa l’incrociatore da battaglia SMS Hindenburg. Forse il più incredibile episodio nell’intera storia della marineria ha avuto il suo epilogo. L’inizio di questa vicenda risale invece all’11 novembre 1918, giorno in cui – con la firma dell’armistizio di Compiègne – finisce ufficialmente la Prima Guerra Mondiale. Le condizioni poste dall’Intesa sono durissime, ma al Comando germanico non rimane che piegarsi al volere dei vincitori: l’Impero austroungarico si è dissolto, la Germania è in preda alla rivoluzione e il Kaiser è dovuto fuggire in Olanda. Francia, Gran Bretagna e Stati Uniti hanno già trovato un accordo in merito alla resa senza condizioni della flotta sottomarina tedesca, ma non sono coesi riguardo al destino della flotta di superficie, che conta ancora un cospicuo numero di unità da battaglia pienamente operative. ≤ Testo di Fabio Bourbon, pubblicato sul numero 74 di Arte Navale . Su gentile concessione della rivista Arte Navale . Tutte le fotografie sono tratte da internet e da considerarsi di pubblico dominio. N.d.r. 4 Alla fine della Grande Guerra i vincitori decidono le sorti della Hochseeflotte [flotta d’alto mare] Tra gli alleati serpeggiano i primi contrasti e la proposta avanzata dagli americani, ossia di internare in un porto neutrale le navi tedesche, in attesa di una decisione concorde, non viene accolta; l’Ammiragliato britannico, forte anche della propria supremazia numerica, decide allora di condurre la Hochseeflotte nella rada di Scapa Flow, sede della maggiore base navale britannica. Sopra: Il sommergibile tedesco UC-1 (U-Boot) della Prima Guerra Mondiale. Il 12 novembre il Comando tedesco riceve l’ordine di prepararsi a far salpare la flotta entro pochi giorni: gli U-boat – ben 176 unità – si devono arrendere al Contrammiraglio Reginald Tyrwhitt e saranno quindi internati nel porto di Harwich, lungo le coste dell’Essex; mentre le navi dovranno raggiungere la baia scozzese del Firth of Forth e consegnarsi all’Ammiraglio David Beatty, Comandante in capo della Grand Fleet . Da qui, la flotta di superficie – disarmata e con a bordo equipaggi ridotti – verrà scortata fino a Scapa Flow. Per i tedeschi il momento è drammatico: durante la guerra, infatti, la flotta imperiale si è ben comportata, soprattutto nell’epica battaglia dello Jutland, dove ha affondato ben 22 unità inglesi. Gli ufficiali sono furiosi, perché l’internamento in acque britanniche e non neutrali, equivale a una resa ignominiosa: una delle più potenti flotte al mondo, imbattuta, viene gettata nel disonore per il tradimento della propria classe politica. Anche nell’ottica dei marinai, che addossano all’esercito e ai Generali la responsabilità della sconfitta della Germania, i termini della resa costituiscono un’onta e il malumore è a un passo dal trasformarsi in sedizione. Inoltre, i fermenti sociali in atto nella società tedesca coinvolgono anche la Marina Militare; il 29 ottobre l’ammutinamento di due navi ancorate nel porto di Wilhelmshaven, i cui equipaggi si erano rifiutati di obbedire agli ordini insensati provenienti da Berlino, 5 era degenerato in una ribellione popolare d’impronta socialista, estesasi come un incendio a gran parte del Paese. In queste condizioni, l’Ammiraglio in capo della flotta tedesca d’alto mare, Franz von Hipper, eroe della battaglia dello Jutland, si rifiuta di guidare le sue navi verso l’internamento e affida l’ingrato compito al Contrammiraglio Ludwig von Reuter. Il 21 novembre i vascelli da guerra germanici cominciano a radunarsi nel Mare del Nord e, scortati da ben 370 unità alleate, si dirigono verso la Scozia. Giunte nel Firth of Forth, per le navi tedesche arriva il momento dell’umiliazione: l’Ammiraglio Beatty, infatti, dà l’ordine di far ammainare la bandiera e di non issarla più. Come avrebbe scritto von Reuter anni dopo: « Fummo disarmati e disonorati ». Nei giorni successivi la Hochseeflotte è infine trasferita nella rada di Scapa Flow, dove vengono ormeggiate le 74 navi. I marinai tedeschi sono prigionieri sulle loro navi ancorate a Scapa Flow A questo punto, per i marinai tedeschi in cattività inizia un periodo desolante: lontani dalle proprie famiglie e dalla Patria, prigionieri su un arcipelago remoto e sferzato da venti gelidi, gli uomini si sentono demoralizzati, abbandonati a sé stessi e senza alcuna prospettiva. Il clima è infame, il cibo (che arriva dalla Germania un paio di volte al mese) è di scarsa qualità; la lentezza del servizio postale – unico legame con casa propria – è esasperante; oltre a ciò, tra gli equipaggi si creano spaccature interne dovute alle rivalità tra le varie fazioni politiche e la disciplina va peggiorando di giorno in giorno. Sopra, a sinistra: La corazzata o incrociatore corazzato Friedrich der Grosse della Marina Imperiale tedesca, in una fotografia dell’epoca. E ( a destra ) in una moderna ricostruzione.
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