Cross-Border Tertiary Education
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Cross-border Tertiary Education A WAY TOWARDS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Cross-border Tertiary Cross-border higher education is emerging to become a fascinating but very complex phenomenon. The mobility of students, professors, knowledge and even Education values has been part of higher education for centuries, but it has recently grown at an unprecedented pace. The last two decades have seen a significant growth in the A WAY TOWARDS CAPACITY mobility of higher education programmes and providers through physical and virtual Public Disclosure Authorized DEVELOPMENT modes of delivery. This presents many new opportunities among which are increased access to higher education, strategic alliances between countries and regions, as Education Tertiary Cross-border well as the expansion of human resource and institutional capacity. Parallel to these opportunities are an equal number of challenges: a potential increase in low quality or rogue providers, a lack of recognition of foreign qualifications by domestic employers or education institutions, along with elitism and the tensions it creates. In many cases, these new trends lead countries to revisit different aspects of their tertiary education policy, especially regulatory frameworks for quality assurance and private higher education. The purpose of this book is to cast light on these opportunities and challenges, especially for developing countries willing to leverage cross-border higher education as a tool for development. This book discusses the concept of capacity-building through cross-border education, emphasising the critical role of quality assurance Public Disclosure Authorized and trade negotiations. This volume should be of particular interest to both A WAY TOWARDS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY TOWARDS WAY A education policy makers and the myriad stakeholders in higher education from developing countries. The full text of this book is available on line via these links: www.sourceoecd.org/education/9789264033634 www.sourceoecd.org/industrytrade/9789264033634 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/9789264033634 Public Disclosure Authorized SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials, ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. ISBN 978-92-64-03363-4 96 2007 07 1 P www.oecd.org/publishing -:HSTCQE=UXX[XY: Public Disclosure Authorized Cover.fm Page 1 Wednesday, July 25, 2007 11:13 AM Cross-border Tertiary Education A WAY TOWARDS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Cover.fm Page 2 Tuesday, July 24, 2007 10:09 AM ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation, the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, or of the governments they represent. Also available in French under the title: L’enseignement supérieur transnational UN LEVIER POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT © OECD and The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 2007 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing [email protected] or by fax 33 1 45 24 99 30. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, fax 33 1 46 34 67 19, [email protected] or (for US only) to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, fax 1 978 646 8600, [email protected]. FOREWORD – 3 Foreword Cross-border tertiary education has received growing attention in recent years as more and more students choose to study abroad, enrol in foreign educational programmes and institutions in their home country, or simply use the Internet to take courses at colleges or universities in other countries. This trend has led governments and education stakeholders to reconsider many aspects of their tertiary education systems and strategies. While many countries focus on the possible benefits of exporting education services, they often overlook the potential benefits of importing such services as a complement to existing domestic tertiary education offerings; importation of education services can help strengthen or accelerate national development goals. An import strategy for tertiary education considers the use of foreign education services, and encourages the outward mobility of domestic students and scholars or the inward mobility of foreign educational programmes and institutions. Governments are often ill-prepared to reap the benefits of cross-border tertiary education, as well as to assure education quality. In 2002, in Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, the World Bank analysed how tertiary education contributes to building up a country’s capacity for participation in an increasingly knowledge-based world economy and outlined policy options for tertiary education that have the potential to enhance economic growth and reduce poverty. Since 2001, the OECD has been examining the internationalisation of tertiary education, including trade in such educational services. This initiative resulted in several outputs, including: three international fora on trade in education services; two books published in 2004;1 and a joint initiative with UNESCO which led to the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-border Tertiary Education in 2005. In this publication, the World Bank and the OECD combine their experience and knowledge to explore ways in which cross-border tertiary 1 Internationalisation and Trade in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges (2004); Quality and Recognition in Higher Education: The Cross-border Challenge (2004). CROSS-BORDER TERTIARY EDUCATION – ISBN-978-92-64-03363-4 © OECD AND IBRD/THE WORLD BANK 2007 4 – FOREWORD education could benefit developing countries’ efforts to build capacity; the book also seeks to guide policy efforts related to the areas of quality assurance and trade negotiations. Internationalisation is indeed leading countries to revisit the spectrum of their tertiary education policies. Accordingly, donor countries should revisit their development aid agenda in the light of these new trends and opportunities. This publication provides valuable insights on cross-border tertiary education and capacity development for policy makers, stakeholders, donor agencies and recipients, and opens up new areas for research. Ruth Kagia Barbara Ischinger Director, Education Department Director for Education World Bank OECD CROSS-BORDER TERTIARY EDUCATION – ISBN-978-92-64-03363-4 © OECD AND IBRD/THE WORLD BANK 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book was edited by Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin (OECD). Within the World Bank, this project was led by Richard Hopper (Senior Education Specialist) with guidance from Jamil Salmi (Tertiary Education Coordinator) and comments from Christopher Thomas, Jeffrey Waite, and Sajitha Bashir. Within the OECD, this project was led by Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin (Education Analyst) as the last strand of the activity on “internationalisation and trade in tertiary education” of the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI). The book and project have benefited from the comments and support of Tom Schuller (Head of CERI) and Bernard Hugonnier (Deputy Director for Education) and from the secretarial assistance of Ashley Allen-Sinclair. In the OECD Directorate for Trade and Agriculture, Massimo Geloso-Grosso (Trade Policy Analyst) and Dale Andrew (Head of Division) coordinated the work. Federico Bonaglia, from the OECD Development Centre, and Ebba Dohlman and Ben Dickinson, from the Development Co-operation Directorate, provided advice and comments. Former OECD colleagues Kurt Larsen (World Bank Institute), Keiko Momii (MEXT, Japan), and Julia Nielson (World Bank), are also acknowledged for their helpful contribution and encouragement at the initial stage of the project. Delphine