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Introduction Chapter 1 Theorising Sovereignty and Intervention Notes Introduction 1 As Peou (2002) notes, Southeast Asian IR is peculiarly characterised by a significant overlap between realist and constructivist arguments. Chapter 1 Theorising Sovereignty and Intervention 1 For more on the strategic disavowal of sovereignty, see Adler-Nissen and Gammeltoft (2008). 2 Singapore is a very rare case where society is indeed dominated by bureau- cratic elites. However, this can only be explained by virtue of the deliberate and ongoing destruction and forcible disorganisation or co-optation of all rival social forces using a wide variety of coercive, institutional and ideo- logical mechanisms (Rodan, 2006). 3 Etel Solingen (1998, 2004, 2005) similarly argues that regional orders are shaped by the ‘grand strategies’ of domestic coalitions. My approach differs from Solingen’s in several ways. Solingen uses ‘ideal type’ notions of coal- itions whose grand strategy is solely determined by their response to global- isation (which immediately breaks down when applied to ASEAN, leading to references to ‘hybrid’ coalitions); state institutions are depicted merely as (unexplained) ‘constraints’ on policy; and outcomes are explained through a rather sparse rational choice model. My approach, informed by historical sociology and Marxist state theory, is far less parsimonious, but is arguably better able to explain how and why coalitions and state power are socially constituted and change, and provides a more flexible framework to track historical developments. Chapter 2 The Social Foundations of ASEAN and ‘Non-Interference’ 1 ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 23 July 1964 (Keefer, 2001, p. 584). 2 ‘The Huk Resurgence in the Philippines’, CIA, 19 April 1967; ‘Memorandum From Marshal Wright of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow)’ (Keefer, 2001, pp. 771–2, 783). 3 ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 26 May 1970; ‘Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State’, 29 July 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 632, 578). 4 ‘Intelligence Note from the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research to the Secretary of State’, 26 March 1966; ‘Action Memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Bill Bundy) to Secretary of State’, 20 May 1966; ‘Telegram from US Embassy in Manila 229 230 Notes to Department of State’, 25 July 1966 (Keefer, 2001, pp. 807–8, 813–14, 816–18). 5 ‘Telegram from Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State’, 5 August 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 589); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 5 July 1975 (State Department, 1975c). 6 ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 26 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 640–1). 7 ‘Memorandum from Vice-President Humphrey to President Johnson’, 19 October 1966 (Keefer, 2001, p. 636). 8 ‘Telegram from the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State’, 2 April 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 617); ‘Telegram from the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State’, 15 April 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 619); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 26 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 634–5); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 26 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 640–1); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 1 July 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 663–8); ‘Memorandum from the Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Haig) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)’, 7 July 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 668–9); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 8 July 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 673–4); ‘Indonesian Support to Cambodia’, Top Secret Cable from State Department to US Embassy in Jakarta, 24 April 1970 (State Department, 1970). 9 ‘Telegram from Secretary of State Rogers to Department of State’, 5 August 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 587). 10 ‘Telegram from the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State’, 19 April 1970; ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 26 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 622, 634–5). 11 ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 29 July 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 39); ‘Memo- randum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon’, 20 October 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 66); ‘Telegram from the Embassy in Thailand to the Department of State’, 3 March 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 114); ‘Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon’, 26 March 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 122–3); ‘Backchannel Message from the Under Secretary of State for Polit- ical Affairs (Johnson) to the Ambassador to Thailand (Unger)’, 20 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 133–5); ‘Backchannel Message from the Ambassador to Thailand (Unger) to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson)’, 21 May 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 136–9); ‘Memorandum from John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)’, 5 June 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 141–2); ‘Backchannel Message from the Ambassador to Thailand (Unger) to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson)’, 18 September 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 183); ‘Letter from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to the Ambassador to Thailand (Unger)’, 27 October 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 197); ‘Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Laird to President Nixon’, 16 September 1972 (Lawler, 2006, p. 376); ‘Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon’, 25 September 1972 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 382–3). 12 ‘Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon’, 26 March 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 566); ‘Tele- gram from Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State’, 5 August 1969 (Lawler, 2006, p. 589); ‘Telegram from the Embassy in Australia to the Notes 231 Department of State’, 14 January 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 607); ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 1 July 1970 (Lawler, 2006, pp. 663–9); ‘Memorandum from John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)’, 13 October 1970 (Lawler, 2006, p. 677). 13 ‘Memorandum of Conversation’, 5 July 1975 (State Department, 1975c, p. 5). 14 ‘Discussion of President Ford and Lee Kuan Yew on Southeast Asia’, Memoran- dum of Conversation, 8 May 1975 (State Department, 1975a). 15 ‘Ford-Suharto Meeting’, Secret Cable from US Embassy in Jakarta to State Department, 6 December 1975 (State Department, 1975b). 16 ‘Conversation with Mr Tan Boon Seng’, Memorandum from British High Commission, Singapore, to FCO, 1 August 1975, FCO 15/2111/#. 17 Letter from Stuart, A.C., British Embassy, Jakarta, to A.M. Simons, FCO, 9 February 1976, FCO 15/2174/8. 18 ‘ASEAN and the Bali Summit’, Letter from R.A. Woolcott, Australian ambassador in Jakarta, to Australian Foreign Minister, 3 March 1976, FCO 15/2173/56. TAC provided for a ‘High Council’ to be assembled to resolve intramural dis- putes, and Marcos had publicly stated his intention to use it to settle the Sabah claim; Malaysia had therefore threatened not to sign the Treaty. The con- flict was only settled by Indonesia’s aggressive ‘mediation’ and by effectively neutering the High Council. Chapter 3 East Timor: ASEAN and Third-World Colonialism 1 ‘Talk with General Yoga’, Letter from Peter Male, FCO, to Mr Wilford, FCO, 16 April 1975, FCO 15/2082/11. 2 A/C.4/31/SR.16, pp. 10–12. 3 A/C.4/35/SR.12, p. 13. 4 ‘Ford-Suharto Meeting’, Secret Cable from US Embassy in Jakarta to State Department, 6 December 1975 (State Department, 1975b); ‘Secretary’s Meeting with Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik’, Memorandum of Conversation, 5 September 1975 (State Department, 1975d). 5 S/PV.1864, p. 13. 6 A/C.4/SR.2180, p. 357. 7 ‘Your Tel No. 1073: Timor’, Cable from ‘Norris’, British High Commission, Kuala Lumpur, to FCO, 10 December 1975, FCO 15/1707/250. 8 ‘My Telegram No. 328: Portuguese Timor’, Cable from J.A. Ford, British Ambassador in Jakarta to FCO, 5 September 1975, FCO 15/1705/100. 9 A/C.4/SR.2180, p. 358. The draft resolution was A/C.4/L.1125. 10 A/C.4/SR.2186, p. 402. 11 A/C.4/L.1132, introduced at A/C.4/SR.2187, p. 404. 12 Ibid., p. 412. 13 A/C.4/SR.2188, p. 408. 14 S/PV.1864, pp. 19–20. 15 ‘Portuguese Timor’, Cable from ‘HE’, British High Commission, Singapore, to FCO, 20 August 1975, FCO 15/1705/88. 232 Notes 16 ‘Visit of Lee Kwan Yew’, Letter from A.C. Stuart, British Embassy, Jakarta, to C. W. Squire, FCO, 22 September 1975, FCO 30/2765/44. 17 ‘Singapore and South East Asia: Conversation with Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 7 February 1976’, Letter from Peter Tripp, British High Commission, Singa- pore, to Hugh Cortazzi, FCO, 9 February 1976, FCO 15/2159/1; ‘Conversation with Singapore’s Foreign Minister on 13 February 1976’, Letter from Peter Tripp, British High Commission, Singapore, to Peter Male, FCO, 14 February 1976, FCO 15/2159/5. 18 ‘Portuguese Timor’ (FCO 15/1705/88). 19 S/PV.1909, pp. 6–7; S/PV.1911, pp. 3–4. 20 E.g., A/C.4/32/SR.27, p. 20; A/C.4/32/SR.31, p. 15; A/C.4/35/SR.11, p. 12. See also A/BUR/34/SR.1, p. 12; A/BUR/35/SR.1, pp. 13–14; A/BUR/36/SR.1, pp. 16–17; A/BUR/37/SR.2, p. 5. 21 A/C.4/SR.2180, p. 358. See also, e.g., S/PV.1864, p. 11; S/PV.1909, p. 3; A/C.4/32/SR.19, pp. 4–5. 22 S/PV.1867, pp. 1–2. 23 A/C.4/32/SR.17, p. 8. 24 A/C.4/35/SR.14, p. 13 (Angola); A/C.4/36/SR.18, p. 20 (Zimbabwe). 25 See, e.g., A/C.4/35/SR.11, pp.
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