Modernized Latvian Ergonomic Keyboard
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A Universal Amazigh Keyboard for Latin Script and Tifinagh
LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION A universal Amazigh keyboard for Latin script and Tifinagh Paul Anderson [email protected] 1. Introduction Systems of Amazigh text encoding and corresponding keyboard layouts have tended to be narrowly aimed at specific user communities, because of differences in phonology and orthography across Amazigh language variants1. Keyboard layouts for language variants have therefore lacked orthographic features found in other regions. This restricted focus impedes users' experimentation with the writing of other Amazigh regional variants and converged literary forms where they differ in orthographic features or in script. So far there has been no way to type more than a handful of Amazigh variants intuitively on any one layout even within one script. This fragmented development has meant that keyboard driver implementations have often lagged behind advances in technology, and have usually failed to take into account general keyboard layout design, ergonomy and typing speed, and solutions from other Amazigh regions or non-Amazigh languages. Some users even preferred to improvise key definitions based on their own understanding, which often resulted in mistaken use of lookalike letters and diacritics. Keyboard layouts have also failed to provide for Amazigh minority populations around the world, and have considered the multilingual context of Amazigh language use only locally. Several scripts are commonly used to write Amazigh variants, and even within a script there are different orthographies in use. Some orthographies are formal 1 I use the term 'language variant' since distinguishing 'dialect' and 'language' is not necessary here. ~ 165 ~ LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION standards. In others, some features are obsolete but still in use, some features are still disputed, and some features are regional usages or personal initiatives, or are required only for writing more phonetically. -
Words Should Be Fun: Scrabble As a Tool for Language Preservation in Tuvan and Other Local Languages1
Vol. 4 (2010), pp. 213-230 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4480 Words should be fun: Scrabble as a tool for language preservation in Tuvan and other local languages1 Vitaly Voinov The University of Texas at Arlington One small but practical way of empowering speakers of an endangered language to maintain their language’s vitality amidst a climate of rapid globalization is to introduce a mother-tongue version of the popular word game Scrabble into their society. This paper examines how versions of Scrabble have been developed and used for this purpose in various endangered or non-prestige languages, with a focus on the Tuvan language of south Siberia, for which the author designed a Tuvan version of the game. Playing Scrab- ble in their mother tongue offers several benefits to speakers of an endangered language: it presents a communal approach to group literacy, promotes the use of a standardized orthography, creates new opportunities for intergenerational transmission of the language, expands its domains of usage, and may heighten the language’s external and internal prestige. Besides demonstrating the benefits of Scrabble, the paper also offers practical suggestions concerning both linguistic factors (e.g., choice of letters to be included, cal- culation of letter frequencies, dictionary availability) and non-linguistic factors (board de- sign, manufacturing, legal issues, etc.) relevant to producing Scrabble in other languages for the purpose of revitalization. 1. INTRODUCTION.2 The past several decades have seen globalization penetrating even the most remote corners of the world, bringing with them popular American exports such as Coca-Cola and Hollywood movies. -
Questions These Questions Are in a Specific Order. 1. What Is Scrabble
Questions Re: The Game of Scrabble Radio Interview - 14th March 2019 - 2AIRFM These questions are in a specific order. 1. What is Scrabble? 2:30 sec. 2. Who invented it? 1:40 sec 3. Why is it called Scrabble? 30 sec 4. Why play Scrabble? 1:30 sec 5. Why should I join a Scrabble Club? 2:30 sec 6. What dictionary should I use? 3:00 mins. 7. Why are there weird words in the Scrabble Dictionary? 3:00 mins 8. What should I know? 2:30 sec 9. What is a good score in Scrabble? 1 min 10. How can I improve my Scrabble score? 1 min 11. How did you get interested in Scrabble? 1 min That’s eleven questions the volume has been turned up to 11! These are some suggestions for songs to be played between breaks:- Words of love – the Beatles G.L.O.R.I.A. - Them featuring Van Morrison Words - the Bee Gees V.A.C.A.T.I.O.N. - Connie Francis Words - Neil Young D.I.V.O.R.C.E. - Tammy Wynette https://soundcloud.com/user147680538/community-interview-14th-march-2019 1. What is Scrabble? The game of Scrabble has been around since 1933 in one form or another in Western society, so I’ve always thought that everyone would have least heard of it. It wasn’t until recently that I realised there are people out there who don’t know what it is. Oddly enough, one of my relatives who is a very worldly character having run various clubs in his day, whom you would have thought was very knowledgeable brought this fact home to me, he was unaware of what it is. -
2014/11/13 1 the Muskoka Chair
2014/11/13 PUZZLE CACHES THE MUSKOKA CHAIR We want to find out: What are the final coordinates? They could be hidden in MANY ways: Ciphers and codes Hidden within images (steganography) Math, science, or logic puzzles Hidden text or HTML tags on the cache page The list goes on! Coordinates could be in number or text form So what should you look for? PUZZLE SOLVING WORKSHOP We’ll give you some general puzzle solving tips. by andreanel & koroleva GENERAL PUZZLE TIPS GENERAL PUZZLE TIPS You could be required to solve only some or all of the final coordinates: Hints may be hidden in the title, in images on the N AB CD.EFG W HI JK.LMO (14 or sometimes 15 digits) cache page, or in the text description. N 44 CD.EFG W 79 JK.LMO (10 digits) N 44 55.EFG W 79 22.LMO (6 digits) e.g. http://coord.info/GC2RMF0 - “The Acidity of Iodine” Acidity = pH scale, symbol for iodine = I; = “PHI” Check to see if the number of puzzle “unknowns” (images, lines, words, etc.) matches one of the above patterns. Chances Solving the puzzle involves finding certain digits of phi are, each unknown represents a digit in the coordinates. e.g.: Don’t hesitate to GOOGLE the title, hints, or even parts of the puzzle! Check if the CO has added a “Related Web Page” Watch for repetition! In this type of puzzle you can deduce Don’t forget the possibility of other coordinate what most of the numbers are, knowing N 44 and W 79. -
International Standard Iso/Iec 9995-11:2015(E)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 9995-11 First edition 2015-06-01 Information technology — Keyboard layouts for office systems — Part 11: Functionality of dead keys and repertoires of characters entered by dead keys Technologies de l’information — Dispositions de claviers bureautiques — Partie 11: Fonctionnalité des touches mortes et répertoires de caractères entrés par touches mortes Reference number ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) © ISO/IEC 2015 ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO/IEC 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form orthe by requester. any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 ISOCH-1214 copyright Vernier, office Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 www.iso.org [email protected] ii © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) Contents Page Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv 1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ -
Keyboard Layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec Designs
From the files of Hugh Paterson III https://hughandbecky.us/Hugh-CV Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec designs Hugh Paterson III SIL International and the University of North Dakota [email protected] 15 December 2020 Version: Post-Print Preface In contrast to the publication of the original chapter, this post-print includes the references which were cited in the text, directly after the main text. Several style sheet changes have also been made: The main font has been changed, several small spelling corrections have been fixed, some diacritics are shown with ◌ rather than appearing bare, a table of ‘languages mentioned’ in the chapter, a list of abbreviations used, and in some places titles and names have been italicized as is commonly done in some publishing styles. The in-text citations for items mentioned as “in same volume” as the original chapter have now been added as full refernces. The book was first released in 2014, but the printed date/copyright date, as is common in many publishing venues, indicates the year following—in this case 2015. Even though author affiliation changed since publication, affiliation has been left as it was at the time of original authorship. Original publication Paterson III, Hugh J. 2015. Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinan- tec designs. In Mari C. Jones (ed.), Endangered Languages and New Technologies, 49–66. Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107279063.006. 1 Introduction Codification represents a major challenge for writers of endangered languages. Newtech- nologies render the process of typing on a keyboard more accessible and less expensive than at any previous point in time. -
Gesture Keyboard Using Arduino
www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 5 May 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 GESTURE KEYBOARD USING ARDUINO P. R. Rodge1 Gawali Harshada2 Chaudhari Pooja3 More Mayur4 1Professor of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India 2Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India 3Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE. Maharashtra, India 4Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Different keyboards are available in the market, with variations in size, layouts, programs, and functionalities. Recently, virtual keyboards are also in use but for every single keyboard, the user should remember the arrangement of keys in order to enter different characters. Remote-based gesture keyboard is a system that serves on the Internet of Things [IoT] architecture and embedded with Arduino as well as the accelerometer and machine learning process that enforces the system to perform in the desired direction. The remote-based gesture keyboard is the model, where the user can enter text and number in a text editor by moving a hand to the specific motion of characters in the air using Arduino. Arduino operates as a remote where gestures relocate into the air, translating into letters, and exposing them on a computer screen. Keywords— gesture, Arduino, remote, keyboard. I.INTRODUCTION The keyboard plays a vibrant role in the computer system for the entry of data by pressing the number of keys. In today’s generation screen touch keyboards are mostly used and gesture keyboards also used only for physically disabled people and for special use. There is plenty of variation in layouts of the physical keyboard such as AZERTY, QWERTY, Dvorak Colemak, Maltron, and JCUKEN. -
Consonants, Vowels and Letter Frequency Stephen J
This article was downloaded by:[Canadian Research Knowledge Network] On: 8 January 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 789349985] Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Language and Cognitive Processes Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713683153 Transposed-letter effects: Consonants, vowels and letter frequency Stephen J. Lupker a; Manuel Perea b; Colin J. Davis c a University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada b Universitat de València, València, Spain c Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK Online Publication Date: 01 January 2008 To cite this Article: Lupker, Stephen J., Perea, Manuel and Davis, Colin J. (2008) 'Transposed-letter effects: Consonants, vowels and letter frequency', Language and Cognitive Processes, 23:1, 93 - 116 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/01690960701579714 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960701579714 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet
International Linguistics Research; Vol. 1, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 2576-2974 E-ISSN 2576-2982 https://doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n1p18 Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet Gintautas Grigas1 & Anita Juškevičienė1 1 Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Vilnius University, Lithuania Correspondence: Anita Juškevičienė, Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Vilnius University, Akademijos str. 4, LT-08663, Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel: 370-5210-9314. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: February 23, 2018; Accepted: March 8, 2018; Published: March 26, 2018 Abstract The evaluation of the peculiarities of alphabets, particularly the frequency of letters is essential when designing keyboards, analysing texts, designing alphabet-based games, and doing some text mining. Thus, it is important to determine what might be useful for designers of text input tools, and of other technologies related to sets of letters. Knowledge of common features among different languages gives an opportunity to take advantage of the experience of other languages. Nowadays an increasing amount of texts is published on the Internet. In order to adequately compare the frequencies of letters in different languages used in the online space, Wikipedia texts have been selected as a source material for investigation. This paper presents the Method of the Adjacent Letter Frequency Differences in the frequency line, which helps to evaluate frequency breakpoints. This is a uniform evaluation criterion for 25 main languages using Latin script in order to highlight the similarities and differences among them. Research focuses on the letter frequency analysis in the area of rarely used native letters and frequently used foreign letters in a particular language. -
Belgian AZERTY Keyboard
Belgians, Flemings: Demand your Swiss Keyboard! Serge Y. Stroobandt Copyright 2013–2015, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Belgian AZERTY keyboard Three variants: French, Belgian and Tamazight (Berber). The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in this: • The location of the [A] and [Q] keys are interchanged. • The location of the [Z] and [W] keys are interchanged. • [M] is moved to the right of [L] (where [; :] is on a US keyboard), • The digits [0] to [9] are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, • [Caps lock] is replaced by [Shift lock] , thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a [Caps lock] key instead of a [Shift lock] . It is used by most French speakers based in Europe, though France and Bel- gium each have their own national variations on the layout. Luxemburg and the French-speaking part of Switzerland use the Swiss QWERTZ keyboard. Most of the residents of Quebec, the mainly French-speaking province of Canada, use a QWERTY keyboard that has been adapted to the French lan- guage, although the government of Quebec and the Canadian federal gov- ernment stipulate and use the Multilingual Standard keyboard CAN/CSA Z243.200-92.[1][2][3] Het is de meest gebruikelijke indeling in België en in Frankrijk. Het toetsen- bord is ontworpen om gemakkelijk Franstalige teksten te kunnen invoeren, doch wordt niet alleen in Franstalige gebieden gebruikt: in heel België, waaron- der het Nederlandstalige Vlaanderen, is AZERTY de norm. -
Shift Cipher Substitution Cipher Vigenère Cipher Hill Cipher
Lecture 2 Classical Cryptosystems Shift cipher Substitution cipher Vigenère cipher Hill cipher 1 Shift Cipher • A Substitution Cipher • The Key Space: – [0 … 25] • Encryption given a key K: – each letter in the plaintext P is replaced with the K’th letter following the corresponding number ( shift right ) • Decryption given K: – shift left • History: K = 3, Caesar’s cipher 2 Shift Cipher • Formally: • Let P=C= K=Z 26 For 0≤K≤25 ek(x) = x+K mod 26 and dk(y) = y-K mod 26 ʚͬ, ͭ ∈ ͔ͦͪ ʛ 3 Shift Cipher: An Example ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 • P = CRYPTOGRAPHYISFUN Note that punctuation is often • K = 11 eliminated • C = NCJAVZRCLASJTDQFY • C → 2; 2+11 mod 26 = 13 → N • R → 17; 17+11 mod 26 = 2 → C • … • N → 13; 13+11 mod 26 = 24 → Y 4 Shift Cipher: Cryptanalysis • Can an attacker find K? – YES: exhaustive search, key space is small (<= 26 possible keys). – Once K is found, very easy to decrypt Exercise 1: decrypt the following ciphertext hphtwwxppelextoytrse Exercise 2: decrypt the following ciphertext jbcrclqrwcrvnbjenbwrwn VERY useful MATLAB functions can be found here: http://www2.math.umd.edu/~lcw/MatlabCode/ 5 General Mono-alphabetical Substitution Cipher • The key space: all possible permutations of Σ = {A, B, C, …, Z} • Encryption, given a key (permutation) π: – each letter X in the plaintext P is replaced with π(X) • Decryption, given a key π: – each letter Y in the ciphertext C is replaced with π-1(Y) • Example ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ πBADCZHWYGOQXSVTRNMSKJI PEFU • BECAUSE AZDBJSZ 6 Strength of the General Substitution Cipher • Exhaustive search is now infeasible – key space size is 26! ≈ 4*10 26 • Dominates the art of secret writing throughout the first millennium A.D. -
L0807074.Pdf
AX-325/GX-6750 ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER USER'S GUIDE CDN.ENGLISH Thank you for choosing a Brother electronic typewriter! This product is designed to deliver years of reliable operation. Some of the outstanding features of this typewriter are illustrated in the letter betow. The numbers in brackets refer to the page and box where you can find further information explaining a feature. For example, Margins (p. 2, Box 4) means that this feature is explained in box 4, on page 2. Ribbon replacement is explained on page 10. Margtns (f_2, Box 4) ! R,ght Margin Flush (#.6. Box 20) Capstal (p 4. Box 102 Indent (D.6. Box 18) fCrr ;I_S. :,[CS= _ec_e a=% _C -]©_U__.+...._ _." .._ ,,;2_h <rer. Undemne (p.5, BOX 16) SubsCnpt (p. 4. Box 1U Superscnpt _4. Sox 11) Tabs (P.5, Box 15) Centnng (_6, Box 1,9) Boid (p 5,Boz 17) Line Spacing (p.3. Box 5) 3. ,c .... ., i -Page 1- Special note: tn thi_ Guide, the "4-" sign between two keys, like _ +_ means that you press _ and hold it down while pressing ]_ . 1 Repeat Keys The fotIowing keys wilI automaticaily repeat when held down. All Character key [<--J _÷ _ _ 4-_;: [-] (hyphen) H [SPACE BAR] --_ (carrier moves from one tab to the next) 2 Inserting and Moving Paper To insert paper: insert a sheet of paper and press _ 4-_. Paper will advance to approximately one inch from the top edge of the paper. Press to position the carrier on the left margin.