Molecular Remodeling of Hepatic Metabolism in Different Stages of Fatty Liver Disease and Their Impact on Hepatocyte Secretome

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Molecular Remodeling of Hepatic Metabolism in Different Stages of Fatty Liver Disease and Their Impact on Hepatocyte Secretome Molecular remodeling of hepatic metabolism in different stages of fatty liver disease and their impact on hepatocyte secretome Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Pia Fahlbusch aus Solingen Düsseldorf, Dezember 2018 aus dem Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie des Deutschen Diabetes-Zentrums Leibniz-Zentrum für Diabetesforschung an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Berichterstatter: 1. Prof. Dr. Hadi Al-Hasani 2. Prof. Dr. Michael Feldbrügge Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04.04.2019 “If you knew time as well as I do,“ said the hatter, “you wouldn’t talk about wasting it.“ Lewis Carroll – Alice in Wonderland Zusammenfassung I Zusammenfassung In der westlichen Zivilisation ist die exzessive Anhäufung von Lipiden in der Leber die häufigste Ursache einer chronischen Fettlebererkrankung. Eine erhöhte systemische Lipidbelastung bedingt durch eine unausgewogene Ernährung, eine erhöhte Lipolyse des Fettgewebes oder ein Ungleichgewicht des intrahepatischen Lipidstoffwechsels tragen zur Entwicklung einer Fettleber bei. Einzelne Aspekte der Pathogenese dieser Erkrankung sind Gegenstand zahlreicher Studien, jedoch ist das komplexe Zusammenspiel der Veränderungen im Leberstoffwechsel, ebenso wie die in Folge einer chronischen Fettlebererkrankung veränderten Sekretionsmuster auf Proteinebene nach wie vor unklar. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Charakterisierung verschiedener Stadien der Fettleber anhand von zwei verschiedenen Mausmodellen. Ein Modell (alb-SREBP-1c) weist eine genetisch-induzierte, lipogene Lipidakkumulation auf, während im zweiten Mausmodell (aP2-SREBP-1c) die Abwesenheit des Fettgewebes (generalisierte Lypodistropie) zu einer erhöhten systemischen, letzlich metabolischen Lipidbelastung und als Konsequenz zur ektopischen Akkumulation von Lipiden in der Leber führt. In bioinformatischen Analysen des Transkriptoms wurde die differenzielle Expression der Lebergene jedes einzelnen Phänotyps in Zusammenhang zu den molekularen Veränderungen des Leberstoffwechsels bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, dass die deutlichsten Veränderungen dem Fett- und Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel sowie der Mitochondrienfunktion zuzuordnen sind. Ein direkter Vergleich differenziell exprimierter Gene spezifischer Stoffwechselwege zeigte allerdings, dass die Genexpressionsmuster für jeden untersuchten Fettleberphänotyp hochspezifisch sind. Die Ergebnisse der bioinformatischen Analysen konnten in ex vivo Studien mittels Enzymaktivitätsanalysen verifiziert werden. Dementsprechend stellte sich heraus, dass wenn auch die funktionelle Zuordnung differentieller Genexpression auf ähnliche Veränderungen im Leberstoffwechsel der beiden Fettleberphänotypen hinwies, die funktionellen Konsequenzen für jeden Leberphänotyp grundsätzlich verschieden waren. So zeigten die alb-SREBP-1c Mäuse bedingt durch die Transgen-vermittelte Überrepräsentation des Transkriptionsfaktors Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c eine gesteigerte de novo Lipidsynthese (DNL). Darüber hinaus konnte ein erhöhtes Potential der Mitochondrienfunktion sowie eine gesteigerte Glykolyserate ermittelt werden, was auf eine Adaption an die metabolische Belastung hindeutet. In den Hepatozyten aus den aP2-SREBP-1c Mäusen hingegen konnte nur eine leicht gesteigerte DNL ermittelt werden, wohingegen die mitochondriale β- Oxidation reduziert war. Ferner deuteten die Transkriptionsanalysen in diesem Phänotyp auf eine Verschiebung des Lipidmetabolismus zu einem gesteigerten Cholesterinstoffwechsel hin. Weitergehende Genexpressionsanalysen indizierten eine Zusammenfassung II grundlegende Veränderung des Lebertranskriptoms hin zu einem adipozyten-ähnlichen Transkriptom, welches insbesondere die Lagerung der Lipide forciert. Obwohl die Glukoneogenese in allen Modellen vergleichbar war, war die Glykogenbildung in dem metabolischen Modell reduziert. Zusammenfassend stellt das lipogene Mausmodell den Phänotyp einer leichten Lebersteatose dar, während der metabolische Phänotyp auf eine progressive Fettleber hinweist. Bioinformatische Analysen des Sekretoms zeigten, dass sich der Stoffwechselstatus der Hepatozyten aus den verschiedenen Phänotypen dort wiederspiegelt. Im Einklang mit der Transkriptomanalyse wurde für jeden Phänotyp ein einzigartiges Muster sekretierter Proteine (Hepatokine) nicht nur im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe, sondern auch zwischen den beiden Fettlebermodellen identifiziert. Ein Topkandidat war Insulin-like growth factor- binding protein (IGFBP) 2, ein lösliches Bindungsprotein für den Wachstumsfaktor Insulin- like growth factor (IGF)-I. Die bioinformatische Aufarbeitung der Transkriptomdaten ergab, dass das IGF-I/IGFBP2 System als übergeordnetes Netzwerk den metabolischen vom lipogenen Leberphänotyp differenzieren kann. In Konsistenz damit wurde IGFBP2 im sekretierten Proteom der primären Hepatozyten des metabolischen Phänotyps gegenüber den übrigen Phänotypen als reduziert identifiziert. In ex vivo Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass IGFBP2 keine unmittelbare Signalwirkung hatte, vielmehr die Signalwirkung von IGF-I moduliert. Weitergehende Analysen zeigten, dass die Expression und Sekretion von IGFBP2 unmittelbar an den Status der Fettleber gekoppelt ist. Demzufolge könnte IGFBP2 als Marker für das Fortschreiten der Fettleber dienen und den Status anzeigen, an dem die metabolischen Veränderungen für den Gesamtorganismus gravierend werden. Die Analyse von Plasma aus einer Kohorte mit NAFLD-Patienten zeigte, dass die IGFBP2 Konzentrationen im Plasma negativ mit dem Status einer hepatischen Steatose korrelierten. Patienten, die einer bariatrischen Intervention unterzogen wurden, zeigten im 2-Jahres follow-up nicht nur eine Verringerung des Fettlebergrades, sondern in unmittelbarer Abhängigkeit des Steatosegrades auch eine Steigerung des IGFBP2 Plasmaspiegels. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit zum ersten Mal von der transkriptionellen über die funktionelle bis hin zur sekretierten Ebene des Leberstoffwechsels einen umfassenden Einblick in die Pathogenese der Fettleber. Die in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Daten deuten darauf hin, dass letztlich die evolutionäre Adaption des Organismus an Hungerperioden ein Fortschreiten der Fettlebererkrankung, mit einer gestörten DNL im Zentrum, bedingt. Einhergehend mit der Pathogenese der Fettleber konnten Veränderungen im Hepatozytensekretom ermittelt werden, wobei IGFBP2 ein vielversprechender Kandidat für die nicht-invasive Klassifizierung der Fettleber darstellen könnte. Abstract III Abstract In the western civilization excessive hepatic lipid accumulation is the most common cause of chronic fatty liver disease. An increased systemic lipid load either by dietary intake or by increased adipose tissue lipolysis as well as an imbalance of intrahepatic lipid metabolism contribute to the development of fatty liver. Although single aspects of disease development and progression are subjected to numerous studies, the complex interplay of metabolic changes within the liver and the fatty liver associated changes in protein secretion patterns still remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize different stages of fatty liver using two different mouse models. One model (alb-SREBP-1c) exhibited genetically induced lipogenic lipid accumulation while in the second model (aP2-SREBP-1c) hepatic steatosis was induced by absent adipose tissue (generalized lipodystrophy) which lead to increased systemic lipid load and consequently ectopic hepatic lipid accumulation. In bioinformatic analyses of the transcriptome, the differential liver gene expression of each phenotype was set in relation to the molecular changes in hepatic metabolism. The most pronounced differences were annotated to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as mitochondrial function. However, direct comparison of differentially expressed genes showed highly specific gene expression patterns for each fatty liver phenotype for identical pathways. The results from the bioinformatical analyses could be verified in ex vivo studies using enzyme activity-based assays. Thus, although functional annotation provided similar pathways of changed hepatic metabolism in the fatty liver transcriptomes functional consequences were fundamentally different. Thus, alb-SREBP-1c mice presented increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by transgene-mediated overrepresentation of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c. In addition, an increased mitochondrial potential as well as increased glycolysis could be determined, which indicated an adaption to metabolic stress. In hepatocytes from the aP2-SREBP-1c mice, however, only a slightly increased DNL was determined, while mitochondrial β- oxidation was decreased. Transcriptional analysis suggests a shift in lipid metabolism to increased cholesterol homeostasis in this phenotype. Transcriptome analyses also indicated fundamental changes in liver transcriptome towards an adipocyte-like transcriptome, which in particular forces the storage of lipids. Although gluconeogenesis was similar in all phenotypes, glycogen formation was reduced in the metabolic model. In summary, the lipogenic mouse model presents the phenotype of a mild hepatic steatosis while the metabolic phenotype indicates progressive fatty liver. Abstract IV Bioinformatics analyses of the secretome
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