Principles of Drug Metabolism
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Neurotransmitter Resource Guide
NEUROTRANSMITTER RESOURCE GUIDE Science + Insight doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE Table of Contents Sample Report Sample Report ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Analyte Considerations Phenylethylamine (B-phenylethylamine or PEA) ................................................................................................. 1 Tyrosine .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Tyramine ........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Dopamine .....................................................................................................................................................................................6 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) ............................................................................................................... 7 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Norepinephrine ........................................................................................................................................................................ -
Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated A1- Adrenergic System That Regulates Behavioral Activation and Is Impaired in Depression
Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/03 $25.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Perspective Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated a1- Adrenergic System that Regulates Behavioral Activation and is Impaired in Depression ,1 1 1 1 1 Eric A Stone* , Yan Lin , Helen Rosengarten , H Kenneth Kramer and David Quartermain 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain a1B-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain a -adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups 1 or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and a are restored by a number of antidepressants. This ‘EPI- 1 system’ may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399, advance online publication, 18 June 2003; doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300222 Keywords: a1-adrenoceptors; epinephrine; motor activity; depression; inactivity INTRODUCTION monoaminergic systems. This new system appears to be impaired during stress and depression and thus may Depressive illness is currently believed to result from represent a new target for this disorder. -
Neurotransmitters-Drugs Andbrain Function.Pdf
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Edited by R. A. Webster Department of Pharmacology, University College London, UK JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Chichester Á New York Á Weinheim Á Brisbane Á Singapore Á Toronto Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Copyright # 2001 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Bans Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1UD, UK National 01243 779777 International ++44) 1243 779777 e-mail +for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on: http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P0LP,UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Oces John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. -
Contig Protein Description Symbol Anterior Posterior Ratio
Table S2. List of proteins detected in anterior and posterior intestine pooled samples. Data on protein expression are mean ± SEM of 4 pools fed the experimental diets. The number of the contig in the Sea Bream Database (http://nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb) is indicated. Contig Protein Description Symbol Anterior Posterior Ratio Ant/Pos C2_6629 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme GBE1 0.88±0.1 0.91±0.03 0.98 C2_4764 116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein component EFTUD2 0.74±0.09 0.71±0.05 1.03 C2_299 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha-1 YWHAB 1.45±0.23 2.18±0.09 0.67 C2_268 14-3-3 protein epsilon YWHAE 1.28±0.2 2.01±0.13 0.63 C2_2474 14-3-3 protein gamma-1 YWHAG 1.8±0.41 2.72±0.09 0.66 C2_1017 14-3-3 protein zeta YWHAZ 1.33±0.14 4.41±0.38 0.30 C2_34474 14-3-3-like protein 2 YWHAQ 1.3±0.11 1.85±0.13 0.70 C2_4902 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 14 HSD17B14 0.93±0.05 2.33±0.09 0.40 C2_3100 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 ABHD5 0.85±0.07 0.78±0.13 1.10 C2_15440 1-phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase PLCD1 0.65±0.12 0.4±0.06 1.65 C2_12986 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 PLCD1 0.76±0.08 1.15±0.16 0.66 C2_4412 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 PLCG2 1.13±0.08 2.08±0.27 0.54 C2_3170 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, mitochondrial DECR1 1.16±0.1 0.83±0.03 1.39 C2_1520 26S protease regulatory subunit 10B PSMC6 1.37±0.21 1.43±0.04 0.96 C2_4264 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 PSMC1 1.2±0.2 1.78±0.08 0.68 C2_1666 26S protease regulatory subunit 6A PSMC3 1.44±0.24 1.61±0.08 -
2-Phenylethylamine and Methamphetamine Enhance the Spinal Monosynaptic Reflex by Releasing Noradrenaline from the Terminals of Descending Fibers
Japan. J. Pharmacol. 55, 359-366 (1991) 359 2-Phenylethylamine and Methamphetamine Enhance the Spinal Monosynaptic Reflex by Releasing Noradrenaline from the Terminals of Descending Fibers Hideki Ono, Hiroyuki Ito and Hideomi Fukuda' Departmentof Toxicologyand Pharmacology,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, TheUniversity of Tokyo,Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan 'Departmentof Pharmacology, Collegeof Pharmacy,Nihon University, 7-7-1Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan ReceivedJuly 28, 1990 AcceptedDecember 27, 1990 ABSTRACT Experiments were performed on spinalized rats transected at C1. In travenous administration of 2-phenylethylamine-HC1 (PEA-HC1) (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.v.) and methamphetamine-HC1 (MAP-HC1) (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) increased the amplitude of the monosynaptic reflex (MSR). The increase of the MSR caused by PEA and MAP was antagonized by prazosin-HC1 and abolished by the pretreatment with reserpine (i.p.) and 6-hydroxydopamine (intracisternally, 14 days previously). A dopamine D, antagonist, SK&F 83566-HBr (0.01 mg/kg, i.v. ), and a D2 antagonist, YM-09151-2 (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.), did not antagonize the increasing effects produced by PEA and MAP. An inhibitor of type-B monoamine oxidase, (-)deprenyl-HC1 (1 mg/kg, i.v.), prolonged the effect of PEA but not that of MAP, suggesting that PEA alone, and not its metabolites, enhanced the MSR. These results suggest that PEA and MAP increase the amplitude of the MSR by releasing noradrenaline from the ter minals of descending noradrenergic fibers, and that PEA, an endogenous trace amine, has a mechanism of action similar to that of MAP. -
Regulation of Xenobiotic and Bile Acid Metabolism by the Anti-Aging Intervention Calorie Restriction in Mice
REGULATION OF XENOBIOTIC AND BILE ACID METABOLISM BY THE ANTI-AGING INTERVENTION CALORIE RESTRICTION IN MICE By Zidong Fu Submitted to the Graduate Degree Program in Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dissertation Committee ________________________________ Chairperson: Curtis Klaassen, Ph.D. ________________________________ Udayan Apte, Ph.D. ________________________________ Wen-Xing Ding, Ph.D. ________________________________ Thomas Pazdernik, Ph.D. ________________________________ Hao Zhu, Ph.D. Date Defended: 04-11-2013 The Dissertation Committee for Zidong Fu certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: REGULATION OF XENOBIOTIC AND BILE ACID METABOLISM BY THE ANTI-AGING INTERVENTION CALORIE RESTRICTION IN MICE ________________________________ Chairperson: Curtis Klaassen, Ph.D. Date approved: 04-11-2013 ii ABSTRACT Calorie restriction (CR), defined as reduced calorie intake without causing malnutrition, is the best-known intervention to increase life span and slow aging-related diseases in various species. However, current knowledge on the exact mechanisms of aging and how CR exerts its anti-aging effects is still inadequate. The detoxification theory of aging proposes that the up-regulation of xenobiotic processing genes (XPGs) involved in phase-I and phase-II xenobiotic metabolism as well as transport, which renders a wide spectrum of detoxification, is a longevity mechanism. Interestingly, bile acids (BAs), the metabolites of cholesterol, have recently been connected with longevity. Thus, this dissertation aimed to determine the regulation of xenobiotic and BA metabolism by the well-known anti-aging intervention CR. First, the mRNA expression of XPGs in liver during aging was investigated. -
Tyramine and Amyloid Beta 42: a Toxic Synergy
biomedicines Article Tyramine and Amyloid Beta 42: A Toxic Synergy Sudip Dhakal and Ian Macreadie * School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9925-6627 Received: 5 May 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 30 May 2020 Abstract: Implicated in various diseases including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, migraines, schizophrenia and increased blood pressure, tyramine plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by reducing serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling through a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR1). There appear to be no studies investigating a connection of tyramine to Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to examine whether tyramine could be involved in AD pathology by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Aβ42. S. cerevisiae cells producing native Aβ42 were treated with different concentrations of tyramine, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using flow cytometric cell analysis. There was dose-dependent ROS generation in wild-type yeast cells with tyramine. In yeast producing Aβ42, ROS levels generated were significantly higher than in controls, suggesting a synergistic toxicity of Aβ42 and tyramine. The addition of exogenous reduced glutathione (GSH) was found to rescue the cells with increased ROS, indicating depletion of intracellular GSH due to tyramine and Aβ42. Additionally, tyramine inhibited the respiratory growth of yeast cells producing GFP-Aβ42, while there was no growth inhibition when cells were producing GFP. Tyramine was also demonstrated to cause increased mitochondrial DNA damage, resulting in the formation of petite mutants that lack respiratory function. -
Selegiline) in Monkeys*
Intravenous self-administration studies with /-deprenyl (selegiline) in monkeys* /-Deprenyl and its stereoisomer d-deprenyl did not maintain intravenous self-administration behavior in rhesus monkeys. In contrast, /-methamphetamine, the major metabolite of /-deprenyl, as well as the baseline drug, cocaine, maintained high rates of intravenous self-administration behavior. Treatment with /-deprenyl doses up to 1.0 mg/kg before self-administration sessions failed to alter self-administra- tion of either cocaine or /-methamphetamine. Thus /-deprenyl did not appear to have cocaine- or meth- amphetamine-like reinforcing properties in monkeys and was ineffective in altering established patterns of psychomotor-stimulant self-administration behavior. These results support clinical findings that de- spite long-term use of /-deprenyl for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by large numbers of patients, no instances of abuse have been documented. /-Deprenyl has recently been suggested as a potential med- ication for the treatment of various types of drug abuse, including cocaine abuse, but its failure to pro- duce selective effects in decreasing cocaine or methamphetamine self-administration behavior in the present experiments makes such an application seem unlikely. (CLIN PHARMACOL THER 1994;56:774-80.) Gail D. Winger, PhD,a Sevil Yasar, MD,b'd'e S. Steven Negus, PhD,a and Steven R. Goldberg, pIli/i d'e Ann Arbor, Mich., and Baltimore, Md. From the 'Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan /-Deprenyl (selegiline) has been known for several -
212102Orig1s000
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 212102Orig1s000 OTHER REVIEW(S) Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research | Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE) Epidemiology: ARIA Sufficiency Date: June 29, 2020 Reviewer: Silvia Perez-Vilar, PharmD, PhD Division of Epidemiology I Team Leader: Kira Leishear, PhD, MS Division of Epidemiology I Division Director: CAPT Sukhminder K. Sandhu, PhD, MPH, MS Division of Epidemiology I Subject: ARIA Sufficiency Memo for Fenfluramine-associated Valvular Heart Disease and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Drug Name(s): FINTEPLA (Fenfluramine hydrochloride, ZX008) Application Type/Number: NDA 212102 Submission Number: 212102/01 Applicant/sponsor: Zogenix, Inc. OSE RCM #: 2020-953 The original ARIA memo was dated June 23, 2020. This version, dated June 29, 2020, was amended to include “Assess a known serious risk” as FDAAA purpose (per Section 505(o)(3)(B)) to make it consistent with the approved labeling. The PMR development template refers to the original memo, dated June 23, 2020. Page 1 of 13 Reference ID: 46331494640015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (place “X” in appropriate boxes) Memo type -Initial -Interim -Final X X Source of safety concern -Peri-approval X X -Post-approval Is ARIA sufficient to help characterize the safety concern? Safety outcome Valvular Pulmonary heart arterial disease hypertension (VHD) (PAH) -Yes -No X X If “No”, please identify the area(s) of concern. -Surveillance or Study Population X X -Exposure -Outcome(s) of Interest X X -Covariate(s) of Interest X X -Surveillance Design/Analytic Tools Page 2 of 13 Reference ID: 46331494640015 1. -
Comparative Analysis of the Integument Transcriptomes Between Stick Mutant and Wild-Type Silkworms
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Comparative Analysis of the Integument Transcriptomes between Stick Mutant and Wild-Type Silkworms Duan Tan †, Hai Hu †, Xiaoling Tong, Minjin Han, Songyuan Wu, Xin Ding, Fangyin Dai * and Cheng Lu * State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (X.T.); [email protected] (M.H.); fl[email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (X.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (C.L.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-0793 (F.D. & C.L.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 19 September 2018; Accepted: 10 October 2018; Published: 14 October 2018 Abstract: In insects, the integument provides mechanical support for the whole body and protects them from infections, physical and chemical injuries, and dehydration. Diversity in integument properties is often related to body shape, behavior, and survival rate. The stick (sk) silkworm is a spontaneous mutant with a stick-like larval body that is firm to the touch and, thus, less flexible. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the cuticles at day 3 of the fifth instar (L5D3) of sk larvae revealed higher storage modulus and lower loss tangent. Transcriptome sequencing identified a total of 19,969 transcripts that were expressed between wild-type Dazao and the sk mutant at L5D2, of which 11,596 transcripts were novel and detected in the integument. Differential expression analyses identified 710 upregulated genes and 1009 downregulated genes in the sk mutant. -
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Amplitaq and Amplitaq Gold DNA Polymerase
AmpliTaq and AmpliTaq Gold DNA Polymerase The Most Referenced Brand of DNA Polymerase in the World Date: 2005-05 Notes: Authors are listed alphabetically Genomics (105) Asanoma, K., T. Matsuda, et al. (2003). "NECC1, a candidate choriocarcinoma suppressor gene that encodes a homeodomain consensus motif." Genomics 81(1): 15. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WG1-47TF6BT- 3/2/fa37449c7379a083e7c7a5dc5f7670ae We isolated a candidate choriocarcinoma suppressor gene from a PCR-based subtracted fragmentary cDNA library between normal placental villi and the choriocarcinoma cell line CC1. This gene comprises an open reading frame of 219 nt encoding 73 amino acids and contains a homeodomain as a consensus motif. This gene, designated NECC1 (not expressed in choriocarcinoma clone 1), is located on human chromosome 4q11-q12. NECC1 expression is ubiquitous in the brain, placenta, lung, smooth muscle, uterus, bladder, kidney, and spleen. Normal placental villi expressed NECC1, but all choriocarcinoma cell lines examined and most of the surgically removed choriocarcinoma tissue samples failed to express it. We transfected this gene into choriocarcinoma cell lines and observed remarkable alterations in cell morphology and suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis. Induction of CSH1 (chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1) by NECC1 expression suggested differentiation of choriocarcinoma cells to syncytiotrophoblasts. Our results suggest that loss of NECC1 expression is involved in malignant conversion of placental trophoblasts. Avraham, K. B., D. Levanon, et al. (1995). "Mapping of the mouse homolog of the human runt domain gene, AML2, to the distal region of mouse chromosome 4." Genomics 25(2): 603. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WG1-471W72M- 4N/2/f7891522e50770bac39f3b422467aaad Barr, F.