DOCSLIB.ORG

Neurotransmitter Resource Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neurotransmitter Resource Guide NEUROTRANSMITTER RESOURCE GUIDE Science + Insight doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE Table of Contents Sample Report Sample Report ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Analyte Considerations Phenylethylamine (B-phenylethylamine or PEA) ................................................................................................. 1 Tyrosine .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Tyramine ........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Dopamine .....................................................................................................................................................................................6 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) ............................................................................................................... 7 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Norepinephrine ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Normetanephrine .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Epinephrine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Metanephrine .............................................................................................................................................................................14 Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Ratio .............................................................................................................................. 16 Tryptamine ...................................................................................................................................................................................17 Serotonin .......................................................................................................................................................................................18 5-Hydroxyindolacetic Acid (5-HIAA) ............................................................................................................................. 20 Glutamate .....................................................................................................................................................................................22 Gamma-aminobutyrate ......................................................................................................................................................23 Glycine ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Histamine ......................................................................................................................................................................................26 Taurine ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Creatinine ......................................................................................................................................................................................29 Neurotransmitter Pathways Neurotransmitter Pathways .............................................................................................................................................. 30 Treatment Considerations Treatment Considerations .................................................................................................................................................. 31 References References .....................................................................................................................................................................................37 www.doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE 1 Sample Report Low dopamine may be associated with anxiety/depression, difficulty concentrating, decreased libido and obesity, and may be associated with increased addiction and other stimulation seeking activities. Failure to regenerate tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4], an essential cofactor for dopamine Comprehenssiyvntehe Nsise, umaryo dtercarenasem doitptaemrine levels, and could be reflected in urine. BH4 regeneration may be supported by folates, vitamin B3, C, molybdenum and zinc. Additionally, production of dopamine requires vitamin D, iron and vitamin B6. L-tyrosine, L-theanine and Mucuna pruriens may influence dopamine signaling. DOPAC levels may be low simply if dopamine levels are low. DOPAC is the primary metabolite of dopamine formed by MAO activity. Alternatively Order:SAMPLE REPORT low levels of DOPACPatient may b:eSample associatPatiented with medications such as adSamplerenergic aCollectionntagonists, mDate/Tonoamimeine or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Low DOPAC levels Agemay: a35lso indicate low activity of MAO-A. VitaminsDate B2, B Collected3, B6, and iron ar01/21/2020e required for optimal dopamine metabolism. Although a low level of urFemaleinary DOPAC is absolutely not diagnostic, low DOPAC levels in cerebral spinal fluid have been associated with Client #:12345 Parkinson’s diseaseSex. : Wake Up Time 07:30 Doctor:Sample Doctor Elevated epinephrinBodye may Mass be as sIndexociate d(BMI) with s:t20.0ress response and coCollectionntributory to Period anxiety, ag1stitat imorningon, irritab voidility, insomnia and hypertension. Doctor's Data, Inc. Epinephrine levels may be elevated in patients in association with exDateercise Received prior to the urine 01/22/2020collection. Metabolism of epinephrine requires 3755 Illinois Ave. vitamins B2, B3, SAMe, magnesium, and iron. L-theanine may moduDatelate e pReportedinephrine effects01/23/2020. Low serotonin may contribute to mood concerns including anxiety, OCD, depression, anger and a sense of discontentment. Low serotonin may St. Charles, IL 60174 also be associated with poor sleep quality and appetite changes, as well as chronic fatigue, rheumatoid arthritis, and over-all lassitude. Failure to regenerate tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4], an essential cofactor for serotonin synthesis, may decrease serotonin levels, and could be reflected in urine. BH4 regeneration may be supported by folates, vitamin B3, C, molybdenum and zinc. Additionally, production of serotonin requires vitamin D, iron and vitamin B6. Tryptophan is the essential precursor of serotonin. 5-HTP may increase serotonin, and L-theanine may affect serotonin function. Analyte Low 5-HIAA mResultay be assUnitocia tpered w Creatinineith mood concernLs including depWRIression and anxietHy, sleeReferencep changes, a Intervalnd poor concentration. Low 5-HIAA may Phenethylamine (PEA) be associated wi31th low precursnmolor ser/ogtonin, or compromised metabolism of serotonin by MA32O-–A.84 Some medications, including aspirin, MAO- inhibitors, levodopa, and tricyclic antidepressants may decrease 5-HIAA levels. MAO may be inhibited by cigarette smoke. Vitamins B2, B3, B6, Tyrosine magnesium and 45iron are requirµmoled for/ goptimal serotonin metabolism. If MAO-A enzyme funct32ion– is80 inhibited, serotonin may be elevated and 5- HIAA will be low. Tyramine Upper range glu3.0tamate may coµmolntribu/tge to anxiety, poor concentration, attention deficits and 2.0hyp–er4.0active tendencies as well as poor sleep and nighttime awakening. Glutamate may be increased in association with hypoglycemia, Alzheimer’s, ALS and chronic compromised blood flow to Dopamine the brain. Possi120ble sources of inµgcre/agsed glutamate include MSG, yeast extract and other hid125den– s250ources of free glutamic acid. L-theanine may modulate elevated glutamate levels and attenuate glutamate signaling, and taurine may provide protection from excitotoxicity and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidn (DOPeuroinAC)flammati380on. µg/g 390 – 1500 Low range GABA may be associated with anxiety, poor impulse control, depression, pain and decreased sleep quality. Low GABA may be seen 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) in individuals de125ficient in vitaminmoln B6./ gL-theanine, GABA and glutamine may positively affect 90fun–ct210ional GABA activity, and phenibut exerts GABA- like effects (experimental models). Norepinephrine Considerations t45o address the deµgm/ognstrated imbalances beyond the identified co-factors an22d a–m50ino acid precursors may include dosage Normetanephrine adjustments if in200dicated, as well µgas /ngervine and adaptogenic herbs, methylation support, vit85am–in 300D, and gastrointestinal health optimization. Epinephrine 9 µg/g 1.6 – 8.3 Metanephrine 98 µg/g 45 – 119 Norepinephrine / Epinephrine ratio 5 < 13 Tryptamine 0.5 µmol/g 0.20 – 0.90 Serotonin 26 µg/g 60 – 125 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) 1985 µg/g
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methylphenidate Hydrochloride
    Application for Inclusion to the 22nd Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE December 7, 2018 Submitted by: Patricia Moscibrodzki, M.P.H., and Craig L. Katz, M.D. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Graduate Program in Public Health New York NY, United States Contact: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 3 Summary Statement Page 4 Focal Point Person in WHO Page 5 Name of Organizations Consulted Page 6 International Nonproprietary Name Page 7 Formulations Proposed for Inclusion Page 8 International Availability Page 10 Listing Requested Page 11 Public Health Relevance Page 13 Treatment Details Page 19 Comparative Effectiveness Page 29 Comparative Safety Page 41 Comparative Cost and Cost-Effectiveness Page 45 Regulatory Status Page 48 Pharmacoepial Standards Page 49 Text for the WHO Model Formulary Page 52 References Page 61 Appendix – Letters of Support 2 1. Summary Statement of the Proposal for Inclusion of Methylphenidate Methylphenidate (MPH), a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, of the phenethylamine class, is proposed for inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medications (EML) & the Model List of Essential Medications for Children (EMLc) for treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) under ICD-11, 6C9Z mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorder, disruptive behavior or dissocial disorders. To date, the list of essential medications does not include stimulants, which play a critical role in the treatment of psychotic disorders. Methylphenidate is proposed for inclusion on the complimentary list for both children and adults. This application provides a systematic review of the use, efficacy, safety, availability, and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate compared with other stimulant (first-line) and non-stimulant (second-line) medications.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Paper Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Review Concerning Dietary Tyramine and Drug Interactions
    PsychoTropical Commentaries (2016) 1:1 – 90 © Fernwell Publications Review Paper Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Review Concerning Dietary Tyramine and Drug Interactions PK Gillman PsychoTropical Research, Bucasia, Queensland, Australia Abstract This comprehensive monograph surveys original data on the subject of both dietary tyramine and drug interactions relevant to Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), about which there is much outdated, incorrect and incomplete information in the medical literature and elsewhere. Fewer foods than previously supposed have problematically high tyramine levels because international food hygiene regulations have improved both production and handling. Cheese is the only food that has, in the past, been associated with documented fatalities from hypertension, and now almost all ‘supermarket’ cheeses are perfectly safe in healthy-sized portions. The variability of sensitivity to tyramine between individuals, and the sometimes unpredictable amount of tyramine content in foods, means a little knowledge and care are still advised. The interactions between MAOIs and other drugs are now well understood, are quite straightforward, and are briefly summarized here (by a recognised expert). MAOIs have no apparently clinically relevant pharmaco-kinetic interactions, and the only significant pharmaco-dynamic interaction, other than the ‘cheese reaction’ (caused by indirect sympatho-mimetic activity [ISA], is serotonin toxicity ST (aka serotonin syndrome) which is now well defined and straightforward to avoid by not co-administering any drug with serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SRI) potency. There are no therapeutically used drugs, other than SRIs, that are capable of inducing serious ST with MAOIs. Anaesthesia is not contra- indicated if a patient is taking MAOIs. Most of the previously held concerns about MAOIs turn out to be mythical: they are either incorrect, or over-rated in importance, or stem from apprehensions born out of insufficient knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated A1- Adrenergic System That Regulates Behavioral Activation and Is Impaired in Depression
    Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/03 $25.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Perspective Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated a1- Adrenergic System that Regulates Behavioral Activation and is Impaired in Depression ,1 1 1 1 1 Eric A Stone* , Yan Lin , Helen Rosengarten , H Kenneth Kramer and David Quartermain 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain a1B-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain a -adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups 1 or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and a are restored by a number of antidepressants. This ‘EPI- 1 system’ may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399, advance online publication, 18 June 2003; doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300222 Keywords: a1-adrenoceptors; epinephrine; motor activity; depression; inactivity INTRODUCTION monoaminergic systems. This new system appears to be impaired during stress and depression and thus may Depressive illness is currently believed to result from represent a new target for this disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • S41598-021-90243-1.Pdf
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Metabolomics and computational analysis of the role of monoamine oxidase activity in delirium and SARS‑COV‑2 infection Miroslava Cuperlovic‑Culf1,2*, Emma L. Cunningham3, Hossen Teimoorinia4, Anuradha Surendra1, Xiaobei Pan5, Stefany A. L. Bennett2,6, Mijin Jung5, Bernadette McGuiness3, Anthony Peter Passmore3, David Beverland7 & Brian D. Green5* Delirium is an acute change in attention and cognition occurring in ~ 65% of severe SARS‑CoV‑2 cases. It is also common following surgery and an indicator of brain vulnerability and risk for the development of dementia. In this work we analyzed the underlying role of metabolism in delirium‑ susceptibility in the postoperative setting using metabolomic profling of cerebrospinal fuid and blood taken from the same patients prior to planned orthopaedic surgery. Distance correlation analysis and Random Forest (RF) feature selection were used to determine changes in metabolic networks. We found signifcant concentration diferences in several amino acids, acylcarnitines and polyamines linking delirium‑prone patients to known factors in Alzheimer’s disease such as monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) protein. Subsequent computational structural comparison between MAOB and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as well as protein–protein docking analysis showed that there potentially is strong binding of SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein to MAOB. The possibility that SARS‑CoV‑2 infuences MAOB activity leading to the observed neurological and platelet‑based complications of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection requires further investigation. COVID-19 is an ongoing major global health emergency caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coro- navirus SARS-CoV-2. Patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 show a range of features including fever, anosmia, acute respiratory failure, kidney failure and gastrointestinal issues and the death rate of infected patients is estimated at 2.2%1.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BIOSYNTHESIS of SOME PHENOLIC ALKALOIDS a Thesis Submitted by GEOFFREY MELVILLE THOMAS for the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPH
    /1 THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF SOME PHENOLIC ALKALOIDS a thesis submitted by GEOFFREY MELVILLE THOMAS for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Imperial College, June 1963. London, S. W.7. ABSTRACT A brief review of the biosynthesis of alkaloids, other than those of the Amaryllidaceae and morphine groups, is given. The biosynthesis of these two groups is discussed more fully with particular reference to the evidence for the Barton and Cohen concept of phenol oxidation as a biogenetic mechanism. The incorporation of labelled phenolic precursors, derivatives of norbelladine, has been shown and by means of multiple labelled experiments incorporation as a whole, without degradation, has been proved. Other experiments described have thrown light on the earlier stages of biogenesis. The norlaudanosine derivative, (±) reticuline, has been shown to be incorporated into morphine, and an in vitro synthesis of thebaine from (±) reticuline using a radiochemical dilution method is de-scribed. I am deeply grateful to Professor D. H. R. Barton and Dr. G. W. Kirby for the privilege and pleasure of working under their supervision and for their great help in matters chemical and non-chemical. To the Salters Company I would like to express my sincere thanks for the award of a scholarship and for their interest during the tenure of it. My thanks are also due to Dr. D. W. Turner for advice on counting techniques, Mr. D. Aldrich and his staff for valuable technical assistance, Miss J. Cuckney for microanalyses, Mr. R.H. Young who grew the daffodils and poppies and to my many friends and co-workers at Imperial College.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurotransmitters-Drugs Andbrain Function.Pdf
    Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Edited by R. A. Webster Department of Pharmacology, University College London, UK JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Chichester Á New York Á Weinheim Á Brisbane Á Singapore Á Toronto Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function. Edited by Roy Webster Copyright & 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBN: Hardback 0-471-97819-1 Paperback 0-471-98586-4 Electronic 0-470-84657-7 Copyright # 2001 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Bans Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1UD, UK National 01243 779777 International ++44) 1243 779777 e-mail +for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on: http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P0LP,UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Oces John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice Production and Signal
    Nitric Oxide Mediates T Cell Cytokine Production and Signal Transduction in Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice This information is current as Agnes Koncz, Maria Pasztoi, Mercedesz Mazan, Ferenc of October 1, 2021. Fazakas, Edit Buzas, Andras Falus and Gyorgy Nagy J Immunol 2007; 179:6613-6619; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6613 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/10/6613 Downloaded from References This article cites 41 articles, 8 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/10/6613.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on October 1, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Nitric Oxide Mediates T Cell Cytokine Production and Signal Transduction in Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice1 Agnes Koncz,*† Maria Pasztoi,* Mercedesz Mazan,* Ferenc Fazakas,‡ Edit Buzas,* Andras Falus,*§ and Gyorgy Nagy2,3*¶ Histamine is a key regulator of the immune system.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Characteristic Mass Fragmentations of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatograph
    applied sciences Article Comparison of the Characteristic Mass Fragmentations of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Electrospray and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Bo-Hong Chen, Ju-Tsung Liu, Hung-Ming Chen, Wen-Xiong Chen and Cheng-Huang Lin * Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Sec. 4 Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; [email protected] (B.-H.C.); [email protected] (J.-T.L.); [email protected] (H.-M.C.); [email protected] (W.-X.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-7734-6170; Fax: +886-2-2932-4249 Received: 18 April 2018; Accepted: 19 June 2018; Published: 22 June 2018 Abstract: Characteristic mass fragmentation of 20 phenethylamine/tryptamine standards were investigated and compared by means of matrix assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOFM), gas chromatography–electron ionization–mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) + methods. As a result, three characteristic peaks ([M] and fragments from the Cβ-Cα bond breakage) were found to be unique and contained information useful in identifying 2C series compounds based on the GC-EI/MS method. We found that the protonated molecular ion ([M+H]+) and two types of fragments produced from the α-cleavage and β-cleavage processes were useful mass spectral information in the rapid screening and confirmation of phenethylamine and tryptamine derivatives when ESI/MS and MALDI/TOFMS methods were applied. This assay was successfully used to determine samples that contain illicit drugs. Keywords: phenethylamine; tryptamine; MALDI/TOFMS; GC-EI/MS; LC-ESI/MS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page{s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • NORPRAMIN® (Desipramine Hydrochloride Tablets USP)
    NORPRAMIN® (desipramine hydrochloride tablets USP) Suicidality and Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressants increased the risk compared to placebo of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone considering the use of NORPRAMIN or any other antidepressant in a child, adolescent, or young adult must balance this risk with the clinical need. Short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24; there was a reduction in risk with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults aged 65 and older. Depression and certain other psychiatric disorders are themselves associated with increases in the risk of suicide. Patients of all ages who are started on antidepressant therapy should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior. Families and caregivers should be advised of the need for close observation and communication with the prescriber. NORPRAMIN is not approved for use in pediatric patients. (See WARNINGS: Clinical Worsening and Suicide Risk, PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients, and PRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Use.) DESCRIPTION NORPRAMIN® (desipramine hydrochloride USP) is an antidepressant drug of the tricyclic type, and is chemically: 5H-Dibenz[bƒ]azepine-5-propanamine,10,11-dihydro-N-methyl-, monohydrochloride. 1 Reference ID: 3536021 Inactive Ingredients The following inactive ingredients are contained in all dosage strengths: acacia, calcium carbonate, corn starch, D&C Red No. 30 and D&C Yellow No. 10 (except 10 mg and 150 mg), FD&C Blue No. 1 (except 25 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg), hydrogenated soy oil, iron oxide, light mineral oil, magnesium stearate, mannitol, polyethylene glycol 8000, pregelatinized corn starch, sodium benzoate (except 150 mg), sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, and other ingredients.
    [Show full text]
  • Catecholamine Levels and Activity of Monoamine Oxidase in Some Hypothalamic Structures and in the Pineal Gland of Sheep After Administration of FSH
    Physiol. Res. 45:131-136, 1996 Catecholamine Levels and Activity of Monoamine Oxidase in Some Hypothalamic Structures and in the Pineal Gland of Sheep after Administration of FSH B. PASTOROVA, J. VARADY Department of Comparative Physiology , University of Veterinary Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic Receded March 6, 1995 Accepted November 13, 1995 Summary The influence of hormonal preparations of FSH in a dose of 24 mg (480 IU) on levels of catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) and the activity of their degradation enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the hypothalamic regions regulating the reproductive system of sheep (area preoptica, eminentia mediana, corpus mamillare) and pineal gland were investigated in the ocstrous period employing radiochemical methods. The administration of FSH resulted in significant (p<0.001) increases of dopamine levels in the area preoptica and corpus mamillare of the hypothalamus of sheep as compared to control groups with synchronized oestrus. Hormonal stimulation with FSH increased the levels of hypothalamic norepinephrine in the areas studied and these differences were significant in the eminentia mediana (p<0.05) and corpus mamillare (p<0.05). Significant (p<0.001) changes in epinephrine levels were found in the corpus mamillare and area preoptica (p<0.05). Our results indicate that the administration of FSH caused the most pronounced decrease of MAO activity in corpus mamillare (p<0.001). The pineal gland reacted to the hormonal preparation by decreased levels of norepinephrine and dopamine (p<0.001) and by an increase in MAO activity (p<0.01). We suggest that FSH administration affects catecholamine levels and the activity of monoamine oxidase in the studied areas of the brain of sheep by means of a feedback mechanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Inhibitor of Glutamate Decarboxylase on the Development
    RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Effects of the inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase on the development and GABA accumulation in Cite this: RSC Adv.,2018,8,20456 germinating fava beans under hypoxia-NaCl stress Yongqi Yin, Chao Cheng and Weiming Fang* Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme in GABA shunt, which catalyzes the a-decarboxylation of glutamate to produce GABA. A specific inhibitor for GAD is convenient to study the dynamic balances of GABA metabolism in plants. The inhibitor of GAD in germinated fava beans was screened, and its inhibitory effect on the growth and GABA accumulation in fava beans during germination under hypoxia- NaCl stress was investigated. The inhibitory effect of aminoxyacetate for fava bean GAD was better than those of other chemicals, and it increased with the increase in concentration in vivo. After aminoxyacetate (5 mM) application for 4 days during germination, the GAD activity in germinating fava beans was significantly inhibited by more than 90% in both organs. Meanwhile, the growth of fava bean Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. sprouts was also slightly suppressed. Moreover, the GABA contents decreased by 43.9% and 81.5% in a 4 Received 8th May 2018 day-old cotyledon and embryo, respectively, under aminoxyacetate treatment compared with that in the Accepted 23rd May 2018 control. In summary, these results showed that aminoxyacetate can serve as a specific inhibitor of GAD DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03940b in plants. At least 43.9% and 81.5% of GABA in germinating fava beans under hypoxia-NaCl stress were rsc.li/rsc-advances synthesized via GABA shunt.
    [Show full text]