NEUROTRANSMITTER RESOURCE GUIDE Science + Insight doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE Table of Contents Sample Report Sample Report ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Analyte Considerations Phenylethylamine (B-phenylethylamine or PEA) ................................................................................................. 1 Tyrosine .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Tyramine ........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Dopamine .....................................................................................................................................................................................6 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) ............................................................................................................... 7 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Norepinephrine ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Normetanephrine .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Epinephrine ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Metanephrine .............................................................................................................................................................................14 Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Ratio .............................................................................................................................. 16 Tryptamine ...................................................................................................................................................................................17 Serotonin .......................................................................................................................................................................................18 5-Hydroxyindolacetic Acid (5-HIAA) ............................................................................................................................. 20 Glutamate .....................................................................................................................................................................................22 Gamma-aminobutyrate ......................................................................................................................................................23 Glycine ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Histamine ......................................................................................................................................................................................26 Taurine ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Creatinine ......................................................................................................................................................................................29 Neurotransmitter Pathways Neurotransmitter Pathways .............................................................................................................................................. 30 Treatment Considerations Treatment Considerations .................................................................................................................................................. 31 References References .....................................................................................................................................................................................37 www.doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE 1 Sample Report Low dopamine may be associated with anxiety/depression, difficulty concentrating, decreased libido and obesity, and may be associated with increased addiction and other stimulation seeking activities. Failure to regenerate tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4], an essential cofactor for dopamine Comprehenssiyvntehe Nsise, umaryo dtercarenasem doitptaemrine levels, and could be reflected in urine. BH4 regeneration may be supported by folates, vitamin B3, C, molybdenum and zinc. Additionally, production of dopamine requires vitamin D, iron and vitamin B6. L-tyrosine, L-theanine and Mucuna pruriens may influence dopamine signaling. DOPAC levels may be low simply if dopamine levels are low. DOPAC is the primary metabolite of dopamine formed by MAO activity. Alternatively Order:SAMPLE REPORT low levels of DOPACPatient may b:eSample associatPatiented with medications such as adSamplerenergic aCollectionntagonists, mDate/Tonoamimeine or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Low DOPAC levels Agemay: a35lso indicate low activity of MAO-A. VitaminsDate B2, B Collected3, B6, and iron ar01/21/2020e required for optimal dopamine metabolism. Although a low level of urFemaleinary DOPAC is absolutely not diagnostic, low DOPAC levels in cerebral spinal fluid have been associated with Client #:12345 Parkinson’s diseaseSex. : Wake Up Time 07:30 Doctor:Sample Doctor Elevated epinephrinBodye may Mass be as sIndexociate d(BMI) with s:t20.0ress response and coCollectionntributory to Period anxiety, ag1stitat imorningon, irritab voidility, insomnia and hypertension. Doctor's Data, Inc. Epinephrine levels may be elevated in patients in association with exDateercise Received prior to the urine 01/22/2020collection. Metabolism of epinephrine requires 3755 Illinois Ave. vitamins B2, B3, SAMe, magnesium, and iron. L-theanine may moduDatelate e pReportedinephrine effects01/23/2020. Low serotonin may contribute to mood concerns including anxiety, OCD, depression, anger and a sense of discontentment. Low serotonin may St. Charles, IL 60174 also be associated with poor sleep quality and appetite changes, as well as chronic fatigue, rheumatoid arthritis, and over-all lassitude. Failure to regenerate tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4], an essential cofactor for serotonin synthesis, may decrease serotonin levels, and could be reflected in urine. BH4 regeneration may be supported by folates, vitamin B3, C, molybdenum and zinc. Additionally, production of serotonin requires vitamin D, iron and vitamin B6. Tryptophan is the essential precursor of serotonin. 5-HTP may increase serotonin, and L-theanine may affect serotonin function. Analyte Low 5-HIAA mResultay be assUnitocia tpered w Creatinineith mood concernLs including depWRIression and anxietHy, sleeReferencep changes, a Intervalnd poor concentration. Low 5-HIAA may Phenethylamine (PEA) be associated wi31th low precursnmolor ser/ogtonin, or compromised metabolism of serotonin by MA32O-–A.84 Some medications, including aspirin, MAO- inhibitors, levodopa, and tricyclic antidepressants may decrease 5-HIAA levels. MAO may be inhibited by cigarette smoke. Vitamins B2, B3, B6, Tyrosine magnesium and 45iron are requirµmoled for/ goptimal serotonin metabolism. If MAO-A enzyme funct32ion– is80 inhibited, serotonin may be elevated and 5- HIAA will be low. Tyramine Upper range glu3.0tamate may coµmolntribu/tge to anxiety, poor concentration, attention deficits and 2.0hyp–er4.0active tendencies as well as poor sleep and nighttime awakening. Glutamate may be increased in association with hypoglycemia, Alzheimer’s, ALS and chronic compromised blood flow to Dopamine the brain. Possi120ble sources of inµgcre/agsed glutamate include MSG, yeast extract and other hid125den– s250ources of free glutamic acid. L-theanine may modulate elevated glutamate levels and attenuate glutamate signaling, and taurine may provide protection from excitotoxicity and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidn (DOPeuroinAC)flammati380on. µg/g 390 – 1500 Low range GABA may be associated with anxiety, poor impulse control, depression, pain and decreased sleep quality. Low GABA may be seen 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) in individuals de125ficient in vitaminmoln B6./ gL-theanine, GABA and glutamine may positively affect 90fun–ct210ional GABA activity, and phenibut exerts GABA- like effects (experimental models). Norepinephrine Considerations t45o address the deµgm/ognstrated imbalances beyond the identified co-factors an22d a–m50ino acid precursors may include dosage Normetanephrine adjustments if in200dicated, as well µgas /ngervine and adaptogenic herbs, methylation support, vit85am–in 300D, and gastrointestinal health optimization. Epinephrine 9 µg/g 1.6 – 8.3 Metanephrine 98 µg/g 45 – 119 Norepinephrine / Epinephrine ratio 5 < 13 Tryptamine 0.5 µmol/g 0.20 – 0.90 Serotonin 26 µg/g 60 – 125 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) 1985 µg/g