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Hitler's Penicillin
+LWOHU V3HQLFLOOLQ 0LOWRQ:DLQZULJKW Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 47, Number 2, Spring 2004, pp. 189-198 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2004.0037 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pbm/summary/v047/47.2wainwright.html Access provided by Sheffield University (17 Jun 2015 14:55 GMT) 05/Wainwright/Final/189–98 3/2/04 1:58 PM Page 189 Hitler’s Penicillin Milton Wainwright ABSTRACT During the Second World War, the Germans and their Axis partners could only produce relatively small amounts of penicillin, certainly never enough to meet their military needs; as a result, they had to rely upon the far less effective sulfon- amides. One physician who put penicillin to effective use was Hitler’s doctor,Theodore Morell. Morell treated the Führer with penicillin on a number of occasions, most nota- bly following the failed assassination attempt in July 1944. Some of this penicillin ap- pears to have been captured from, or inadvertently supplied by, the Allies, raising the intriguing possibility that Allied penicillin saved Hitler’s life. HE FACT THAT GERMANY FAILED to produce sufficient penicillin to meet its T military requirements is one of the major enigmas of the Second World War. Although Germany lost many scientists through imprisonment and forced or voluntary emigration, those biochemists that remained should have been able to have achieved the large-scale production of penicillin.After all, they had access to Fleming’s original papers, and from 1940 the work of Florey and co-workers detailing how penicillin could be purified; in addition, with effort, they should have been able to obtain cultures of Fleming’s penicillin-producing mold.There seems then to have been no overriding reason why the Germans and their Axis allies could not have produced large amounts of penicillin from early on in the War.They did produce some penicillin, but never in amounts remotely close to that produced by the Allies who, from D-Day onwards, had an almost limitless supply. -
Operation Valkyrie
Operation Valkyrie Rastenburg, 20th July 1944 Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (Jettingen- Scheppach, 15th November 1907 – Berlin, 21st July 1944) was a German army officer known as one of the leading officers who planned the 20th July 1944 bombing of Hitler’s military headquarters and the resultant attempted coup. As Bryan Singer’s film “Valkyrie”, starring Tom Cruise as the German officer von Stauffenberg, will be released by the end of December, SCALA is glad to present you the story of the 20 July plot through the historical photographs of its German collections. IClaus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg 1934. Cod. B007668 2 Left: Carl and Nina Stauffenbergs’s wedding, 26th September 1933. Cod.B007660. Right: Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg. 1934. Cod. B007663 3 Although he never joined the Nazi party, Claus von Stauffenberg fought in Africa during the Second World War as First Officer. After the explosion of a mine on 7th March 1943, von Stauffenberg lost his right hand, the left eye and two fingers of the left hand. Notwithstanding his disablement, he kept working for the army even if his anti-Nazi believes were getting firmer day by day. In fact he had realized that the 3rd Reich was leading Germany into an abyss from which it would have hardly risen. There was no time to lose, they needed to do something immediately or their country would have been devastated. Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (left) with Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim in the courtyard of the OKH-Gebäudes in 4 Bendlerstrasse. Cod. B007664 The conspiracy of the German officers against the Führer led to the 20th July attack to the core of Hitler’s military headquarters in Rastenburg. -
Deutsche Generäle in Britischer Gefangenschaft 1942–1945. Eine
289 Von vielen deutschen Generälen des Zweiten Weltkriegs sind häufig nur die Laufbahndaten bekannt; Briefe und Tagebücher liegen nur wenige vor. Für die For schung sind sie oft genug nur eingeschränkt zugänglich. So fällt es nach wie vor schwer, zu beurteilen, wie die Generale selbst die militärischen und politischen Geschehnisse der Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben und welche Folgerungen sie daraus zogen. Wichtige Aufschlüsse über ihre Kenntnisse von den nationalsozialistischen Massenmorden oder ihr Urteil über den deutschen Widerstand gegen Hitler bieten jedoch die Abhörprotokolle deutscher Stabsoffiziere in britischer Kriegsgefangen schaft. Sönke Neitzel Deutsche Generäle in britischer Gefangenschaft 1942-1945 Eine Auswahledition der Abhörprotokolle des Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre UK Die deutsche Generalität hat sich der öffentlichen Reflexion über ihre Rolle wäh rend des Zweiten Weltkrieges weitgehend verschlossen. Das Bild, das sie vor allem in ihren Memoiren von sich selbst zeichnete, läßt sich verkürzt auf die Formel bringen: Sie hat einen sauberen Krieg geführt, hatte von Kriegsverbrechen größe ren Ausmaßes keine oder kaum Kenntnis, und die militärische Niederlage war zu einem Gutteil den dilettantischen Eingriffen Hitlers als Obersten Befehlshaber in die Kriegführung zuzuschreiben. Es erübrigt sich näher darauf einzugehen, daß dieses Bild von der Geschichts wissenschaft längst gründlich widerlegt worden ist. Aber nach wie vor wissen wir wenig darüber, wie die Generäle die Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben, welche Kenntnis sie von den militärischen und politischen Geschehnissen hatten, die über ihren engen Arbeitsbereich hinausgingen, und welche Schlußfolgerungen sie hieraus zogen. Zur Durchleuchtung dieses Komplexes ist vor allem der Rück griff auf persönliche Quellen wie Briefe und Tagebücher notwendig, die allerdings nur von einem kleinen Personenkreis vorliegen und zudem oft auch nur beschränkt zugänglich sind, da sie sich in Privatbesitz befinden1. -
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‹Ç‹NDEK‹LER 4 BAfiYAZI / Ardan ZENTÜRK 64 ANAL‹Z / Can EREL BAfiYAZI / Ardan ZENTÜRK “Türk Silikon Vadisi” Hayata Geçiriliyor 8 SAVUNMA HABER 1987’den Günümüze ‹TEP / II. Bölüm 26 RÖPORTAJ / Ümit BAYRAKTAR 68 ÖZEL HABER / Naile ASLAN YALTES Gelece¤e Emin Ad›mlarla Yürüyor Hayalden Gerçe¤e: 36 ANAL‹Z / Y. Suat BENGÜR Teknopark ‹stanbul Denizlerde ASELSAN, Tam Yol ‹leri 70 STRATEJ‹ HABER / Ardan ZENTÜRK 40 ÖZEL HABER / Naile ASLAN Kafkasya’da Euronews Diplomasisi NÖBETÇ‹ Nöbete Haz›r K›r›m’da Tatarlar›n Sesi Duyulmuyor 42 ANAL‹Z / Merdan MET‹N Kerkük’te Yeni Dönem TÜB‹TAK UEKAE Ülke Sath›nda Görevde ‹srail’in Suikast Mevsimi 46 ÖZEL HABER / Zuhal ESEN Asya’da Bir Askerin Yükselifli HEMA Endüstri 6x6’da Sona Yaklaflt› 48 ANAL‹Z / Dr. Ali ASKER ‹slam’da Yeni Nevruz Tart›flmas› Rusya Federasyonu’nun Yeni Askeri Doktrini Avrupa’da Yunanistan Depremi Bir Tepki Belgesi mi? 72 HARP TAR‹H‹ / Prof. Dr. Mesut Hakk› CAfiIN 56 ANAL‹Z / Cenk ÖZGEN Hitler Suikastlar›n›n Siyasal Uçak Gemisi Efsanesi Devam Ediyor ve Askeri Sebepleri YAYIN Military Science & Genel Yay›n Yönetmeni Sorumlu Yaz› ‹flleri Müdürü Sanat Yönetmeni Intelligence / MSI Ümit BAYRAKTAR Ferda BAYRAKTAR fiebnem AKGÖL KARA [email protected] [email protected] Yerel Süreli Yay›n Foto¤raf Direktörü Nisan 2010 / Say›: 054 Ba¤dat Caddesi Noter Sok. Genel Yay›n Koordinatörü Gülflen Apt No:13/12 Banu B‹RAMEN www.savunmahaber.com Ardan ZENTÜRK fiaflk›nbakkal Kad›köy ‹stanbul TÜRK‹YE [email protected] Foto Muhabiri Genel Koordinatör / ANKARA YAYIN KURULU Petek ARICI 2 Tu¤general (E) Hüsamettin ESEN Prof. -
United States of America V. Erhard Milch
War Crimes Trials Special List No. 38 Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 1975 Special List No. 38 Nuernberg War Crimes Trials Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch Compiled by John Mendelsohn National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1975 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data United States. National Archives and Records Service. Nuernberg war crimes trial records. (Special list - National Archives and Records Service; no. 38) Includes index. l. War crime trials--N emberg--Milch case,l946-l947. I. Mendelsohn, John, l928- II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Archives and Records Service. Special list; no.38. Law 34l.6'9 75-6l9033 Foreword The General Services Administration, through the National Archives and Records Service, is· responsible for administering the permanently valuable noncurrent records of the Federal Government. These archival holdings, now amounting to more than I million cubic feet, date from the <;lays of the First Continental Congress and consist of the basic records of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of our Government. The presidential libraries of Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson contain the papers of those Presidents and of many of their - associates in office. These research resources document significant events in our Nation's history , but most of them are preserved because of their continuing practical use in the ordinary processes of government, for the protection of private rights, and for the research use of scholars and students. -
Command & Commanders in Modern Warfare
COMMAND AND COMMANDERS , \ .“‘,“3,w) .br .br “Z ,+( ’> , . I ..M IN MODERN WARFARE The Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy 23 May 1968 Edited by William Geffen, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy O5ce of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy 1971 2nd edilion, enlarged let edition, United States Air Force Academy, 1969 Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number 0874-0003 ii PREFACE The essays and commentaries which comprise this book re- sulted from the Second Annual Military History Symposium, held at the Air Force Academy on 2-3 May 1968. The Military History Symposium is an annual event sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. The theme of the first symposium, held on 4-5May 1967 at the Air Force Academy, was “Current Concepts in Military History.” Several factors inspired the inauguration of the symposium series, the foremost being the expanding interest in the field of military history demonstrated at recent meetings of the American Historical Association and similar professional organizations. A professional meeting devoted solely to the subject of military his- tory seemed appropriate. The Air Force Academy’s Department of History has been particularly concerned with the history of military affairs and warfare since the founding of the institution. -
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture Under National Socialism
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture under National Socialism By Colin Gilmour A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec ©Colin Gilmour 2018 i Abstract This dissertation explores the political history of Germany’s highest award for military excellence during the Second World War: the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, or “Ritterkreuz.” Expanding upon a limited foundation of existing scholarly research, its primary focus is to examine the role played by this famous medal as a vessel of “symbolic capital” for the National Socialist regime. Designed not only as a tool to help forge a new archetype for military heroism, it was also to represent the “revolution” that the Party claimed to have produced in German society and politics. Using this function as a framework, the component chapters of this study document different ways in which it informed or affected official usages of the Ritterkreuz and the activities of its recipients – called “Ritterkreuzträger” – during the war years. Through this investigation, the dissertation argues that while achieving an impact on wartime culture that continues to be felt in Germany today, both medal and men proved as much a source of frustration and embarrassment to the regime as they did ideological success. As such, it challenges several existing assumptions regarding the role of orders and decorations created by National Socialism while highlighting an underrecognized layer of complexity in its “Heldenpolitik” (Hero Politics). ii Résumé Cette thèse explore l'histoire politique de la plus haute distinction militaire accordée en Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la croix de chevalier de la croix de fer, la « Ritterkreuz ». -
Rigg Bm.Pdf (651.5Kb)
notes note on sources Although oral testimonies are subject to fallible human memories, they have none- theless proven invaluable in explaining several documents collected for this study. Documents never before seen by historians, found in people’s closets, basements, and desk drawers, created a much fuller and complex history, especially when their owners supplied the background and history of the documents as well. These sources helped re-create the unique and tragic history of the Mischlinge, which is still so little understood over half a century later. The thousands of pages of documents and oral testimonies (on 8 mm video and VHS video) in this study are now part of the permanent collection at the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv in Freiburg, Germany, as the Bryan Mark Rigg Collection. Although interviews need to be treated with some skepticism, they have repeatedly shown that oral history often enriches rather than contradicts historical documents. All too often, history is written without the human element, that is, without knowing what these people thought, felt, and believed. Oral history helps reconstruct many of these people’s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs through their diaries, letters, interviews, and photographs. In this way, a healthy combination of hard documents or primary sources and secondary sources and testimonies expands our sense of this history. Often one reads about men and women but feels no human connection with them. The interviews were done to try to bridge this gap and to pro- vide readers with the means to enter these men’s and women’s thoughts and feelings to understand them better and to deepen readers’ knowledge of this history. -
What Eva Said to Adolf 101
What Eva Said to Adolf 101 What Eva Said to Adolf I wanted my biography of Adolf Hitler to be read far into the com- ing century, in preference to all others; shorn of mid-twentieth century cant and triumphalist spite. I planned to stand back, as my mother would have as an illustrator, and view him as though through her reducing glass – perhaps even turning the portrait up- side down to see where the perspective was wrong or the colour too garish. Over the years therefore I tracked down and interviewed as many of Hitler’s private staff as I could. I took my time; I was not a journalist. I was passed from hand to hand within this inner circle, and I remained on friendly terms with all of them until they died. In retrospect, there is little wonder that conformist histori- ans were jealous of this privileged access to the fountainhead of Hitler’s war. They liked to sneer that it was neo-Nazi circles that favoured me; but to my knowledge most of these people I inter- viewed thought very little of those whom the press called “neo-Na- zis.” My success, such as it was, was the product of hard work – de- veloping and opening up each of these sources, and remaining in constant consultation with them, as work on my Hitler biography progressed. 101 102 david irving Confidential Draft of Memoirs Meeting them was perhaps the reason that I angled my per- spective on him the way that I did. Not only were most of them quite normal citizens, I found, doing useful jobs now in society; they were well-qualified people who had gone through Staff Col- lege or gained postgraduate degrees. -
Zu Dem Attentat Im Führerhauptquartier "Wolfsschanze
PETER HOFFMANN ZU DEM ATTENTAT IM FÜHRERHAUPTQUARTIER „WOLFSSCHANZE" AM 20. JULI 1944* Unendlich viel ist schon über den Umsturzversuch des 20. Juli 1944 geschrieben worden1, erst zur Klärung der Vorgänge, mit fortschreitenden Jahren aber fast nur noch zur Würdigung, Erinnerung und Beurteilung. So rechtfertigt sich wohl ein neuer Blick auf die tatsächlichen Vorgänge, die selbst heute, nach zwanzig Jahren, noch keineswegs genügend, geschweige denn vollständig geklärt sind. I Das sogenannte Führerhauptquartier (FHQu) war eine Einrichtung, die seit Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges bestand, und zwar an den verschiedensten Orten. So gab es mehrere Führerhauptquartiere im Westen: „Felsennest" bei Rodern na he Münstereifel2; „Wolfsschlucht I" in Belgien bei Bruly-de-Pesche3; „Wolfs schlucht II" bei Margival nahe Soissons in Frankreich4; „Tannenberg" auf dem Kniebis im Schwarzwald5. Im Osten war das Führerhauptquartier außer in der „Wolfsschanze" bei Rastenburg eine Zeitlang in der Anlage „Werwolf" bei Win- niza in der Ukraine untergebracht6. Ferner gab es einige längere und zahlreiche kürzere Aufenthalte — sie schwankten zwischen wenigen Tagen und mehreren Monaten — auf dem „Berghof" bei Berchtesgaden und in der Reichskanzlei in Berlin. Während der letzten Monate des Krieges befand sich das Führerhauptquartier ständig in Berlin, freilich schon in fortschreitender Auflösung7. Das FHQu „Wolfsschanze", in dem das Attentat des 20. Juli 1944 stattfand, lag * Der nachfolgende Beitrag ist ein Ausschnitt aus einer größeren Arbeit, die der Verfasser im Auftrage der Stiftung „Hilfswerk 20. Juli 1944" (Frankfurt/M.) unternommen hat und deren Publikation in den kommenden Monaten bevorsteht. An dieser Stelle werden die vor läufigen Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen des Verfassers über die Vorgänge im FHQu zu sammengefaßt. Die Untersuchungen sind noch nicht abgeschlossen, haben aber doch schon ein Stadium erreicht, in welchem wohl noch manches hinzukommen, jedoch nur noch un erhebliche Punkte zu modifizieren sein werden. -
Hitler Attentat (20.07.1944)
Hitler Attentat (20.07.1944) (aus Wikipedia) 051_119/Zerstörte Lagebesprechungsbaracke nach dem Anschlag Das Attentat vom 20. Juli 1944 gilt als bedeutendster Umsturzversuch des militärischen Widerstandes in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus.[1] Als Voraussetzung für den geplanten Machtwechsel, auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt des "Eides auf den Führer", wurde die Tötung Hitlers angesehen. Die von Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg bei einer Besprechung im Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze deponierte und scharf gemachte Sprengladung verletzte den Diktator jedoch nur leicht. Dieser Fehlschlag sowie Lücken in der Vorbereitung und das Zögern beim Auslösen der Operation Walküre, des Plans zum Staatsstreich, liessen den Umsturzversuch scheitern. Die Beteiligten der Verschwörung, die Personen des 20. Juli 1944, stammten vor allem aus dem Adel, der Wehrmacht und der Verwaltung. Sie hatten vielfach Kontakte zum Kreisauer Kreis um Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. Unter den mehr als 200 später wegen der Erhebung Hingerichteten waren Generalfeldmarschall Erwin von Witzleben, 19 Generäle, 26 Oberste, zwei Botschafter, sieben Diplomaten, ein Minister, drei Staatssekretäre sowie der Chef des Reichskriminalpolizeiamts; des Weiteren mehrere Oberpräsidenten, Polizeipräsidenten und Regierungspräsidenten. Vorgeschichte 051_120/Werner von Fritsch und Ludwig Beck bei einem Wehrmachtsmanöver, 1937 Im Frühjahr 1938 kam es erstmals zu erheblichen Spannungen zwischen Hitler und den Spitzen der Wehrmacht. Anlass war die Entlassung des Reichskriegsministers General Werner von Blomberg und des Oberbefehlshabers des Heeres Werner von Fritsch im Verlauf der Blomberg- Fritsch-Krise. Diese nutzte Hitler zur Entmachtung der Wehrmachtführung, die sich bisher einer gezielten Kriegsvorbereitung widersetzt hatte, indem er mehrere hohe Generäle in den Ruhestand verabschiedete oder an andere Stellen versetzen liess. Im August trat ausserdem der Chef des Generalstabs des Heeres, Generaloberst Ludwig Beck, ange sichts der sich zuspitzenden Sudetenkrise zurück. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent npon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 TRIUMPH OF THE NULL THE WAR WITHIN THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND 1933 - 1945 VOLUME I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Geoffrey P.