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Hitler's Penicillin
+LWOHU V3HQLFLOOLQ 0LOWRQ:DLQZULJKW Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 47, Number 2, Spring 2004, pp. 189-198 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2004.0037 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pbm/summary/v047/47.2wainwright.html Access provided by Sheffield University (17 Jun 2015 14:55 GMT) 05/Wainwright/Final/189–98 3/2/04 1:58 PM Page 189 Hitler’s Penicillin Milton Wainwright ABSTRACT During the Second World War, the Germans and their Axis partners could only produce relatively small amounts of penicillin, certainly never enough to meet their military needs; as a result, they had to rely upon the far less effective sulfon- amides. One physician who put penicillin to effective use was Hitler’s doctor,Theodore Morell. Morell treated the Führer with penicillin on a number of occasions, most nota- bly following the failed assassination attempt in July 1944. Some of this penicillin ap- pears to have been captured from, or inadvertently supplied by, the Allies, raising the intriguing possibility that Allied penicillin saved Hitler’s life. HE FACT THAT GERMANY FAILED to produce sufficient penicillin to meet its T military requirements is one of the major enigmas of the Second World War. Although Germany lost many scientists through imprisonment and forced or voluntary emigration, those biochemists that remained should have been able to have achieved the large-scale production of penicillin.After all, they had access to Fleming’s original papers, and from 1940 the work of Florey and co-workers detailing how penicillin could be purified; in addition, with effort, they should have been able to obtain cultures of Fleming’s penicillin-producing mold.There seems then to have been no overriding reason why the Germans and their Axis allies could not have produced large amounts of penicillin from early on in the War.They did produce some penicillin, but never in amounts remotely close to that produced by the Allies who, from D-Day onwards, had an almost limitless supply. -
Operation Valkyrie
Operation Valkyrie Rastenburg, 20th July 1944 Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (Jettingen- Scheppach, 15th November 1907 – Berlin, 21st July 1944) was a German army officer known as one of the leading officers who planned the 20th July 1944 bombing of Hitler’s military headquarters and the resultant attempted coup. As Bryan Singer’s film “Valkyrie”, starring Tom Cruise as the German officer von Stauffenberg, will be released by the end of December, SCALA is glad to present you the story of the 20 July plot through the historical photographs of its German collections. IClaus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg 1934. Cod. B007668 2 Left: Carl and Nina Stauffenbergs’s wedding, 26th September 1933. Cod.B007660. Right: Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg. 1934. Cod. B007663 3 Although he never joined the Nazi party, Claus von Stauffenberg fought in Africa during the Second World War as First Officer. After the explosion of a mine on 7th March 1943, von Stauffenberg lost his right hand, the left eye and two fingers of the left hand. Notwithstanding his disablement, he kept working for the army even if his anti-Nazi believes were getting firmer day by day. In fact he had realized that the 3rd Reich was leading Germany into an abyss from which it would have hardly risen. There was no time to lose, they needed to do something immediately or their country would have been devastated. Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (left) with Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim in the courtyard of the OKH-Gebäudes in 4 Bendlerstrasse. Cod. B007664 The conspiracy of the German officers against the Führer led to the 20th July attack to the core of Hitler’s military headquarters in Rastenburg. -
Hans Kammler, Hitler's Last Hope, in American Hands
WORKING PAPER 91 Hans Kammler, Hitler’s Last Hope, in American Hands By Frank Döbert and Rainer Karlsch, August 2019 THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Charles Kraus, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources from all sides of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. Among the activities undertaken by the Project to promote this aim are the Wilson Center's Digital Archive; a periodic Bulletin and other publications to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for historians to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; and international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars. The CWIHP Working Paper series provides a speedy publication outlet for researchers who have gained access to newly-available archives and sources related to Cold War history and would like to share their results and analysis with a broad audience of academics, journalists, policymakers, and students. CWIHP especially welcomes submissions which use archival sources from outside of the United States; offer novel interpretations of well-known episodes in Cold War history; explore understudied events, issues, and personalities important to the Cold War; or improve understanding of the Cold War’s legacies and political relevance in the present day. -
Deutsche Generäle in Britischer Gefangenschaft 1942–1945. Eine
289 Von vielen deutschen Generälen des Zweiten Weltkriegs sind häufig nur die Laufbahndaten bekannt; Briefe und Tagebücher liegen nur wenige vor. Für die For schung sind sie oft genug nur eingeschränkt zugänglich. So fällt es nach wie vor schwer, zu beurteilen, wie die Generale selbst die militärischen und politischen Geschehnisse der Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben und welche Folgerungen sie daraus zogen. Wichtige Aufschlüsse über ihre Kenntnisse von den nationalsozialistischen Massenmorden oder ihr Urteil über den deutschen Widerstand gegen Hitler bieten jedoch die Abhörprotokolle deutscher Stabsoffiziere in britischer Kriegsgefangen schaft. Sönke Neitzel Deutsche Generäle in britischer Gefangenschaft 1942-1945 Eine Auswahledition der Abhörprotokolle des Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre UK Die deutsche Generalität hat sich der öffentlichen Reflexion über ihre Rolle wäh rend des Zweiten Weltkrieges weitgehend verschlossen. Das Bild, das sie vor allem in ihren Memoiren von sich selbst zeichnete, läßt sich verkürzt auf die Formel bringen: Sie hat einen sauberen Krieg geführt, hatte von Kriegsverbrechen größe ren Ausmaßes keine oder kaum Kenntnis, und die militärische Niederlage war zu einem Gutteil den dilettantischen Eingriffen Hitlers als Obersten Befehlshaber in die Kriegführung zuzuschreiben. Es erübrigt sich näher darauf einzugehen, daß dieses Bild von der Geschichts wissenschaft längst gründlich widerlegt worden ist. Aber nach wie vor wissen wir wenig darüber, wie die Generäle die Zeit zwischen 1939 und 1945 rezipiert haben, welche Kenntnis sie von den militärischen und politischen Geschehnissen hatten, die über ihren engen Arbeitsbereich hinausgingen, und welche Schlußfolgerungen sie hieraus zogen. Zur Durchleuchtung dieses Komplexes ist vor allem der Rück griff auf persönliche Quellen wie Briefe und Tagebücher notwendig, die allerdings nur von einem kleinen Personenkreis vorliegen und zudem oft auch nur beschränkt zugänglich sind, da sie sich in Privatbesitz befinden1. -
Hermann Göring Und Albert Speer Bei Den Nürnberger Prozessen
Hermann Göring und Albert Speer bei den Nürnberger Prozessen. Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten ihrer Verteidigungsstrategien Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von: Bernhard RAUTZ am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Univ.- Dozent Dr. Martin Moll GRAZ, Juli 2015 Danksagung: Zunächst möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle bei meinen Eltern Kurt und Martha, sowie meiner Schwester Katrin Rautz bedanken, die mich während der Anfertigung dieser Diplomarbeit unterstützt und motiviert haben. Ganz besonders gilt dieser Dank Herrn Dr. Martin Moll, der mich bei der Erstellung der Arbeit betreut hat. Vielen Dank für die Geduld und die Mühen. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 4 2. Abstract Deutsch/Englisch ................................................................................... 5 3. Forschungsfrage und Methode ............................................................................ 6 4. Allgemeiner Teil .................................................................................................... 7 a. Albert Speer ....................................................................................................... 7 b. Hermann Göring ............................................................................................. 17 c. Der Nürnberger Prozess ................................................................................ -
The Secret Diaries of Hitler's Doctor
THE SECRET DIARIES OF HITLER’S DOCTOR the secret diaries of hitler’s doctor This edition ISBN ––– Publishers of the various editions of The Secret Diaries of Hitler’s Doctor included Britain: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd.; Grafton; Panther Germany: Der Stern; Goldmann Verlag (Bertelsmann AG); Heyne Taschenbuchverlag France: Editions Acropole United States: William Morrow Inc. First Printing Second Printing Electronic Edition Focal Point Edition © Parforce UK Ltd. – An Adobe pdf (Portable Document Format) edition of this book is uploaded onto the FPP website at http://www.fpp.co.uk/books as a tool for students and academics. It can be downloaded for reading and study purposes only, and is not to be commercially distributed in any form. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission of the author in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and to civil claims for damages. Readers are invited to submit any typographical errors to David Irving by mail at the address below, or via email at [email protected]. Informed comments and corrections on historical points are also welcomed. Focal Point Publications London WJ SE the secret diaries of hitler’s doctor David Irving is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Incompletely educated at Imperial College of Science & Technology and at University College London, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the German language. -
United States of America V. Erhard Milch
War Crimes Trials Special List No. 38 Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 1975 Special List No. 38 Nuernberg War Crimes Trials Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch Compiled by John Mendelsohn National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1975 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data United States. National Archives and Records Service. Nuernberg war crimes trial records. (Special list - National Archives and Records Service; no. 38) Includes index. l. War crime trials--N emberg--Milch case,l946-l947. I. Mendelsohn, John, l928- II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Archives and Records Service. Special list; no.38. Law 34l.6'9 75-6l9033 Foreword The General Services Administration, through the National Archives and Records Service, is· responsible for administering the permanently valuable noncurrent records of the Federal Government. These archival holdings, now amounting to more than I million cubic feet, date from the <;lays of the First Continental Congress and consist of the basic records of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of our Government. The presidential libraries of Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson contain the papers of those Presidents and of many of their - associates in office. These research resources document significant events in our Nation's history , but most of them are preserved because of their continuing practical use in the ordinary processes of government, for the protection of private rights, and for the research use of scholars and students. -
Göring. a Biography
A BIOGRAPHY DAVID IRVING F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Co pyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publi- cation may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Thomas B. Congdon, who has helped me so much is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imperfectly educated at Lon- don’s Imperial College of Science & Technol- ogy and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the lan- guage. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including several in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of his Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third vol- ume. Many of his works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Prologue: Arrest The Reichsmarschall! Part : The Outsider A Triangular Affair Storm Troop -
Západočeská Univerzita V Plzni Fakulta Filozofická Diplomová Práce
Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Diplomová práce 2016 Miloš Zlesa Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Diplomová práce Atentát na Hitlera z 20. července 1944 a jeho místo v německém odboji proti nacismu Miloš Zlesa Plzeň 2016 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra historických věd Studijní program Historické vědy Studijní obor Moderní dějiny Diplomová práce Atentát na Hitlera z 20. července 1944 a jeho místo v německém odboji proti nacismu Miloš Zlesa Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Dipl. - Pol. Martin Jeřábek, Ph.D. Katedra historických věd Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, duben 2016 .......................... Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval vedoucímu mé práce PhDr. Dipl. - Pol. Martinu Jeřábkovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady při zpracování této diplomové práce při našich pravidelných setkáních. OBSAH 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................ 1 2. Německý odboj a odpor proti nacistickému režimu ....................................... 6 2.1. Teoretické vymezení boje proti režimu .................................................... 7 2.2. Formování odporu a odboje v Německu .................................................. 9 2.3. Političtí odpůrci režimu .......................................................................... 10 2.4. Anarchisté a Rudá kapela ...................................................................... -
A Lawyerâ•Žs Defense Strategy at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 1945-46
Göring’s Trial, Stahmer’s Duty: A Lawyer’s Defense Strategy at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 1945-46 How does a lawyer defend a Nazi in a court of law? Dr. Otto Stahmer was faced with answering this very question in 1945 when he agreed to provide defense counsel at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial from 1945 to 1946. But he did not choose to defend just any Nazi. His client was Hermann Göring, the Number Two Nazi in the Third Reich, and the highest- ranking Nazi who survived the war.1 Even though his client was a complex character whose guilt was unassailable, Stahmer mounted a threefold defense strategy: he directly challenged the indictment against Göring, he questioned six witnesses in an attempt to paint a very different picture of Göring than with which most were familiar, and he called Göring himself to the witness stand and allowed the Nazi to use his keen intellect to defend his own actions. Typically, when historians study the International Military Tribunal (IMT) and the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial of 1945 and 1946, they focus on a variety of things such as the American chief prosecutor, Robert H. Jackson, the verdicts and sentences, or the lasting impact Nuremberg has had on international law. These are all important facets that need to be discussed for there to exist any meaningful understanding of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, but no one has placed Stahmer at the center of the discussion of Göring’s defense. For example, Drexel Sprecher, who was Assistant Trial Counsel for the US prosecution, provides a detailed account of Göring’s testimony in his memoir, but he only discusses Göring’s answers, not the questions 1 Technically, right before committing suicide, Hitler made Karl Dönitz chancellor and had Göring kicked out of the party and arrested. -
Command & Commanders in Modern Warfare
COMMAND AND COMMANDERS , \ .“‘,“3,w) .br .br “Z ,+( ’> , . I ..M IN MODERN WARFARE The Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy 23 May 1968 Edited by William Geffen, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy O5ce of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy 1971 2nd edilion, enlarged let edition, United States Air Force Academy, 1969 Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number 0874-0003 ii PREFACE The essays and commentaries which comprise this book re- sulted from the Second Annual Military History Symposium, held at the Air Force Academy on 2-3 May 1968. The Military History Symposium is an annual event sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. The theme of the first symposium, held on 4-5May 1967 at the Air Force Academy, was “Current Concepts in Military History.” Several factors inspired the inauguration of the symposium series, the foremost being the expanding interest in the field of military history demonstrated at recent meetings of the American Historical Association and similar professional organizations. A professional meeting devoted solely to the subject of military his- tory seemed appropriate. The Air Force Academy’s Department of History has been particularly concerned with the history of military affairs and warfare since the founding of the institution. -
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture Under National Socialism
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture under National Socialism By Colin Gilmour A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec ©Colin Gilmour 2018 i Abstract This dissertation explores the political history of Germany’s highest award for military excellence during the Second World War: the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, or “Ritterkreuz.” Expanding upon a limited foundation of existing scholarly research, its primary focus is to examine the role played by this famous medal as a vessel of “symbolic capital” for the National Socialist regime. Designed not only as a tool to help forge a new archetype for military heroism, it was also to represent the “revolution” that the Party claimed to have produced in German society and politics. Using this function as a framework, the component chapters of this study document different ways in which it informed or affected official usages of the Ritterkreuz and the activities of its recipients – called “Ritterkreuzträger” – during the war years. Through this investigation, the dissertation argues that while achieving an impact on wartime culture that continues to be felt in Germany today, both medal and men proved as much a source of frustration and embarrassment to the regime as they did ideological success. As such, it challenges several existing assumptions regarding the role of orders and decorations created by National Socialism while highlighting an underrecognized layer of complexity in its “Heldenpolitik” (Hero Politics). ii Résumé Cette thèse explore l'histoire politique de la plus haute distinction militaire accordée en Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la croix de chevalier de la croix de fer, la « Ritterkreuz ».