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Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences (2020) 20 (2):1-15 Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences (2020) 20 (2):1-15 ISSN:1813-1646 (Print); 2664-0597 (Online) TJAS Tikrit Journal for Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Journal Homepage: http://tujas.tu.edu.iq Sciences E-mail: [email protected] Rupak Towfiq Abdul- Morphology and Palynology Systematic Studies of The Razaq * Genus Bellevalia Lapeyr. (Asparagaceae) in Kurdistan- (TJAS) Nori Majid Abdulqader Iraq Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of ABSTRACT Sulaimanie, Kurdistan Region- Morphological and palynological systematic studies for the 10 Iraq species of genus Bellivalia Lapeyr. (Asparagaceae) in Kurdistan-Iraq conducted during the growing seasons( 2015-2016) to determine the species KEY WORDS: distribution and recording new localities. Bellevalia , family The morphological investigation was dealt with the characteristics (Asparagaceae), Morphology , of the bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds and it Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences Agricultural for Journal Tikrit was indicated through discussing the characters diversity that the flowers Palynology. characters are taxonomically more important than vegetative characters to isolate the species. ARTICLE HISTORY: (TJAS) Received: 17/08/2020 The palynological study is first conducted on Iraqi botanical Accepted: 16/09/2020 specimens and indicated that pollen grains of all studied taxa of the genus Bellevalia , monads and monosolcate with variations in other characters of Availa ble online: 15/12/2020 pollen grains which give a taxonomic importance.. The species (B. macrobotrys, B. longipes, B. glauca, B. saviczii, B. olivierii, B. mosheovii, B. kurdistanica and B. pycnantha) were previously recorded and two species are new for Iraq (Bellevalia fominii and B.longistyla). © 2020 TJAS. College of Agriculture, Tikrit University Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences Sciences Agricultural for Journal Tikrit INTRODUCTION: Plant Taxonomy (Systematic) was begun as trials to understand and sort the surrounding requirement by the human, nominating them and explaining their diversity depending on morphological characters (Pandy, 2005; Potter et al., 2007), Recently plant taxonomy became more progressing and accurate in using other plant characters such as cytology, anatomy, ecology, phytogeography , other biological sciences and non-biological sciences such as geology and chemistry (NasirAlla, 2007) and it is regarded as a principle for the other sciences which they depend on it so as they could not be isolated from each other (Abdul-Mohsen, 2012),and new technologies and instruments such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) have attributed in developing the taxonomic studies (Abdul-Razaq, 2008; Mohamad, 2010). The plants are regarded as an important wealth in Iraq which includes about 141 vascular plant families with 860 genera and more than 2500 species. For instance, Lily family contains important medical and ornamental plants (Yıldırım et al., 2015).The authors have different ideas about the number of genera and species of the family Liliaceae , Hooker (1894) mentioned 187 genera with 2500 spp, Lawrence (1951) indicated about 240 genera and 4000 species , Rendle (1953) referred to that the genus Bellevalia is included within the family Liliaceae which involving 200 * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abdul-Razaq and Abdulgader/ Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences (2020) 20 (2):1-15 genera with 2600 species, Al-Musawi (1987) mentioned 250 genera with 3500 species belong to the family Liliaceae in the world, while Al-Katib (1988) indicated 250 genera with 4000 species in the world and more than 100 wild species and 18 cultivated species in Iraq . Townsend and Guest(1985)confirmed that the genus Bellevalia Lapeyr. belongs to the family Liliaceae with 21 genera in Iraq and out of 75 species of the genus Bellevalia in the world,10 species are existed in Kurdistan of Iraq. Singh (2004) divided the Liliaceae family on 11 genera and 545 species in the world. The importance of pollen is obvious in many botanical studies based on morphological characters in solving a lot of problems for taxonomic studies. Hyde and Wiliams (1945) were the first used the term “Palynology” which means science of pollen or spores, while Lindley(1840) was the first used the pollen study successfully in isolating the genera of family Orchidaceae and Fritszche (1832) and Mohl(1835) contributed insubstantial coverage of the information in the field of morphology of the pollen. Taxonomic value of the pollen grains is determined by several important characteristics such as the size of the grain, shape and colour and the type of sculpture and the presence of furrows or apertures or both, and their numbers and shapes and dimensions of the grains, which is one of the micro morphological characters (NasirAlla, 2007). The study of the wall of pollen and sculpture has expanded through using each of the Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope, the exine thickness in Liliaceae is 1 mm with reticulate surface (Erdtman et al., 1961, Abdul-Mohsen, 2012). Pollen morphology due to the remarkably symmetrical structure and surface patterns, pollen grains morphology has long been recognized as an important criterion in determining the nature relationship of plant genera and families. The structure of the pollen grain wall characters are used in species identification. On the other hand, there are cases in which pollen grains of very like structure occur in quite unrelated plant families (Salih, 2002). Franchi and Pacini(2000) referred to that the pollen grains of the family Liliaceae are monads but not mentioned about genus Bellevalia. Due to the lack of taxonomic details on the genus Bellevalia and unavailability of the information about the taxonomy position, the aim of this study is to focus on the morphological characters and to compare the pollen morphology of the all taxa of the genus Bellevalia distributed in Kurdistan of Iraq, using Light microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS More than 900 specimens were collected during 30 field trips covered more than 80 localities of Iraqi Kurdistan districts (Amadiyah District MAM, Rawanduz District MRO, Sulaimani District MSU, Erbil District FAR, Persian district PFP and Kirkuk District FKI)from March 2015 to May 2016 in general survey in which were visited twice or more. The specimen was collected from March to June and investigated in vegetative growth stage, flowering and fruiting stage. Each specimen was labeling by the information of scientific name, habit, altitude by Global Positioning System (GPS) of the type (Garmin Rino110), collection date, collector name, ecological notes. MORPHOLOGY All plant parts (Roots, bulbs, scapes, leafs, inflorescences, flowers, fruit and seed) were studied in detail by Dissecting Microscope and the key of some floras [Flora of Syria, Palastine and Sinai (Post, 1933), Flora of lowland Iraq (Richinger,1964), Flora of Europe (Tutin et al., 1980), Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1984), Flora of Iraq (Townsend and Guest, 1985), Flora of Kuwait (Al- Rawi,1987),Flora Iranica (Rechinger,1964, 1990)] were used to identify the species. The specimens were photographed in the field, environment in which the plants live in addition to their feature. PALYNOLOGY Pollen preparation: Light Microscopy (LM). {Figure 6,7} Pollens samples of examined species were obtained from fresh specimens. Pollen grains were prepared for light microscopy (LM) by using standard methods (Erdtman, 1969; Al-Mayah,1983; 2 Abdul-Razaq and Abdulgader/ Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences (2020) 20 (2):1-15 Salih, 2002). Pollens mounted on glycerin jelly onto glass slides and stained with Safranin. Finally the observations were made with Olympus microscope under E 40 with 10Xeyepiece 40Xof a compound light microscope(Olympus).Pollen diameter in polar view(P) and equatorial view(E)were measured for 20-25pollen of each species, all of which were photographed and exine thickness were measured and range value was recorded for each measurement using the Ocular micrometer. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). { Figure 8} The technique developed by Erdtman (1969) and modified by Takahashi (1987) was used to prepare the pollen samples for SEM . The anthers were soaked overnight in acetic acid for softening in 2 ml polyethylene centrifuge tube and were crushed prior to acetolysis. The outmost care was taken to remove the debris and/or unwanted material e.g., fractions of floral parts or anthers, filament. The acetic acid was then decanted and acetolysis mixture (9 ml acetic anhydride: 1 ml conc. sulphuric acid) was added to the centrifuge tube. The acetolysis took place at 1000 C for 3 – 5 min. A glass rod was inserted into each tube to stir the pollen sample within acetolysis mixture for the completion acetolysis process evenly. After acetolysis, grains became yellow-brown to brown in color. A sizeable sample of taxa was subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy. The acetolysed pollen grains were sputter-coated with gold in a JFC 1600 Auto fine Coater for the (SEM) studies, and SEM micrographs taken using JEOL-JSM 6390 LA instrument. Nair’s terminology (Nair, 1971) was used to analyze the palynological characters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MORPHOLOGY Habit and duration: All species herbaceous plants, perennial, erect, were spread by bulbs and seeds. Often, they grow and found in different
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