LANGUAGE FEATURES of BOOKS for CHRISTIAN TATARS and KARAMAN TURKS Okan Guler 1 Zoya N

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

421 LANGUAGE FEATURES OF BOOKS FOR CHRISTIAN TATARS AND KARAMAN TURKS Okan Guler 1 Zoya N. Kirillova 2 Liaisan Sahin 3

Abstract: This article is carried out in Turkish, and Ottoman-Turkish line with comparative studies and is languages based on the following devoted to the study of the specific sources: religious texts, textbooks, and language features of baptized Tatars and literary works. The theoretical basis of Karamanlid Turks. The need to study this study is the following main points: this topic is caused by increased attention language and religion are interconnected to the Kryashen and Karamanlid dialects, and interdependent; phonetic and lexical their linguistic features and history. The features reflect the specifics of the objects of study were religious texts, language; sacred texts, textbooks and textbooks and literary works in Kryashen literary works make it possible to and Karamanlid dialects. As the subject identify the history and origin of the of the study, the language features of people, the belonging of the language to these texts were examined, as well as the certain language groups. history of the appearance of baptized Tatars and Karamanlid Turks. The Keywords : baptized Tatars, grunts, scientific novelty of this work lies in the Turks, Karamanlids, dialects, linguistic fact that the Kryashen and Karamanlid features, borrowings. dialects were studied for the first time in a comparative aspect. The analysis was Introduction based on data from a continuous sample Baptized Tatars (Kryashen) are of explanatory, etymological, an ethno-confessional group of Tatars of encyclopedic dictionaries of the Tatar, the Volga and Ural regions. Today they

1 Kazan Federal University. 2 Kazan Federal University, Tel.: +79274344737. e-mail: [email protected]. 3 Marmara University.

422 live in the Russian Federation, mainly in words denoting them among the Republics of Tatarstan, neighboring peoples is apparently Bashkortostan and Udmurtia, as well as explained by very ancient ethnocultural in the Samara, Kirov and Chelyabinsk and economic ties. The Kryashens more regions. In 2000, according to the results firmly preserved ancient ritual, wedding of the All-Russian population census, the and memorial songs, as well as archaic Kryashens received the status of a sub- forms of jewelry and clothes. ethnic group of Tatars. According to the traditional and According to territorial and most justified point of view on the linguistic features, baptized Tatars, or problem of the occurrence of kryashens, Khryashens, are divided into five groups: the formation of this group as an − Zakazansky kryasheny; independent community took a long time − Kryasheny from Lower with the participation of various ethnic Prikamye; groups, primarily of Turkic and Finno- − Nagaybaki; Ugric origin. This point of view is also − Chistopol kryasheny; confirmed by the linguistic features of − Molkeev’s kryasheny. the baptized Tatars. They all differ from each other The Karamanlid Turks, on the (Bayazitova, 1986). other hand, are part of the Turks who Kryashen profess the Orthodox lived on the territory of the Anatolia direction of Christianity. Over the course Peninsula and adopted Christianity of several centuries, they found (Orthodoxy). themselves in relative religious isolation The first time about the among Muslim Tatars. Kryashen Karamanlids in his book was told by the retained some ancient customs German traveler Hans Dernschwam associated with paganism. In the names (German: Hans Dernschwam). He and contents of pagan rituals, common traveled to Istanbul and Anatolia from features are observed with the Chuvash, 1553-1555. Mari and Mordovian, however, most of According to Dernshwam, these names are of ancient Turkic origin, these people whom he met in Istanbul in and the presence of such rituals and the one block near the Edikule district, came

423 to Istanbul from Karaman (Anzerlio ğlu, kind of connection between the 2003). Karamanlids and the Pechenegs. There are two different views Although the Karamanlids used on the origin of the Karamanlids. At first the Greek alphabet, they did not know glance, the Karamanlids are Greeks who the Greek language at all. They prayed initially lived on the shores of the and communicated among themselves Aegean Sea. After moving to central only in Turkish; even their ministry in Anatolia, the Karamanlids, having the churches was in their native Turkish forgotten their native language, mastered language. the Turkish language. Especially Greek And why were they called historians support this view. According karamanlids? This name is associated to these historians, the adoption of with the Karaman region, in which the Christianity and the use of the Greek Karamanlids themselves lived. Although alphabet prove that the Karamanlids are today Karaman is only the name of the Greeks. However, the use of the alphabet city, from the Middle Ages until 1864 is an incorrect criterion to determine the served as the name of the region. In this origin of one or another people. For region there were some cities like example, Turks throughout history have Kayseri, Konya, Nowhere, Nevsehir and used different alphabets, such as runic, Karaman. However, the Karamanlids Manichean, Sogdian, Old Uigur, lived not only in the Karaman region, but Brahmi, Tibetan, Assyrian, Arabic also in other cities of the Anatolia alphabets, Cyrillic, Jewish, Greek, Peninsula (İbar, 2010). Hungarian Armenian and Latin alphabets. Turkologist - Janos Eckmann (Janos And the second view, supported Eckmann) says about the settlements of more by Turkish historians, suggests that Karamanlids except Anatolia, that today the Karamanlids are Turks who crossed in Gagauzia there is a village called from Central Asia to Anatolia. Then they Karamanköy (Turkish Karamanköy) served in the Byzantine army and (Anzerlio ğlu, 2003). converted to Christianity (İbar, 2010). And what did the Karamanlids That is, we can say that there is some call themselves? Gazanfer Ibar (tour: Gazanfer İbar) writes about this in the

424 introduction of his book. In many Turkish for a long time. And at present, sources of Karamanlids, they call each only elderly people among them other as "Anadolulu hem şehrilerimiz" remember the Turkish language. We can (our Anatolian compatriots) or understand that the Karamanlids spoke "Anadolulu karında şlarımız" (our only Turkish, from the following Anatolian brothers). And, in addition, the sentences: “Türkçe konu şuyorlardı. Karamanlids called themselves Buraya gelincik de Türkçe “Anadolular” (Anatolians), “Anadolu konu şuyorduk. Urumca bilen yok idi. Hristiyanları” (Anatolian Christians), Çocuklarımız bilmiyordu Urumca”. (We “Anadolu Rumları” (Anatolian rooms). spoke Turkish. After arriving here, we And they called their native language as continued to speak Turkish. There was “Yavan Türkçe” (pure Turkish), “Açık nobody who knew Greek. And our Türkçe” (simple / understandable children did not know Greek.) Turkish) or “Anadolu Lisanı” (Anzerlio ğlu, 2003). (Anatolian) (İbar, 2010). But after the creation of the Methods Republic of Turkey, on July 24, 1923, The paper used a descriptive the Lausanne Peace Treaty was adopted. method, including observation, Under this agreement, a Greek-Turkish comparison and generalization, population exchange took place: Turks collection of factual material; dictionary who lived on the land of Greece were definition analysis method; comparative sent to Turkey, and the Greeks who lived typological method; a statistical method on the land of Turkey (except those for processing language material; in the living in the city of Istanbul) was sent to course of work, various analysis methods Greece. Including the Karamanlids were were applied: etymological analysis, sent to Greece, because they were also component analysis with the considered Greeks. This population identification of semantic components of exchange was very difficult for the a language unit and phonetic analysis. Karamanlids, because they did not know Greek at all. They could not adapt to life Results And Discussion in Greece. In addition, they spoke

425 This issue is covered in the we wanted in our work to compare their works of many scientists from different sociological nature, as well as the branches of knowledge, since the study specifics of the linguistic features of the of the language features of dialects is at Kryashens and the Karamanlid Turks. the junction of such scientific areas as What similarities and areal linguistics, lexicology, differences are there between the dialectology and the history of language. Kryashens and the Karamanlid Turks? The linguistic features of the dialects of First, the Karamanlids are a sub-ethnic baptized Tatars, spiritual and religious group of Turks, and the Kryashens are a culture, traditions of Kryashen were sub-ethnic group of Tatars. In other reflected in the works of F.S. words, they are not different peoples Bayazitova, O. Guler, F.Sh. Nurieva et from Turks or Tatars. Kryashen have one al., Ethnostereotypes in Tatar and root with the Tatars, and Karamanlids - Turkish paremias were studied in an with the Turks. Secondly, they are both article by F.Kh. Gabdrakhmanova, the in the same religion (Orthodoxy or problems of ethnocultural identity and Orthodoxy). If we compare their name, interlanguage communication are we can say that the names of both groups investigated in the work of G.Kh. imply geographical features. Only the Gilazetdinova, historical changes in the first point of view about the name texts of the Karamanlid Turks identified “Kryashen” is associated with religion. by Miller Michael Grimm, etc We can say that there are more (Bayazitova, 1986; Guler et al., 2018; books published for the Karamanlids Nurieva et al., 2016; Gabdrakhmanova et than books published for the baptized al., 2018; Aminova et al., 2014; Miller, Tatars. However, it must be emphasized 1974). that today no books are published for the The sociological nature of the Karamanlids (except for research books Kryashen and the Karamanlid Turks is on the Karamanlid Turks and their very similar to each other. Both of them dialects). This means that Karamanlid are subgroups of two of the Turkic literature and publications do not peoples, and they both adopted the same currently exist. And the Kryashen religion - Christianity. For this reason,

426 newspaper continues to publish the used more. As a result, we can say that in Tuganailar newspaper. relation to borrowed words, the In this newspaper, along with Kryashen dialect is cleaner than the news in Russian and Tatar languages, Karamanlidic one, since the Kryashen there are articles reflecting the language dialect uses more Turkic / common features of Kryashen dialects and the Turkic words. spelling of writing in the Kryashen In addition to religious texts, we alphabet of the 19th century is preserved. have studied textbooks and literary We have revealed the linguistic works in Karamanlid and Kryashen features of the Gospel for the baptized dialects (Emelyanov, 1879). First, we Tatars and the Karamanlid Turks. As a selected a certain number of words from result, many borrowed words were each book, then studied their etymology. studied that came from Arabic, Persian, After that, these words were compared Greek and Russian. For comparison, with literary languages, and if they were some words of Turkic origin were also found, then they indicated the phonetic investigated (Chirkova, 1891). changes that occurred in these words. In the Gospel of John we meet In the books studied, most of Turkism, Arabism, Persism, Rusism and the words of origin, of course, are Turkic Greekism. In both dialects, Arabic and words, since both dialects belong to the Persian borrowings were used, but when Turkic languages. Also in the books in compared, in the Gospel in Karamanlid Kryashen and Karamanlid dialects we there are more Arabisms, and instead of found a lot of borrowings. In these borrowings in Kryashen, Turkic Karamanlid, Arabic and Greek words were used. And this is explained borrowings were most often used, and in by the fact that at that time the Arabic Kryashen, Russian and Arabic borrowed language had a very strong influence on words. However, if we compare, in the Karamanlid dialect (including the Kryashen most Turkic words are used Turkish language). In addition, many than in Karamanlid. And we can say that Russisms were found in the Kryashen the Karamanlid dialect is very close to dialect, and together with these words in the literary language of that time. And the Karamanlidic Arabic versions were Kryashensky differs from the literary

427 language in phonetic and spelling Persian languages influenced him less features. than the Karamanlid. In the books of both dialects one can find different descriptions of one Conclusions word: quack. Вugen / өgөn, quack. Summarizing the above, we can “Blon / beln”, car. "Τ̇ιϐὰρ / διϐὰρ / say that these two subgroups are wealth δουϐὰρ" and car. Ἂμμα / ἒμμα . for the Turkic world with its similarities In the textbook in Kryashen at and differences. If the Karamanlids did the beginning of the word “y” is usually not have to move to Greece, then their saved: jafraq, janga, jasa [u], jaz [u]; and literature could become richer. The in the Gospel and poems of Yakov cessation of the literature of the Emelyanov words are used in which at Karamanlid Turks is a very big loss for the beginning of the word the consonant Turkish literature. “y” changes to “zh”: jakty, jazyk, zhoz, jean, zhagymny, zhosh. Acknowledgements The work is performed Summary according to the Russian Government As a result, out of 62 words we Program of Competitive Growth of selected in Kryashen, there were 26 Kazan Federal University. words - Tatar / General Turkic, 20 words - Russian, 11 words - Arabic, 5 words - References Persian. And in Karamanlid, out of 85 Bayazitova, F. S. (1986). Talking Tatars- words, 34 words were Arabic, 27 words Kryashen in comparative lighting. Turkish / Pan-Turkic, 11 words Persian, Moscow: Nauka, 247 p. 10 words Greek, 2 words French and 1 word Italian. As you can see, most of the Anzerlio ğlu, Y. (2003). Karamanlı words in Kryashen are Tatar / General Ortodoks Türkler [Karamanlı–die Türkic, and in Karamanlid they are orthodoxen Türken]. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Arabic. This can be explained by the fact Phoenix , 432 p. that the Turkic words were preserved in the Kryashen dialect, the Arabic and

428 İbar, G. (2010). Anadolulu Miller, M. G. (1974). The Karamanli- hem şehrilerimiz: Karamanlılar ve Turkish texts: the historical changes in Yunan harfli Türkçe . Türkiye İş Bankası their script and phonology . Indiana Kültür Yayınları. University.

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