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L'islam Au Kazakhstan L’islam au Kazakhstan : les rapports Etats-religion (XVIIIème - XXème siècles) Talgat Abdrakhmanov To cite this version: Talgat Abdrakhmanov. L’islam au Kazakhstan : les rapports Etats-religion (XVIIIème - XXème siècles). Histoire. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012BOR30050. tel-00817205 HAL Id: tel-00817205 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817205 Submitted on 24 Apr 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux 3 Ecole Doctorale Montaigne Humanités (ED 480) Thèse de Doctorat en « Cultures et sociétés dans le monde arabe et musulman » L’islam au Kazakhstan Les rapports Etats-religion (XVIII-XXème siècles) Préparée et soutenue publiquement le 13.12.2012 par Talgat ABDRAKHMANOV Sous la direction de M. Sobhi BOUSTANI Membres du jury : Sobhi BOUSTANI, INALCO Michel BOZDEMIR, INALCO Renée-Paule DEBAISIEUX-ZEMOUR, Université Bordeaux 3 Najib ZAKKA, Université Lille 3 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier avant tout mon directeur de recherche, Monsieur Sobhi BOUSTANI, d’avoir accepté de reprendre en charge le suivi de mes recherches et la direction de ma thèse. C’est grâce à lui que j’ai pu achever ce travail. Je remercie tout particulièrement Madame DEBAISIEUX pour ses conseils et l’aide qu’elle m’a apportés au niveau méthodologique. Je remercie également ma sœur Jannat pour sa participation au recueil des informations et mon ami Pierre qui a contribué à la réalisation des cartes historiques ainsi qu’Anna pour ses traductions en anglais. 2 A la mémoire de M. Samaha KHOURY avec qui j’ai commencé cette thèse 3 Résumé Les relations entre l’Etat et la religion sont déterminantes dans l’histoire de chaque pays. Au Kazakhstan, le statut de l’islam a varié au gré du régime sur place. Implanté en plusieurs vagues, commençant par la conquête arabe du sud du pays, puis officialisé par les Qarakhanides, la Horde d’Or sous le khan Özbek et les khans kazakhs, l’islam a trouvé une certaine régulation à partir du XVIIIème siècle avec la colonisation russe. L’Empire russe, intéressé par le fait de gagner les musulmans à sa cause, favorise leur religion en créant l’Assemblée spirituelle à Orenbourg. L’impératrice Catherine II envoie des mollahs tatars dans la steppe kazakhe et construit de nombreuses mosquées pour mieux contrôler les Kazakhs. Mais le renforcement de l’islam donne des résultats inverses à ceux escomptés et l’empire durcit sa position envers le dernier, il limite le nombre de mollahs et de mosquées par région. Avec l’arrivée des soviétiques au pouvoir, tout semble changer. Mais provisoirement seulement ; les premières « déclarations démocratiques » n’aboutissent qu’à se retourner contre toutes les religions par une série de répressions à la fin des années 1920, et l’idéologie communiste espère mettre fin à l’islam. Pourtant les Directions spirituelles musulmanes avaient été rétablies durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale par Staline qui avait voulu utiliser le potentiel religieux pour servir ses buts. Elles ont fonctionné jusqu’à l’effondrement de l’URSS en reflétant les décisions du parti. L’indépendance du Kazakhstan a donné une chance aux croyants de rétablir la religion, mais en même temps elle a contribué à l’apparition de mouvances radicales. Depuis les années 2000 le gouvernement revoit sa politique en matière religieuse, en effectuant de nouveau des restrictions. L’histoire recommence-t-elle ? Mots-clés : islam, identité nationale, religion, URSS, Empire russe, Kazakhstan, pouvoir politique, Etat-religion 4 Abstract Relations between the state and religion are determining in the history of every country. At Kazakhstan the status of Islam has largely depended on the ruling regime. Islam was brought to Kazakhstan in several waves, starting from the conquest of the country’s south by Arabs. It was legalized by Qarakhanides, the Golden Horde under Khan Özbek and Kazakh clans and was further regularized with Russian colonization starting from XVIII century. Russian Empire, interested in attracting Muslims, has favored their religion by creating a Spiritual assembly at Orenburg. Empress Catherine II (The Great) had sent Tatar mullahs to the Kazakh steppes to establish Moslem institutions (mosques, religious schools, etc). This was aimed at gaining control over the Kazakh population. But reinforcement of Islam has led to rather opposite result and, as a consequence, Empire hardened towards Islam - the numbers of mosques and mullahs were reduced. It seemed to change upon arrival of the Soviets to the region, but only for a limited time, followed by anti-religious declarations of the Soviet Government and repressions at the end of 1920s, aiming to exterminate the influence of Islam once and forever. However during Second World War, under Stalin, Muslin spiritual institutions were once more re-established. They continued to function during the post-war era and collapse of USSR, being in the total support for the latter. Independence of Kazakhstan has provided an opportunity for the citizens to freely express their beliefs, and at the same time it led to the emerging of certain radical movements. From the years of 2000 the Kazakh government revises once again its policy on religion towards restriction. The history repeats itself? Key words: Islam, national identity, religion, USSR, Russian empire, Kazakhstan, political power, State and Religion 5 Transcription et translittération Vu la diversité linguistique en Asie centrale en général et au Kazakhstan en particulier, nous utiliserons deux systèmes de translittération, un pour le kazakh et un deuxième pour le russe. Les termes spécifiques et les noms de personnalités kazakhes sont translittérés par l’alphabet latin du kazakh (version de Qazaqparat1) utilisé sur l’internet. Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres cyrilliques latines cyrilliques latines cyrilliques latines kazakhs kazakh kazakhs kazakhs kazakhs kazakhs Аа Aa Ққ Qq Фф Ff Әә Ää Лл Ll Хх Xx Бб Bb Мм Mm Һһ Hh Вв Vv Нн Nn Цц Cc Гг Gg Ңң Ññ Чч Çç Ғғ Ğğ Оо Oo Шш Şş Дд Dd Өө Öö Щщ Şş şş Ее Ee Пп Pp Ъъ (ʺ) Ëë Yo yo Рр Rr Ыы Iı Жж Jj Сс Ss Іі Ii Зз Zz Тт Tt Ьь (ʹ) Ии Ïï Уу Ww Ээ Èè Йй Yy Ұұ Uu Юю Yu yu Кк Kk Үү Üü Яя Ya ya 1 Depuis 2004 l’Agence de presse du Kazakhstan « Qazaqparat » a introduit cette translittération pour permettre aux Kazakhs de l’étranger qui n’utilisent pas l’alphabet cyrillique d’accéder à l’information dans le pays. Les lettres cyrilliques étaient remplacées par les lettres turques de CP 1254. Ce système est devenu le standard de Qaznet. Les pages web et les sources destinées à l’étranger utilisent aussi ce système. L’Institut des Langues de l’Académie des sciences du Kazakhstan est d’avis que ce système va être la base du nouvel alphabet latin du kazakh. 6 Les termes et les réalités russes et les noms des personnalités sont translittérés selon les normes du standard international d’ISO 9. Lettres Transcription Lettres Transcription Lettres Transcription cyrilliques ISO 9 cyrilliques ISO 9 cyrilliques ISO 9 Аа Aa Кк Kk Хх Hh Бб Bb Лл Ll Цц Cc Вв Vv Мм Mm Чч Čč Гг Gg Нн Nn Шш Šš Дд Dd Оо Oo Щщ Ŝŝ Ее Ee Пп Pp Ъъ ʺ Ëë Ëë Рр Rr Ыы Yy Жж Ž Сс Ss Ьь ʹ Зз Zz Тт Tt Ээ Èè Ии Ii Уу Uu Юю Ûû Йй Jj Фф Ff Яя Ââ En revanche, les termes et les noms entrés dans l’usage courant du français, comme par exemple kazakh (qazaq), Catherine II etc., font exception. Les noms de personnalités et des localités étrangères autres que kazakhs et russes sont reproduits selon la phonétique française se rapprochant au maximum de l’original. Par exemple nous écrirons le nom de la tribu Qarlouq et pas Karlouk car le premier terme est graphiquement proche du mot original, par analogie avec Iraq-Irak. 7 Sigles ASMO Assemblée spirituelle des musulmans d’Orenbourg CC Comité central CCE Comité central exécutif CAR Conseil aux affaires religieuses CCP Conseil des commissaires du peuple CCR Conseil des cultes religieux CPN Commissariat du peuple aux nationalités DARCE Département des affaires religieuses des confessions étrangères DGARCE Direction générale des affaires religieuses des confessions étrangères DSB Direction spirituelle du Bachkortostan DSCM Direction spirituelle centrale des musulmans DSMAC Direction spirituelle des musulmans d’Asie centrale DSMC Direction spirituelle des musulmans du Caucase DSMCN Direction spirituelle des musulmans du Caucase du Nord DSMES Direction spirituelle des musulmans de la partie européenne et de la Sibérie DSMK Direction spirituelle des musulmans du Kazakhstan IAS Institut de l’athéisme scientifique LMA Ligue des militants athées KGB Comité de sécurité de l’Etat NEP Nouvelle politique économique NKGB Commissariat du peuple la sécurité de l’Etat NKVD Commissariat du peuple aux affaires intérieures OGPU Direction politique d’Etat PCR Parti communiste russe PCK Parti communiste du Kazakhstan PCUS Parti communiste de l’Union soviétique POSDR Parti social-démocrate de Russie RSFSR République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie RSSAK République socialiste soviétique autonome kazakhe RSSK République socialiste soviétique kazakhe URSS Union des républiques socilaistes soviétiques 8 Table des matières Remerciements 2 Dédicace 3 Résumé 4 Abstract 5 Transcription et translittération 6 Sigles 8 Table des matières 9 Introduction générale 13 Première partie : Préambule historique 16 1.1 Début de l’islamisation et ses facteurs 16 1.1.1.
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