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American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected]

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Manuscript info: Received December 18, 2018., Accepted December 22, 2018., Published February 20, 2019.

THE ACTIVITIES OF SOGDIANS IN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

Nasritdinova Munira Bakhramjanovna PhD student State Institute of Oriental Studies [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2019-1-5

Abstract: This article is an analysis of scientific literature and sources revealing the historical and geographical location of Zhetysu. Also, the article provides information about the resettlement of Sogdians in Zhetysu and their activities. As it is known that Zhetysu is called differently such as Zhetysu, Semirechye, Jetisuw, Jetysu, Jeti-su, Jity- su, Yedi-su and etc in different sources. This geographical name represents the north- west of and the southeast of and the debates on the use of this geographical term in relation to this still continues. There is a range of questions such as which geographical names are better to use for these territories, and what names had been used in historical sources to represent these lands? Which names were mentioned in the written sources of Chinese, Ancient Turkish, Sogdian, -Persian, and other languages? Is it possible to resolve the issue by answering such questions? Above mentioned questions will be answered in this article. Keywords: Semirechye, A..Vlangali, .Baipakov, .Eleuov, the country of , "-yu" ("Western countries").

Recommended citation: Nasritdinova Munira. THE ACTIVITIES OF SOGDIANS IN ZHETYSU IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. 1-2. American Journal of Research P. 39-48 (2019).

INTRODUCTION well known that today's geographical Zhetysu (Semirechye) has been point of view, Zhetysu is used as a playing an important role as one of compact name for the , , and the most important historical and rivers and several rivers which geographical in the life of flow into Balhash lake. In general, Central Asian people. Particularly in this geographical name represents the first Middle Ages, Sogdians and the north-west of Kazakhstan and Turks lived together in that region the southeast of Kyrgyzstan and the and this place is important to debates on the use of this highlight the unknown aspects of the geographical term in relation to this history of people of the region. It is region still continues.

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39 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected]

LITERATURE REVIEW the researcher had used journals, In this research, "The state manuscripts and articles to collect structure of the Western Turkic data related to the research. Kaganate" by G.Babayarov, "Ancient Ispidzhab", "Medieval FINDINGS AND urban culture of southern ISCUSSION Kazakhstan and Semirechye (VI - According to some source, this early XIII centuries)" by historic-geographical region is K.M.Baypakov, "Cities of conditionally called by the Kendzhida-Kendzhe district"by researchers as "Zhetysu" ("Jetisu" in K.Baypakov, Sughd colonization of Kazakh and Kyrgyz historiography, Semirechye by "Semireche" in Russian literature). A..Bernshtam,"Collection of Semirechye (in the pre-revolutionary information about the peoples who administrative division of the lived in Central in ancient times" Semirechye region) is a geographical by N.I.Bichurin (Iakinf), "Pre- region that includes the southeastern Islamic coins" by M.Eleuov, part of Kazakhstan and northern G.Babayarov, A.Kubatin, "Name of Kyrgyzstan. The Zhetysu in the north the Redemption " by is bounded - by the lakes , M.Is'hakov, "Devonian Dictionary Sasykol and Alakol; in the east - the of the Turkish (Devonu-lug'at it- Dzungarian Ala-Tau range; in the turk)" by Kashghariy Mahmud, south - the ridges of the northern "Genealogy and chronology of West Tien Shan Terskey Ala-Too and Turkic and Turgesh kagans of the Kirghiz; in the west - the rivers 6th - 8th centuries" by Karabalta, Chu and . S.G.Klyashtorny, "Notes on the However, these boundaries are Early Islamic Road Builder to conditional. Semirechye is currently " by P. Lurye, "So?dlular?n located mainly in Kazakhstan Orta Asya'daki Faaliyetleri" by ( oblast, partly Zhambyl M.Mori, "The Sogdian inscriptions region); the upper reaches of the of Kultobe" by N.Sims-Williams, . are part of the Uygur Grenet, "Sogdian traders: a history" Autonomous Region of China; part byVaissi?re . de la and other sources of the Chui Valley, part of the are used efficiently. extended historical interpretation of Seven Rivers, is part of Kyrgyzstan. MATERIALS AND According to .I.Abolina (Soviet METHODS geographer), the Zhetysu includes a This is qualitative research using part of the Kazakh Hills (Highland the content analysis approach. More north of Lake Balkhash), the whole than twenty works are used to Betpakdala and the northern explain the theme called the Tien Shan. That is, fully Dzhambul activities of Sogdians in Zhetysu in (Taraz), Almaty and Taldy-Kurgan the early Middle Ages. Besides that, regions, part of Chimkent,

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Dzhezkazgan and Semipalatinsk name "Zhetysu" was wrong in regions and northern Kyrgyzstan general because six rivers flow into [22]. And in the reference book Balkhash itself. "Geographical Names of the USSR" The name "Zhetysu" appeared in for 1983 it says: "Zhetysu is a the 1840s when detachments of the geographical region lying to the Siberian Cossack troops arrived in south of Lake Balkhash. Alma-Ata this region. Accustomed to waterless, region of the Kazakh SSR ", that dry Irtyshpian , the Siberian is, Northern Kyrgyzstan is no longer were struck by the included. As you can see, the abundance of rivers and rivulets discrepancy is quite significant. This falling from the northern slopes of region could not be called Zhetysu, the and Kungei but another composite word, in Ala-Too. Therefore, they called the which the numeral would be even a newly occupied region Zhetysu. A two-digit number because there are happy figure and in folklore meaning much more rivers here. But which "many" - seven wisps; seven don' seven rivers exactly - opinions, as wait for one; seven troubles, one well as concerning borders, are also answer, and others. It is more different. thoroughly considered that the term In Almaty, on the fountain "Zhetysu" was introduced into the symbolizing Zhetysu, the names of scientific circulation by the Russian seven rivers were carved: Ili, Chu, geographer A.G.Vlangali, who , , , Tentek and described the rivers flowing into . In the encyclopedia "Alma- Lake Balkhash, in his report on Ata" we read that the name travel to Zhetysu and Dzhungarsky Semirechie comes from the rivers Ili, Alatau in 1849-1851. The version Karatal, Bien, Aksu, Lepsy, associated with the seven largest Baskan, and Sarkand. In this seven, rivers of the region, which the three new rivers appeared, displacing Russian troops had to overcome as three from the list depicted on the they advanced from the northeast to fountain. As we see, there are the south, is the most common. discrepancies, several variants of Therefore, in this version, there is seven rivers. Some of this list excludes no river Chu. This is explained by the southernmost river the Chu. the fact that Russian troops reached Others insist on including in the list it much later, and originally Zhetysu of the most northern river of the called the area only to the Ili River. region - Ayaguz. Still, others The rest of the Russian sources and consider only Or, and tributaries documents called Zailiysky and flowing into it: , , Zachuysky areas. And only Turgen, , , and Kaskelen. subsequently the area, called I.Zavalishin in his work "Description Zhetysu, was expanded to the of Western ", narrating about borders described above. Since 1867, the , argued that the when the Semirechensk region was

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41 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] formed, the names of the Ayaguz to even before coming to district, Zailiysky and Zachuysky Zhetysu. In 1819, the Sultan of the regions disappear. Only one name Great Horde of Suyuk (Suk) remains - Zhetysu, assigned to the Ablaikhanov, with a territory off the whole region included in the region. eastern shore of Lake Balkhash, But this is one of the versions accepted the citizenship of . associated with the advancement of In commemoration of this event, the Russians to this region. A detailed by decree of Alexander I (the reign description is given to her because of 1801-25), it was ordered to build it is the most common. Let's start the Sultan "Seke" a house and a with an inaccurate translation. The mosque on the shores of Lake term "Zhetysu" is either a free Balkhash in the "Seven Rivers Tract". translation of the Kazakh name of By the letter No. 450 dated June 9, the region "Dzhetysu" or an 1822, the West-Siberian Governor- incorrect explanation of the term's General P.M.Kaptsevich instructed origin from the number of rivers the provincial secretary Mulla flowing into Balkhash. "Su" in Tasbulat Bekbulatov "to go to the Kazakh "". It means that the Seven Rivers to the Sultans of exact translation is "Seven , Adilev, wandering behind the Soh Semivodye", allegorically - "Many- and Karatal rivers" to censor and water". Compare with the fabulous swear oath to "entering them Russian "Belovodye". After all, the (sultans - . M.) to the Russian river in Kazakh "?zen" (or "Yezen" citizenship of their subordinates - the first letter is absent in the biys and Kyrgyz" [15, p.334]. And Russian (pronounced as E in a report dated May 25, 1825, he in the word "birch")), "the river - reported on the dispatch of a to the goose of the ozen". It turns detachment under the command of out that the Zhetysu is a free, poetic Lieutenant Colonel Shubin to the translation of the Kazakh Dzhetysu. sultan "Syuk Ablaykhanov to the At Balkhash, between the rivers Ili boundary of Semirechic". The and Karatal there was a natural detachment was supposed to follow boundary Seven Rivers. Kohl we are "along the well-known caravan route talking about the local name of the to the Seven Rivers located 600 track, then, most likely, it is not miles from Semipalatinsk". B. the rivers or even small rivers that Bronevsky in "Notes on the Kirghiz- are meant, but some springs, Kaysaks of the Middle Horde" in streams or small lakes. Perhaps some 1830 wrote: "The big hordes of the combination of these water sources. Kirghiz who wonder at the natural "Seven Rivers", that is, the tract rich boundary of the Seven Rivers near in water in the arid Kazakh steppes, Lake Balkhash are engaged in why he was chosen for the farming with diligence. construction of the Sultan's rate. The Famous archeologist tract of the Seven Rivers was known K.Baypakov, who has been

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42 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] researching the region for almost lands? Which names were fifty years, continues the idea of most mentioned in the written sources of Soviet-era scientists. He prefers to use Chinese, Ancient Turkish, Sogdian, the use of the term "Zhetysu" in Arabic-Persian, and other relation to the three river basins. The languages? Is it possible to resolve upper and middle streams of the the issue by answering such Talas and Chu rivers are the Central questions? Zhetysu, one of which is the lower In ancient Chinese chronicles, river basin of the Talas River and countries in the west of the true western regions, namely, Western China are summarized as "Si-yuy" Zhetysu for the Taraz (Jambul) and ("Western countries")[6, p.269]. This its surroundings, the lower river name is mainly referred to as Central basin of the Chu River and the term Asia's eastern , Zhetysu, "Northern Zhetysu " for the Ili Amu-Darya, Syr-Darya, and River [4, p.5-15]. Khurasan. In the chronicles, one Another archaeologist from unique name was used for the basins Kazakhstan M.Eleuov thinks that of Issiqkul, Talas, Chu, and Ili of Zhetysu is originated on the 7 flowing Zhetysu or contradictory, the rivers into Balkhash lake (Ili, researchers did not agree. Only in Qoratol, Bien, Oksuv, , Baskan the last centuries BC, in the and Sarkand rivers), so the name surrounding islands of Issyk Kul and should be used for the south-eastern its north-western neighborhood, part of the lake and Chu and Talas such phrases as "Usun", "Usun river basins should be named after ulkesi", "the land of usun" were used. two rivers - Chu-Talas valley [7]. This tradition continued until early Some researchers claim that Middle Ages. In particular, in "Zhetysu" must actually be used in Chinese chronicles, some facts the form of Jete-SUV, in that case, about Juan-juan era were revealed the geographical term will be right in the mid-millennium AD and there for the area to which it expresses. is written that some tribes moved They think that this title is not a into "to the land of ancient Usuns". hydronym and its origin is not Even in the period of Turkish related to seven rivers. There is Khanate, this place is called "the another idea such as South-East Old Town of Usun" in the annual Kazakhstan and North-West books. "Western Turks" especially Kyrgyzstan are called "" "Ten Arrows"'s location was about and "Jete Province" in the Middle in this region [6, p.155-156]. Ages and the title of "Zhetysu" is It is well known that the Western named after "Jete Province". Turkic, or rather the bases of the So, which geographical names Western Turkic Khanate - "Davlat are better to use for these territories, ulusi" ("Grand Nation") (domain) and what names had been used in were located in the basins of Talas, historical sources to represent these Chu and Ili rivers and nowadays this

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43 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] place is called Zhetysu. Indeed, in moved was called Turkiston. That the first medieval Chinese sources, information was written in the book sometimes the terms of "Ten Aymaq titled "Tarikhi Bukhoro" by Abu Turks" and "Ten tribe country" were Jafar an-Narshakhiy. Also, that book used for the Western Turkic gives information on the people who Khanate. The area adjacent to the area migrated into Bukhara city were from of Zhetysu is mentioned under the Turkistan [14,p.91-92]. names of "The Land of Ten Turks", There are also some arguments "The Western Turks Territory" in the sources that the term of [6,p.289]. Turkistan was used for this region. In the ancient Turkish Especially, in Sogdian sources epicographies, although there is no which were discovered in Turfan definite term for this region, Kul (639), can be found some Tegin and Bilge Haqan argue that information about "slave Upachah the term "Un Uq Haqqani"("Ten who was born in Turkistan, some Tribes") is used to refer to Zhetysu researchers think that the place was region. In particular, it is noteworthy Zhetysu [8,p.169]. In general, this that the terms of "Un Uq idea seems to be true. Because haqani"(Ten arrow haqan) and "Un Sogdians were familiar with East Uq ughlim Turgash haqan"(Ten Turkestan and their surroundings arrow son Turgash haqan) were and they called Kumul, , used by Western Turks or Turgash , Turfan and other places rulers [10,p.165-168]. with their names. Under the term Thus, Chinese and Old Turkish Turkestan, Zhetysu may have been sources have discovered that this summarized as a part of the Amudarya region (Zhetysu) was traditionally - Syrdarya region. Perhaps this title viewed as a whole region. This similar could have been used to refer to tradition continued later, as the central regions of Western Turkic Mahmud Koshgari was able to Khanate. It is well known that the confirm that the place where the central regions of this region, population from Isfijob until namely "Davlat ulusi"("Grand Balosoghun spoke in Turkish and Nation") are mainly concentrated Sogdian at the same level. He used in the basins of Talas, Chu and Ili the term "Arghu ulkasi"(Land of rivers [1, p.38-39] Arghu) for the region [9,p. 66, 94, At the same time, in the sogdian 145, 148]. documents of Mugh (for example In Arab-Persian sources, it can A-14) can be found the term of be seen that the term "Bilod at- "High", it is known that the contents Turk"(The country of Turks) and of the document were shown the "Turkistan" were applied to this north or north-east regions of region even though it is not so exact Chach oasis. In the first quarter of fact. In particular, Jamukat the eighth century, Zhetysu was the (Humukat) city where Sogdians central region of the Western Turkic

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Kaganate, and Turkash clans and (), Peylotszyanstzyun military supporters of these (Balosogun), Mi-go (Maymurg), kingdoms were mainly living in the Sinchen (Navokat), Shuystzyan area. The writer of the A-14 (Chuyket), Ashubulay (Ashpara), document (actually the letter) was Dalosi (Talas/Taraz), Syan-Syuan sogdian Fatufari and the author of (Ming-bulaq and others [23,p.272- the document also mentions about 273]. "the rulers of Chach" and "Tudun" 3. In Arab-Persian sources: and the fact that Hun (Turks) went Barskhan, Iskul (Issiqkul), to "Upper" to live there [21, p.158- Bolosogun, Navokat, Kirmirkat, 159]. Moreover, at this time, Suyab, Bunjikat, Atlah, Qulon, Zhetysu, especially Chu and Talas Shelji, Taroz, Hamukat/Jamukat, oases were the widely populated area Azarhoh (Ming-Buloq) and others by Turks and Sogdians and the [12, p.81-82]. archaeological monuments show the 4. In the book by Mahmoud ruins of the historical city are often Kashghariy: Issigh-Kul, (Issiqkul), found in the cultural traces of Barskhan, Suyab, Urdu, Sogdians (writing, symbolic signs, Balosoghun, Atluq, Taroz and ossuary and etc.). Thus, Sogdian others [9, p.149,424]. used the geographical terms such as Likewise, "Subaliq" was the "Upper" and "Turkiston" for those capital city for "Eight northern areas. Nowadays, their provinces" in the ancient Tibetan correspondence to Zhetysu reflects book titled "Catalog of authorities", the historical reality of their era. this was the central part of the At the same time, it should be Zhetysu. This place can be called as noted in the written sources that ancient Turkic Chu-baliq, ie "Chu sogdian registries mentioned in (the city on the river bank)". Indeed, connection with Zhetysu region. some researchers are comparing the Although there is insufficient Tibetan-based Shubaliq fortress with information on this issue in sogdian the "Shu shahri"(Shu city) near the monuments, sogdian toponomics city of , which even can names can be found in Chinese, be found in Mahmoud Koshgary's Arabic-Persian, and partly in Greek work too. Therefore, it is possible to (Byzantine) and Tibetan sources. compare Shubaliq with the city of Based on some sources in these Suyab and to interpret it as Suyab languages, we quote them as follows in Turkic name. (From the eastern direction of In addition, Chinese sources Zhetysu to northern part): point out that the significant part of 1. In sogdian documents and Zhetysu was written under the name epigraphic findings: Tumkat, "Sogd" for some time. By the way, Tuydich, Navokat [12, p.356]. in the Middle Ages, the Sogdians 2. In Chinese Chronicles: Jehay were widely spread in the area from (Issyqkul), Dun (Tun), Suye Zhetysu to Sogd and this is reflected

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45 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] in the following information written Turkestan and North-west China. by Chinese merchant Syuan Tszan Sogdians and Turks lived together (627-645) during his visit to the in the dozens of big cities from the region: "The land, from Su-ye-shuy river basin of Syrdarya (Chach, (Suyab) to the Stze-Shuan-na Utrar/Tarband. Isfijob/) to (Kesh) country, is called Su-li Zhetysu (Taraz, Suyab and Issiqkul) (Sogd). [This country]'s population, [13,p.15-24]. For above mentioned writing and language are also called information, we can find a lot of with the name of country [16,p.113]. evidences from Chinese and This information should be related Byzantine sources and in those to the early medieval, possibly even sources, the names of places were the earlier period, and it shows that written in Turkish and Sogdian or sogdiands migrated into Zhetysu Turkish-Sogdian languages. That is, form the original Sogd (Zarafshan- one of the characteristics of this Kashgadarya basins) and they period is that at the moment the created a range of villages and towns. name of a population of mountain, In fact, this information goes back river, and similar places is different, to the later centuries (630 BC), depending on the diversity of ethnic even earlier from the beginning of groups living in a particular area. the AD to the century, the sogdian Also, the adaptation of the original community consisted of large language in a second language was portion of population in the different characteristic of the time. towns of the Syrdarya river basin, Specifically, the mountains in the up to Zhetysu, in particular they northern part of the Utrar are called lived in the major cities such as Shavghar(trans. Black Mountain) Utror, Isfijob, Taraz, and relatively and Qorachuqi in . small towns such as Ashpara, Similarly, Sayram city, called Kulan, Merki and others, this Sayram / Saryam (trans. "Rare water" information has been proven by or "white water") in the Turkic both written and archaeological language, is also called Isfijab materials [4,14]. (trans.White water) in Sogdian Meanwhile, applying [2, p.5-7]. and local sources for the distribution The same situation can be seen of sogdian areas in these regions will with the connection of Zhetysu. help to better understand this issue. There were hundreds of springs in First of all, it should be noted that the south-western part of province in the early Middle Ages, mainly of Talas valley, Chinese sources two ethnic groups: Turkish and simultaneously used Turkish words sogdian existed in many parts of as Bing-yul ("Ming-Buloq"), . Sogdians lived not only sometimes translated into Chinese in Sogd , and they lived in as Bin-yu, sometimes Tsyan-tsyuan Ustrushana, the river basin of (Ming-Bulak). In the works of Arab Syrdarya, Zhetysu, Eastern geographers it is mentioned in the

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46 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] same place as Azar-Khakh, its Great so it is not surprising linguistic meaning is derived from that these lands were attractive for the - azar- natural trader sogdians. "thousand" and khakh-" thousand Concluding Remarks: In springs"(Ming bulak) [12, p.82]. summary, for a first millennium AD, Also, according to some sources, sogdians built its communities in the name of Suyab, the first foreign countries and Zhetysu played medieval political administrative an important role in this situation. center of the Zhetysu, can be For nearly a thousand years, attributed to the Turkish "Su" as sogdiands organized a range of groups "water, river" and sogdian "yap/yab" and they travelled as traders to far as "water, river [23, p.263] away countries. As a result, new trade This is explained by the fact that colonies namely, new mahallas, both Turks and Sogdians lived side rabats, villages, towns were built in by side and they spoke in their own those places by sogdians. Particulary, languages. dozens of towns were created in Therefore, it is necessary to Zhetysu - historic-geographical identify another issue related to the region. Hence, today's archaeological distribution of Sogdians in these excavations have its own historical territories. First of all, it should be foundations of the fact that the underlined that if the demographic archaeological excavations of situation and the circumstances of Zhetysu and its adjacent borders in that period are taken into account, the Chu and Talas valleys are almost this issue will be clarified. It is well the same as the history of Sogd known that the and findings and the epigraphic heritage river basins of the Chach valley had of the archaeological artifacts, favorable natural conditions and household items, sculptures. In the that's way, those places were widely Middle Ages, Sogdians was populated area. It would have been economically and culturally active, difficult for another nation to come with a significant number in Central by peaceful means. One of the Asia. Sogdian played an important reasons for the high concentration role in the socio-political life of the of sogdians in the basins of Zhetysu region as a separate team at that time. and Syrdarya, which was relatively Then the peoples of Zhetysu and rare but suitable for life-threatening adjacent territories joined with areas, so sogdians moved into those . They played an areas. These territories were the main important role in their ethnic sites in the northern branch of the background.

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3. Baypakov KM Medieval urban culture of southern Kazakhstan and Semirechye (VI - early XIII centuries). - Alma-Ata: Science, 1986. 4. Baypakov K. Cities of Kendzhida-Kendzhe district / Civilizations and cultures of Central Asia in unity and diversity. Proceedings of the International Conference. September 7-8, 2009 - Samarkand-Tashkent: 2010. - p. 5-15. 5. Bernshtam A. N. Sogdian colonization of Semirechye // Brief reports on reports and field research of the Institute for the History of Material Culture. - M. -., 1940, ¹6. - p. 34-43. 6. Bichurin (Iakinf) N.I. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. In 3 volumes. - M.-L.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 7. Eleuov M., Babayarov G., Kubatin A. Pre-Islamic Taraz coins - ?slam ?ncesi Taraz sikkeleri. - Taraz, 2014. 8. Is'hakov M. Name of the Redemption Turkistan // The Literature and Art of , ¹4546, 1993. - B. 1, 5. 9. Kashghariy, Mahmud. Devonian Dictionary of the Turkish (Devonu-lug'at it-turk) / Translator and publisher S.M. Mutallibov. 3 vol. - T. Fan, 1960-1963. 10. Klyashtorny S.G. Genealogy and chronology of West Turkic and Turgesh kagans of the 6th - 8th centuries. // From the history of pre-revolutionary Kyrgyzstan. - Frunze: Ilim, 1985. - p. 165-168. 11. Sogdian epigraphy of Central Asia and Semirechye. - SPb .: Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University, 2008. 12. Lurye P. Notes on the Early Islamic Road Builder to China // Materials and Research on Archeology of Kyrgyzstan. - , 2005. - Vol. 1. - p. 81-89. 13. Otaxuzhaev A. Sogd and Choch in the political, socio-economic and cultural relations of the first Middle Ages // Uzbekistan's history. - Tashkent, 2009. - ¹ 1. - B. 15-24. 14. Narshahiy. History of Bukhara / - Tashkent: Kamalak, 1991 15. RGIA, f. 1264, it. 1, . 334, l. 3 Grenet F., de la Vaissiere E. The last days of Panjikent // Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 8. - Kamakura 2002. - P. 155-196. 16. Ekrem E. Hs?an-Tsang Seyahetnamesi'ne g?re T?rkistan. Bas?lmam?? doktora tezi. Hacettepe ?niversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit?s?. - Ankara, 2003. 17. Lurje P. Personal Names in Sogdian Texts / Iranisches Personennamenbuch. Band II. Mitteliranische Personennamen. Nr. 8. - Vien, 2010. 18. Mori M. So?dlular?n Orta Asya'daki Faaliyetleri. TTK, Belleten, Ocak, Ankara 1983. S. 339 351 19. Sims-Williams N., Grenet F. The Sogdian inscriptions of Kultobe // Shygys, 2006. - ¹1. - Ð. 95-107. 20. Uray G. The Old Tibetan sources of the Central Asia up to 751 A.D.: a Survey // Prolegomena to the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia. Ed. by . Harmatta. - Budapest, 1979. - P. 275-304. 21. Vaissi?re E. de la. Sogdian traders: a history. Translated by J. Ward. - Brill... Leiden - Boston... 2005. 22. Chekmenyov N. Semirechye. - "Kyrgyzstan", 1977. 23. Zuev Yu.A.Rannie tyurki: ocherki istorii i idealogii. - À-À., 2002. - S. 272-273

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