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The Activities of Sogdians in Zhetysu in the Early Middle Ages

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The Activities of Sogdians in Zhetysu in the Early Middle Ages American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES Manuscript info: Received December 18, 2018., Accepted December 22, 2018., Published February 20, 2019. THE ACTIVITIES OF SOGDIANS IN ZHETYSU IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Nasritdinova Munira Bakhramjanovna PhD student Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2019-1-5 Abstract: This article is an analysis of scientific literature and sources revealing the historical and geographical location of Zhetysu. Also, the article provides information about the resettlement of Sogdians in Zhetysu and their activities. As it is known that Zhetysu is called differently such as Zhetysu, Semirechye, Jetisuw, Jetysu, Jeti-su, Jity- su, Yedi-su and etc in different sources. This geographical name represents the north- west of Kazakhstan and the southeast of Kyrgyzstan and the debates on the use of this geographical term in relation to this region still continues. There is a range of questions such as which geographical names are better to use for these territories, and what names had been used in historical sources to represent these lands? Which names were mentioned in the written sources of Chinese, Ancient Turkish, Sogdian, Arabic-Persian, and other languages? Is it possible to resolve the issue by answering such questions? Above mentioned questions will be answered in this article. Keywords: Semirechye, A.G.Vlangali, K.Baipakov, M.Eleuov, the country of Wusun, "S-yu" ("Western countries"). Recommended citation: Nasritdinova Munira. THE ACTIVITIES OF SOGDIANS IN ZHETYSU IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. 1-2. American Journal of Research P. 39-48 (2019). INTRODUCTION well known that today's geographical Zhetysu (Semirechye) has been point of view, Zhetysu is used as a playing an important role as one of compact name for the Ili, Chu, and the most important historical and Talas rivers and several rivers which geographical regions in the life of flow into Balhash lake. In general, Central Asian people. Particularly in this geographical name represents the first Middle Ages, Sogdians and the north-west of Kazakhstan and Turks lived together in that region the southeast of Kyrgyzstan and the and this place is important to debates on the use of this highlight the unknown aspects of the geographical term in relation to this history of people of the region. It is region still continues. USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 39 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] LITERATURE REVIEW the researcher had used journals, In this research, "The state manuscripts and articles to collect structure of the Western Turkic data related to the research. Kaganate" by G.Babayarov, "Ancient Ispidzhab", "Medieval FINDINGS AND urban culture of southern ISCUSSION Kazakhstan and Semirechye (VI - According to some source, this early XIII centuries)" by historic-geographical region is K.M.Baypakov, "Cities of conditionally called by the Kendzhida-Kendzhe district"by researchers as "Zhetysu" ("Jetisu" in K.Baypakov, Sughd colonization of Kazakh and Kyrgyz historiography, Semirechye by "Semireche" in Russian literature). A.N.Bernshtam,"Collection of Semirechye (in the pre-revolutionary information about the peoples who administrative division of the lived in Central Asia in ancient times" Semirechye region) is a geographical by N.I.Bichurin (Iakinf), "Pre- region that includes the southeastern Islamic Taraz coins" by M.Eleuov, part of Kazakhstan and northern G.Babayarov, A.Kubatin, "Name of Kyrgyzstan. The Zhetysu in the north the Redemption Turkistan" by is bounded - by the lakes Balkhash, M.Is'hakov, "Devonian Dictionary Sasykol and Alakol; in the east - the of the Turkish (Devonu-lug'at it- Dzungarian Ala-Tau range; in the turk)" by Kashghariy Mahmud, south - the ridges of the northern "Genealogy and chronology of West Tien Shan Terskey Ala-Too and Turkic and Turgesh kagans of the Kirghiz; in the west - the rivers 6th - 8th centuries" by Karabalta, Chu and Lake Balkhash. S.G.Klyashtorny, "Notes on the However, these boundaries are Early Islamic Road Builder to conditional. Semirechye is currently China" by P. Lurye, "So?dlular?n located mainly in Kazakhstan Orta Asya'daki Faaliyetleri" by (Almaty oblast, partly Zhambyl M.Mori, "The Sogdian inscriptions region); the upper reaches of the of Kultobe" by N.Sims-Williams, F. Or are part of the Xinjiang Uygur Grenet, "Sogdian traders: a history" Autonomous Region of China; part byVaissi?re E. de la and other sources of the Chui Valley, part of the are used efficiently. extended historical interpretation of Seven Rivers, is part of Kyrgyzstan. MATERIALS AND According to R.I.Abolina (Soviet METHODS geographer), the Zhetysu includes a This is qualitative research using part of the Kazakh Hills (Highland the content analysis approach. More north of Lake Balkhash), the whole than twenty works are used to Betpakdala steppe and the northern explain the theme called the Tien Shan. That is, fully Dzhambul activities of Sogdians in Zhetysu in (Taraz), Almaty and Taldy-Kurgan the early Middle Ages. Besides that, regions, part of Chimkent, USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 40 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] Dzhezkazgan and Semipalatinsk name "Zhetysu" was wrong in regions and northern Kyrgyzstan general because six rivers flow into [22]. And in the reference book Balkhash itself. "Geographical Names of the USSR" The name "Zhetysu" appeared in for 1983 it says: "Zhetysu is a the 1840s when detachments of the geographical region lying to the Siberian Cossack troops arrived in south of Lake Balkhash. Alma-Ata this region. Accustomed to waterless, region of the Kazakh SSR ", that dry Irtyshpian steppes, the Siberian is, Northern Kyrgyzstan is no longer Cossacks were struck by the included. As you can see, the abundance of rivers and rivulets discrepancy is quite significant. This falling from the northern slopes of region could not be called Zhetysu, the Dzungarian Alatau and Kungei but another composite word, in Ala-Too. Therefore, they called the which the numeral would be even a newly occupied region Zhetysu. A two-digit number because there are happy figure and in folklore meaning much more rivers here. But which "many" - seven wisps; seven don't seven rivers exactly - opinions, as wait for one; seven troubles, one well as concerning borders, are also answer, and others. It is more different. thoroughly considered that the term In Almaty, on the fountain "Zhetysu" was introduced into the symbolizing Zhetysu, the names of scientific circulation by the Russian seven rivers were carved: Ili, Chu, geographer A.G.Vlangali, who Aksu, Karatal, Lepsy, Tentek and described the rivers flowing into Koksu. In the encyclopedia "Alma- Lake Balkhash, in his report on Ata" we read that the name travel to Zhetysu and Dzhungarsky Semirechie comes from the rivers Ili, Alatau in 1849-1851. The version Karatal, Bien, Aksu, Lepsy, associated with the seven largest Baskan, and Sarkand. In this seven, rivers of the region, which the three new rivers appeared, displacing Russian troops had to overcome as three from the list depicted on the they advanced from the northeast to fountain. As we see, there are the south, is the most common. discrepancies, several variants of Therefore, in this version, there is seven rivers. Some of this list excludes no river Chu. This is explained by the southernmost river the Chu. the fact that Russian troops reached Others insist on including in the list it much later, and originally Zhetysu of the most northern river of the called the area only to the Ili River. region - Ayaguz. Still, others The rest of the Russian sources and consider only Or, and tributaries documents called Zailiysky and flowing into it: Charyn, Chilik, Zachuysky areas. And only Turgen, Issyk, Talgar, and Kaskelen. subsequently the area, called I.Zavalishin in his work "Description Zhetysu, was expanded to the of Western Siberia", narrating about borders described above. Since 1867, the Kazakh steppe, argued that the when the Semirechensk region was USA, Michigan Generalization of Scientific Results 41 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 1-2, January-February 2019 [email protected] formed, the names of the Ayaguz to Russians even before coming to district, Zailiysky and Zachuysky Zhetysu. In 1819, the Sultan of the regions disappear. Only one name Great Horde of Suyuk (Suk) remains - Zhetysu, assigned to the Ablaikhanov, with a territory off the whole region included in the region. eastern shore of Lake Balkhash, But this is one of the versions accepted the citizenship of Russia. associated with the advancement of In commemoration of this event, the Russians to this region. A detailed by decree of Alexander I (the reign description is given to her because of 1801-25), it was ordered to build it is the most common. Let's start the Sultan "Seke" a house and a with an inaccurate translation. The mosque on the shores of Lake term "Zhetysu" is either a free Balkhash in the "Seven Rivers Tract". translation of the Kazakh name of By the letter No. 450 dated June 9, the region "Dzhetysu" or an 1822, the West-Siberian Governor- incorrect explanation of the term's General P.M.Kaptsevich instructed origin from the number of rivers the provincial secretary Mulla flowing into Balkhash. "Su" in Tasbulat Bekbulatov "to go to the Kazakh "water". It means that the Seven Rivers to the Sultans of exact translation is "Seven Waters, Adilev, wandering behind the Soh Semivodye", allegorically - "Many- and Karatal rivers" to censor and water". Compare with the fabulous swear oath to "entering them Russian "Belovodye". After all, the (sultans - B. M.) to the Russian river in Kazakh "?zen" (or "Yezen" citizenship of their subordinates - the first letter is absent in the biys and Kyrgyz" [15, p.334].
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