Tarihi Türk Sehri Balasagun Hakkinda Yeni Incelemeler
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Eastern and Western Look at the History of the Silk Road
Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 EASTERN AND WESTERN LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD Kobzeva Olga1, Siddikov Ravshan2, Doroshenko Tatyana3, Atadjanova Sayora4, Ktaybekov Salamat5 1Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 2Docent, Candidate of historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 3Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 4Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 5Lecturer at the History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] Received: 17.03.2020 Revised: 02.04.2020 Accepted: 11.05.2020 Abstract This article discusses the eastern and western views of the Great Silk Road as well as the works of scientists who studied the Great Silk Road. The main direction goes to the historiography of the Great Silk Road of 19-21 centuries. Keywords: Great Silk Road, Silk, East, West, China, Historiography, Zhang Qian, Sogdians, Trade and etc. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.17 INTRODUCTION another temple in Suzhou, sacrifices are offered so-called to the The historiography of the Great Silk Road has thousands of “Yellow Emperor”, who according to a legend, with the help of 12 articles, monographs, essays, and other kinds of investigations. -
2 Religions and Religious Movements
ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction 2 RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS H.-J. Klimkeit, R. Meserve, E. E. Karimov and C. Shackle Contents Introduction ....................................... 62 RELIGIONS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN ENVIRONMENT ............. 67 Turkic and Mongol beliefs, the Tibetan Bon religion and shamanism ......... 67 Religion among the Uighurs, Kyrgyz, Kitan ...................... 69 MANICHAEISM AND NESTORIAN CHRISTIANITY ............... 71 Manichaeism ...................................... 71 Nestorian Christianity .................................. 75 Zoroastrianism ..................................... 78 Hinduism ........................................ 82 THE ADVENT OF ISLAM: EXTENT AND IMPACT ................ 83 NON-ISLAMIC MYSTIC MOVEMENTS IN HINDU SOCIETY .......... 88 The Hatha-yoga movement ............................... 89 The bhakti movement .................................. 90 Birth of the Sikh religion ................................ 91 Introduction (H.-J. Klimkeit) Although cultural and religious life along the Central Asian Silk Route was determined both by various indigenous traditions, including Zoroastrianism, and by the world 62 ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction religions that expanded into this area from India and China as well as from Syria and Per- sia, we can detect certain basic patterns that recur in different areas and situations.1 Here we mainly wish to illustrate that there were often similar geopolitical and social conditions in various oasis towns. The duality of such towns and the surrounding deserts, steppes and mountains is characteristic of the basic situation. Nomads dwelling in the steppes had their own social structures and their own understanding of life, which was determined by tra- ditions that spoke of forefathers and heroes of the past who had created a state with its own divine orders and laws. The Old Turkic inscriptions on the Orkhon river in Mongolia are a good case in point. -
The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities Along the Great Silk Road in the Territory of Kazakhstan
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 20 (2018) Issue 2 Article 5 The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan Ainura Kurmanaliyeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Nurlykhan Aljanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Mira Manassova Karaganda Economic University KazPotrebsoyuz Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <[email protected]> Recommended Citation Kurmanaliyeva, Ainura; Aljanova, Nurlykhan; and Manassova, Mira. "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 20.2 (2018): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.3236> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field. -
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS -
C:\Documents and Settings\Owner\My Documents\Sounds of Silk Booklet.Php
Sounds of Silk an exhibit of Instruments and Textiles from Silk Road Cultures The Silk Road passed through Central Asia, linking China in the east to Iran and the Mediterranean to the west. Connecting pathways went north to Russia and south to India and Afghanistan. Central Asia was inhabited by nomadic and settled peoples whose lives revolved economically around the Silk Road. They also absorbed new ideas and influences through contact with incoming traders, travelers and conquerors. In this exhibition of Central Asian arts, you can see the legacy of the Silk Road in the blending of these foreign ideas with the existing cultural patterns of both nomadic and settled peoples. Funded in part by Utah Humanities Council, Utah Arts Council, and Salt Lake County Zoo Arts and Parks Program. Utah Humanities Council promotes understanding of human traditions, Studies reveal that it was monks who first brought cocoons to Byzantium from China in the year 555 A.D.; the cocoon trade spread from Byzantium to Greece and from there to Italy, Spain and France from the 7th Century onward. The caravans of merchants either followed the road leading to the Caspian Sea by passing through the Afghan valleys, or climbed the Karakorum Mountains and arrived in Anatolia via Iran. From Anatolia, the caravans proceeded to Europe either by sea or by the Silk Road that passed through the Thrace Region. During the time of the Mongols with Ghengiz Khan in the 13th and 14th centuries Marco Polo took the Silk Road to reach China. Even today, the Silk Road offers an extraordinary variety of historic and cultural riches. -
English / French
World Heritage 38 COM WHC-14/38.COM/8B Paris, 30 April 2014 Original: English / French UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE Thirty-eighth session Doha, Qatar 15 – 25 June 2014 Item 8 of the Provisional Agenda: Establishment of the World Heritage List and of the List of World Heritage in Danger 8B. Nominations to the World Heritage List SUMMARY This document presents the nominations to be examined by the Committee at its 38th session (Doha, 2014). It is divided into four sections: I Changes to names of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List II Examination of nominations of natural, mixed and cultural properties to the World Heritage List III Statements of Outstanding Universal Value of the three properties inscribed at the 37th session (Phnom Penh, 2013) and not adopted by the World Heritage Committee IV Record of the physical attributes of each property being discussed at the 38th session The document presents for each nomination the proposed Draft Decision based on the recommendations of the appropriate Advisory Body(ies) as included in WHC-14/38.COM/INF.8B1 and WHC-14/38.COM/INF.8B2 and it provides a record of the physical attributes of each property being discussed at the 38th session. The information is presented in two parts: • a table of the total surface area of each property and any buffer zone proposed, together with the geographic coordinates of each site's approximate centre point; and • a set of separate tables presenting the component parts of each of the 16 proposed serial properties. -
Vol07 N2final.Pdf
ISSN 0971-9318 HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC, United Nations Vol. 7 No. 2 April - June 2003 KAZAKHSTAN SPECIAL The Traces of Buddhism in the Semirech’e P. Stobdan Ethnicity and Nation Building in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Manish Jha Inter-ethnic Relations in Kazakhstan: Role of Presidency Makhmud B. Kassymbekov Environmental Threats to Kazakhstan’s Security Ajay Lele Uighurs of Kazakhstan: Socio-Economic Situation Sh. M. Nadyrov Kazakhs in Post-Socialist Mongolia Sharad K. Soni HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Editor : K. WARIKOO Assistant Editor : SHARAD K. SONI Copyright©Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, New Delhi. * All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without first seeking the written permission of the publisher or due acknowledgement. * The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. SUBSCRIPTION IN INDIA Single Copy : Rs. 100.00 Annual (Individual) : Rs. 300.00 Institutions : Rs. 500.00 & Libraries (Annual) OVERSEAS (AIRMAIL) Single Copy : US $ 7.00 UK £ 5.00 Annual (Individual) : US $ 30.00 UK £ 20.00 Institutions : US $ 50.00 & Libraries (Annual) UK £ 35.00 Subscriptions should be sent by crossed cheque or bank draft in favour of HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION, Post Box : 10541, Jawaharlal Nehru University Post Office, New Delhi - 110067 (India). Printed and published by Prof. K. Warikoo on behalf of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, BA/1G, D.D.A. -
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III. -
Heritage at Risk
H @ R 2008 –2010 ICOMOS W ICOMOS HERITAGE O RLD RLD AT RISK R EP O RT 2008RT –2010 –2010 HER ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 I TAGE AT AT TAGE ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER Ris K INTERNATIONAL COUNciL ON MONUMENTS AND SiTES CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES MONUMENTS ET DES SiTES CONSEJO INTERNAciONAL DE MONUMENTOS Y SiTIOS мЕждународный совЕт по вопросам памятников и достопримЕчатЕльных мЕст HERITAGE AT RISK Patrimoine en Péril / Patrimonio en Peligro ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER ICOMOS rapport mondial 2008–2010 sur des monuments et des sites en péril ICOMOS informe mundial 2008–2010 sobre monumentos y sitios en peligro edited by Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer Published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin Heritage at Risk edited by ICOMOS PRESIDENT: Gustavo Araoz SECRETARY GENERAL: Bénédicte Selfslagh TREASURER GENERAL: Philippe La Hausse de Lalouvière VICE PRESIDENTS: Kristal Buckley, Alfredo Conti, Guo Zhan Andrew Hall, Wilfried Lipp OFFICE: International Secretariat of ICOMOS 49 –51 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris – France Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural Affairs and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag EDITORIAL WORK: Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet, John Ziesemer The texts provided for this publication reflect the independent view of each committee and /or the different authors. Photo credits can be found in the captions, otherwise the pictures were provided by the various committees, authors or individual members of ICOMOS. Front and Back Covers: Cambodia, Temple of Preah Vihear (photo: Michael Petzet) Inside Front Cover: Pakistan, Upper Indus Valley, Buddha under the Tree of Enlightenment, Rock Art at Risk (photo: Harald Hauptmann) Inside Back Cover: Georgia, Tower house in Revaz Khojelani ( photo: Christoph Machat) © 2010 ICOMOS – published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin ISBN 978-3-930388-65-3 CONTENTS Foreword by Francesco Bandarin, Assistant Director-General for Culture, UNESCO, Paris .................................. -
The Khitans: Corner Stone of the Mongol Empire
ACTA VIA SERICA Vol. 6, No. 1, June 2021: 141–164 doi: 10.22679/avs.2021.6.1.006 The Khitans: Corner Stone of the Mongol Empire GEORGE LANE* The Khitans were a Turco-Mongol clan who dominated China north of the Yangtze River during the early mediaeval period. They adopted and then adapted many of the cultural traditions of their powerful neighbours to the south, the Song Chinese. However, before their absorption into the Mongol Empire in the late 13th century they proved pivotal, firstly in the eastward expansion of the armies of Chinggis Khan, secondly, in the survival of the Persian heartlands after the Mongol invasions of the 1220s and thirdly, in the revival and integration of the polity of Iran into the Chinggisid Empire. Da Liao, the Khitans, the Qara Khitai, names which have served this clan well, strengthened and invigorated the hosts which harboured them. The Liao willingly assimilated into the Chinggisid Empire of whose formation they had been an integral agent and in doing so they also surrendered their identity but not their history. Recent scholarship is now unearthing and recognising their proud legacy and distinct identity. Michal Biran placed the Khitans irrevocably and centrally in mediaeval Asian history and this study emphasises their role in the establishment of the Mongol Empire. Keywords: Khitans, Liao, Chinggids, Mongols, Ilkhanate * Dr. GEORGE LANE is a Research Associate at the School of History, Religion & Philosophy, SOAS University of London. 142 Acta Via Serica, Vol. 6, No. 1, June 2021 The Khitans: Corner Stone of the Mongol Empire The Turco-Mongol tribe that first settled the lands of northern China, north of the Huai River and adopted and adapted the cultural traditions of their domineering neighbour to the south, has only recently been acknowledged for their importance to the evolution of mediaeval Asian history, due in large part to the work of Michal Biran of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. -
Dramatis Personae •
Dramatis Personae • Note: all dates are approximate. ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356– 323 bc). Macedonian ruler who, af- ter invading Central Asia in 329 bc, spent three years in the region, establishing or renaming nine cities and leaving behind the Bactrian Greek state, headquartered at Balkh, which eventually ruled territo- ries extending into India. Awhad al- Din ANVARI (1126– 1189). Poet and boon companion of Sultan Sanjar at Merv who, boasting of his vast knowledge, wrote that, “If you don’t believe me, come and test me. I am ready.” Nizami ARUDI. Twelfth- century Samarkand- born poet and courtier of the rulers of Khwarazm and of Ghor, and author of Four Discourses, in which he argued that a good ruler’s intellectual stable should include secretaries, poets, astrologers, and physicians. Abu Mansur Ali ASADI. Eleventh- century poet from Tus and follower of Ferdowsi. Working at a court in Azerbaijan, Asadi versified The Epic of Garshasp (Garshaspnameh), which ranks second only to Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh among Persian epic poems. Farid al- Din ATTAR (1145– 1221). Pharmacist and Sufi poet from Nishapur, who combined mysticism with the magic of the story- teller’s art. His Conference of the Birds is an allegory in which the birds of the world take wing in search of Truth, only to find it within themselves. Yusuf BALASAGUNI (Yusuf of Balasagun). Author in 1069 of the Wisdom of Royal Glory, a guide for rulers and an essay on ethics. Written in a Turkic dialect, Yusuf’s volume for the first time brought a Turkic language into the mainstream of Mediterranean civilization and thought. -
14 the Türk Empire
ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 THE TÜRK EMPIRE 14 THE TÜRK EMPIRE* D. Sinor and S. G. Klyashtorny Contents THE FIRST TÜRK EMPIRE (553–682) ........................ 327 Ethnogenesis ...................................... 327 The economy ...................................... 331 Political history ..................................... 332 THE SECOND TÜRK EMPIRE (682–745) ...................... 335 Resurgence of the Türk Empire ............................. 335 Political and social structure .............................. 336 Relations with China .................................. 338 The empire in crisis ................................... 339 The last war with T’ang China ............................. 340 The final decade ..................................... 341 Epigraphic memorials of the Türks ........................... 342 The Türgesh state .................................... 346 The Uighurs and the Karluks .............................. 347 * See Map 7. 326 ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 Ethnogenesis Part One THE FIRST TÜRK EMPIRE (553–682) (D. Sinor) The two centuries during which the Türks were the dominant power in Inner Asia would seem to mark a turning point since, for the first time in recorded history, an essentially nomad empire bordered simultaneously on three major sedentary civilizations: those of China, Iran, and the Western world as represented by Byzantium. A more or less permanent link was established between these three civilizations, allowing the free flow of trade and with it, one must presume, a range of ideas and information. There