Recording Vanier’s Changing Identity Through New Urban Infrastructure
by Hugo Béland-Latreille
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in SDUWLDOIXOÀOOPHQWRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHGHJUHHRI Master of Architecure
Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2015 Hugo Béland-Latreille Abstract
This thesis explores questions of RI 9DQLHU 7KH VLWH LWVHOI GHVLJQDWHG E\ identity and the character of a place. the City of Ottawa as a “gateway” to the It will also deal with how this place QHLJKERXUKRRGGHDOVZLWKYDULRXVGHVLJQ maintains its individuality, or its genius challenges such as a connection to the ORFL GHÀQHG DV D VSHFLDO LUUHSODFHDEOH rest of the city, to the Rideau River, and quality that joins it to its greater context. a mediation of scale differences in the The intention is to create a vessel for the VXUURXQGLQJ XUEDQ IDEULF ,W DOVR GHDOV preservation of the existing identity of with sociopolitical challenges such as a place for its existing residents, while XUEDQLQWHQVLÀFDWLRQJHQWULÀFDWLRQDQG evolving to accommodate new residents. cultural identity. The design proposal 8UEDQVWUDWHJLHVDUHGLDJUDPPDWLFDOO\ DLPV WR VHW VWDQGDUGV IRU ZKDW ZLOO EH developed across greater Vanier, a DUJXHG DV ´UHVSRQVLEOH DUFKLWHFWXUHµ working-class, traditionally Francophone 7KHVHVWDQGDUGVDLPWRHVWDEOLVKSRVLWLYH QHLJKERXUKRRG WKH VSHFLÀF VLWH WR examples in the development of the
EH GHYHORSHG DUFKLWHFWXUDOO\ IRU WKLV UDSLGO\ HYROYLQJ QHLJKERXUKRRG RI project is situated on the western edge Vanier. acknowledgements
First of all, I want to thank my parents WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDUV EHFDPH D IULHQG who’ve always supported my education DQGPHQWRU Paul Kariouk, for pushing me to strive for great work. Paul is such a dedicated and passionate professor and architect , who, Table of Contents Abstract ...... Pg.3 Statement ...... Pg.6 Introdution ...... Pg.7 Chapter 1: Vanier 1.1 The Past ...... Pg.10 1.2 Francophone Militancy in Vanier ...... Pg.17 )URP:RUNLQJ&ODVVWR*HQWULÀHG ...... Pg.25 Chapter 2: Housing 2.1 The Big Problem ...... Pg.27 0RGHUQ+RXVLQJ,QLWLDWLYHVLQ2WWDZD ...... Pg.34 %HDYHU%DUUDFNV&DVH6WXG\ ...... Pg.39 Chapter 3: The Public Realm 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRISXEOLFVSDFH ...... Pg.50 3.2 Shareable Cities ...... Pg.57 3ODFHG· This thesis examines how an always- FKDUDFWHU DQG DIIRUGDELOLW\ FDQ EH HYROYLQJ XUEDQ SXEOLF UHDOP FDQ maintained together. continue to honour its past history and peoples while simultaneously creating D PRUH YLWDO DQG YLEUDQW HQYLURQPHQW :KHUHDV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH YLEUDQF\ RI D QHLJKERUKRRG LV JHQHUDOO\ FRXSOHG WR the erasure of authentic history via JHQWULÀFDWLRQ PXVW WKDW DOZD\V EH WKH FDVH"7KLVWKHVLVSRVLWVWKDWE\GHFDQWLQJ key programmatic requirements of FRQYHQWLRQDO KRXVLQJ WR QHZ XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQHLJKERUKRRG·VH[LVWLQJ 6 introduction 7KH &LW\ RI 2WWDZD KDV ORQJ EHHQ to the displacement of existing residents trying to revitalize working class who can no longer afford the higher costs QHLJKERXUKRRGV LQVLGH WKH FLW\·V of living. JUHHQ EHOW WXUQLQJ WKHVH EOXHFROODU 7KH *OHEH DUHD ZKLFK LV QRZ NQRZQ QHLJKERXUKRRGVLQWRSRVKDUHDVIRUWKH DV DQ XSVFDOH PDWXUH QHLJKERXUKRRG city’s white-collar elite. This process is ZDV WKH ÀUVW LQ 2WWDZD WR XQGHUJR WKLV WLHG FORVHO\ WR JHQWULÀFDWLRQ ZKHUHE\ change in the 1970s when it transformed ODUJHUPDLQVWUHHWVVWDUWEHLQJSRSXODWHG from a low-income working class E\QHZFRQGRPLQLXPVFDXVLQJSURSHUW\ QHLJKERXUKRRG WR WKH WUHQG\ PRGHUQ YDOXHV WR VRDU EDVHG RQ WKH VSHFXODWLYH DQG UHODWLYHO\ H[SHQVLYH QHLJKERUKRRG SUDFWLFHV E\ UHDO HVWDWH DJHQWV DQG ZH NQRZ WRGD\ 0RUH QHLJKERUKRRGV developers. These new and typically IROORZHG VXLW DV :HVWERUR DQG PRUH H[SHQVLYHEXLOGLQJW\SRORJLHVRIWHQOHDG UHFHQWO\ WR +LQWRQEXUJ EHJDQ WKHLU 7 own transformations. From 2007 to years has made it a home for many new 2013, average housing values soared in immigrants as well. These factors and +LQWRQEXUJ E\ VHYHQW\WKUHH SHUFHQW Vanier’s proximity to downtown have compared to the city’s thirty one percent PDGH WKLV QHLJKERXUKRRG DWWUDFWLYH average increase1. to developers, making it next in line Vanier, once the small independent IRU DQ ´XUEDQ PDNHRYHUµ :H WKXV YLOODJHRI(DVWYLHZKDVEHFRPHDGHQVH REVHUYH WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI WKLV SURFHVV social mosaic. It was once a haven for NQRZQ DV JHQWULÀFDWLRQ 7KLV WKHVLV )UHQFK&DQDGLDQV EXW DQ DEXQGDQFH DLPV WR H[SORUH D VSHFLÀF VLWH DGMDFHQW of social housing, cheap land costs and to the Cummings Bridge and Montreal lower costing rental units over the 5RDG ZKLFK KDV EHHQ GHVLJQDWHG DV D ´JDWHZD\ VLWHµ E\ WKH &LW\ RI 2WWDZD ´5HVDOH%X\HUV%UDYHWKH)HEUXDU\)UHH]Hµ2W- acting as the western entry portal into tawa Real Estate Board. March 4, 2015. Accessed March 10, 2015. 8 Vanier. The goal of this design thesis is the future. develop a site that will showcase how a QHLJKERXUKRRG FDQ GHYHORS SRVLWLYHO\ without displacing the core people who form its identity. This design thesis aims to have new housing serve as a landmark that is now clearly missing in the area and that will positively impact the lives of existing residents rather than merely accommodate a future population. It is important to propose a site strategy that commemorates the identity of Vanier while helping it evolve progressively into 9 chapter 1 : Vanier 1.1 the past 7KH QHLJKERXUKRRG RI 9DQLHU VSDQV KDELWDQWV LQ ZKLFK PDGH LW RQH WZRNLORPHWHUVEHWZHHQWKH5LGHDX5LYHU RI WKH GHQVHVW FLWLHV LQ &DQDGD EHIRUH and St-Laurent Boulevard. Beechwood LWV XQLÀFDWLRQ ZLWK 2WWDZD $W WKDW $YHQXH PDUNV LWV QRUWKHUQ ERXQGDU\ time approximately two thirds of those while McArthur Avenue separates it from 20,000 residents were Francophone, 2YHUEURRNWRWKHVRXWK HVWDEOLVKLQJ 9DQLHU DV D PDMRU )UHQFK This 2.8 km2 community has quirks &DQDGLDQ VWURQJKROG RXWVLGH RI 4XHEHF LQ LWV KLVWRU\ WKDW PDNH LW DEVROXWHO\ %HFDXVHRIWKHUHFHQWJHQWULÀFDWLRQRQO\ unique. It was formerly the only RI9DQLHU·VSRSXODWLRQVHOILGHQWLÀHV Canadian city completely situated within as French-speaking, which is an all-time WKH ERXQGDULHV RI DQRWKHU FLW\ XQWLO ORZ LQ WKH QHLJKERUKRRG·V KLVWRU\ \HW it amalgamated with Ottawa in 2001. VWLOOUHSUHVHQWVDQXPEHUIDUJUHDWHUWKDQ ,WV SRSXODWLRQ UHDFKHG DERXW 10 FIGURE 1: First Official Language Spoken Ottawa’s average of 16%1. The present Vanier rests on what was previously the Township of Gloucester, named after the second Duke of *ORXFHVWHUDQG(GLQEXUJKDQGÀUVWNQRZQ DV7RZQVKLS%ZKHQLWZDVÀUVWVXUYH\HG LQ ,WZDVQ·WXQWLOWKDWWKHÀUVW Source: NHS 2011 UXGLPHQWDU\ ZRRGHQ EULGJH QDPHG &XPPLQJV %ULGJH ZDV EXLOW FRQQHFWLQJ Rideau Street to Montreal road via an island in the Rideau River now known 1 “National Household Survey (NHS).” Govern- ment of Canada, Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2015. 11 Figure 2: towns of Janesville, Clandeboye, and Clarkstown as Cummings Island. Shortly after in 1840, Charles Cummings, the prosperous EXVLQHVVPDQ ZKR FRPPLVVLRQHG WKH EULGJH PRYHG LQWR WKH QHZ &XPPLQJV General Store with his family. The store was located on the island that housed WKH ÀUVW SRVW RIÀFH LQ WKH WRZQVKLS Other important pioneer families such as McArthur, Clarke, and Sparks also later migrated to the township of Gloucester.2 2 Glenn Clark. “A Historical Timeline for the Township of Gloucester.” The Gloucester Histor- LFDO6RFLHW\)HEUXDU\$FFHVVHG2FWREHU 18, 2014. http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/ history.html. 12 During this time, the village of Janesville The development of these small towns IRUPHG DGMDFHQW WR WKH EULGJH DORQJ GHSHQGHGRQWKHOXPEHULQGXVWU\ZKLFK ZLWK WKH YLOODJH &ODQGHER\H WR WKH HDVW EDQNHG WKH 5LGHDX 5LYHU DV ZHOO DV VHSDUDWHG E\ WKH %\WRZQ DQG 3UHVFRWW agriculture and farming along the river’s Railway, which ran on what is now Vanier edges. With the rapid expansion of the 3DUNZD\IURP0DQRWLFNWR1HZ(GLQEXUJ area, Charles Cumming commissioned the and eventually Bytown. Businesses FRQVWUXFWLRQRIDVHFRQGZRRGHQEULGJH started to develop along Montreal Road LQDQGFROOHFWHGWROOVRQWKHEULGJH and the area saw a quick expansion due and along Montreal Road. More than two WR WKH OLQN FUHDWHG E\ WKH &XPPLQJV decades later, in 1868, McArthur Avenue Bridge. Further north, just south of New ZDV EXLOW WKURXJK WKH 0F$UWKXU )DUP (GLQEXUJK WKH YLOODJH RI &ODUNVWRZQ ZKLFKRIIHUHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRE\SDVV developed simultaneously. the tolls of Montreal Road. The City of 13 FIGURE 3: cummings bridge 1920’s 2WWDZD FRQVWUXFWHG WKH WKLUG EULGJH WKLVWLPHEXLOWRILURQWUXVVHVLQ WR take its place. It was promptly named Bingham Bridge after Samuel Bingham, the alderman who headed the project. However, this stirred controversy as the 6RXUFH /LEUDU\DQG$UFKLYHV&DQDGD QDPHSODWHVEHDULQJ´&XPPLQJV%ULGJHµ were taken off on several occasions.3 In the early 20th century, these three towns came together to form the Village of Eastview, which would later change its name to the City of Vanier. William ,ELG 14 FIGURE 4: original street grid of eastview 1879 Street, now Palace Road, was chosen in DVWKHORFDWLRQIRUWKHÀUVW(DVWYLHZ town hall. The street grid of Palace Street, Montgomery Street, Selkirk Avenue, and many other streets in the Janeville area remains intact today as a contrast to the development pattern that, over time, overtook the original small cluster Source: Vaniernow.ca scanned from Illustrated Historical Atlas of Carleton County, H. Belden & Co., 1879 RI KRPHV DQG VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV ,W LV during this period that Eastview started to develop the character of the self- sustained small town that would for a ORQJSHULRGÀJKWDPDOJDPDWLRQZLWKWKH 15 larger City of Ottawa; it is this unique 1980s.4 character of resistance to Anglophone cultural dominance that this thesis DLPV WR SUHVHUYH DV WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG continues to evolve. In 1913, the village RI (DVWYLHZ ZDV DEOH WR HVWDEOLVK LWVHOI as a town with its own Police and Fire Departments, maintaining its independence from the City of Ottawa’s VHUYLFHVXQWLOWKH\ZHUHDEVRUEHGE\WKH Ottawa emergency services in the mid 4 Benali. “Vanier: French-Speaking Bastion in Ontario.” Encyclopedia of French Cultural +HULWDJHRI1RUWK$PHULFD'HFHPEHU $FFHVVHG1RYHPEHU 16 1.2 francophone militancy in vanier During the same period, Eastview with the typically Irish Freemasons, VWDUWHG WR DIÀUP LWVHOI DV D VWURQJKROG to protect the rights of disadvantaged for French Canadians. Shortly after its French-Canadians. The need for such HVWDEOLVKPHQW WKH )UHQFK&DQDGLDQ organizations stemmed from the fact that Association of Ontario (Association Francophones always felt like a colonized canadienne-francaise de l’Ontario) people as a result of British Canada’s relocated to Eastview to promote oppression of the French.5 The preferred French-Canadian rights in the area. A method of suppression was assimilation similar “secret” organization known as through restricting education in French. ‘L’Ordre de Jacques Cartier’ (The Order ,Q WKH V ODZV VWDWLQJ WKDW SXEOLF RI-DFTXHV&DUWLHU ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH VFKRROLQJ ZDV WR EH WDXJKW RQO\ LQ EDVHPHQW RI WKH 6DLQW&KDUOHV FKXUFK on Beechwood Avenue, contrasting 5 Christine Fauteux. “Le signe secret: Ordre De Jacques Cartier.” HISTORIA TV. January 1, 2011. Accessed January 10, 2015. 17 English were passed. Francophones were DQG 4XHEHF LQ )UDQFRSKRQH PDMRULW\ forced to create their own private school areas, not to mention the rest of the system, rendering French schooling provinces. A strong French-Canadian XQDIIRUGDEOH IRU WKH DYHUDJH )UHQFK solidarity emerged in response to a serious Canadian.6 Furthermore, positions of EORZ GHDOW E\ WKH &RQVHUYDWLYH 2QWDULR power in the federal government were Provincial government of Sir James P. strictly reserved for Anglophones. Many Whitney in 1912, when it introduced )UDQFRSKRQHV ZHUH XQDEOH WR UHFHLYH 5HJXODWLRQ WKDW SURKLELWHG WHDFKLQJ services in French. Even the Catholic LQ )UHQFK DIWHU WKH ÀUVW WZR \HDUV RI Church in Canada was naming Irish elementary school. Many organizations, ELVKRSVLQPRVWRILWVGLRFHVHVLQ2QWDULR namely the French Canadian newspaper, Le Droit, formed in order to give a voice 6 Gerald Hallowell. The Oxford Companion to to silenced Francophones. Regulation 17 Canadian History. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2004. 18 ZDV LQ HIIHFW IRU ÀIWHHQ \HDUV 6HQDWRU Revolution”. This era saw the province John M.Godfrey, in 1978, expressed it as HOHFWWKH/LEHUDOSDUW\RQDVWURQJUHIRUP a ‘national catastrophe’ and went on to SODWIRUP QDPHO\ WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW say, of their own ministry of health and ´0RVW 4XHEHFNHUV DQG WKH )UHQFK education. Over the next 20 years, VSHDNLQJ PLQRULW\ LQ 2QWDULR DUH VWLOO YHU\ IDPLOLDU LQGHHG ZLWK WKH KLVWRU\ 4XHEHFFORVHGLQRQLWVHOIDQGGHYHORSHG RI 5HJXODWLRQ DQG WKHUH LV VWLOO VRPH a strong desire for sovereignty.8 The OLQJHULQJ UHVHQWPHQW DERXW LW \HDUV DIWHULWZDVUHSHDOHGµ7 province disassociated itself from the ,Q WKH V WKH SURYLQFH RI 4XHEHF rest of French-Canadians, leaving the underwent a major socio-political Francophones who resided outside of transition now known as the “Quiet 4XHEHF WR GHYHORS WKHLU RZQ XQLTXH 8 René Durocher. “Quiet Revolution.” The -RKQ0*RGIUH\´5HJXODWLRQµ7KH*OREH Canadian Encyclopedia. July 30, 2013. Accessed and Mail, May 29, 1978. January 15, 2015. 19 FIGURE 5: L’école André-Laurendeau culture. This helped strengthen the role Ontario to claim that: of Eastview as a Francophone stronghold ´WKHSRWHQWLDOFRQWULEXWLRQRI)UDQFR 2QWDULDQV WR RXU VRFLHW\ LV WRR JUHDW WR in Ottawa, and Ontario where there was DOORZ WKHP WR GLVVLSDWH WKHLU HQHUJLHV DQG DELOLWLHV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH GHQLHG already a strong French presence. DGHTXDWH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU IXUWKHULQJ Although regulation 17 was repealed, WKHLU HGXFDWLRQ WR WKH XWPRVW RI WKHLU DELOLWLHV,WLVDIXQGDPHQWDOQHFHVVLW\ education in French was limited to RI WKDW WKH )UDQFR2QWDULDQV EH 6RXUFH 9DQLHU0XVHRSDUF SKRWRE\%HQRLW HQDEOHG WR H[SHULHQFH WKH IXOO EHQHÀWV $XEU\ certain “special English” classes aimed RIRXUHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHP(QFRPSDVVHG at Anglophones. Some steps were taken in this recognition of necessity is the SURSRVDO WR H[WHQG ZKDW QRZ LV EHLQJ in 1948 to have more inclusive classes GRQHWRSURYLGHZLWKLQWKHSXEOLFVFKRRO V\VWHP RI 2QWDULR VHFRQGDU\ VFKRROV VWULFWO\ IRU )UDQFRSKRQHV LQ ´ELOLQJXDOµ LQ ZKLFK WKH ODQJXDJH RI LQVWUXFWLRQ LV high schools. From the late 1950s onward, more and more classes were offered in French, leading the government of 20 )UHQFKµ9 Anglophone counterparts. A federal This eventually led to the opening of VWXG\ RQ ELOLQJXDOLVP DQG ELFXOWXULVP WKH ÀUVW H[FOXVLYHO\ )UHQFK KLJK VFKRRO in 1969 showed that only 3% of French- in Eastview, more than a hundred years Canadians were reaching thirteenth after confederation. Although French- JUDGH LQ 2QWDULR ZKHUHDV WKH QXPEHU Canadians were now allowed to study of anglophones were nearing 20%.10 The LQ WKHLU QDWLYH WRQJXH WKH SUREOHP RI repercussions of this inferior education inferior education still persisted. ZHUH IHOW LQ (DVWYLHZ ZKLFK EHFDPH D French Canadians showed a very ZRUNLQJ FODVV QHLJKERXUKRRG ZLWK D high dropout rate compared to their Francophone majority. /RXLV*DEULHO%RUGHOHDX´/·pFROH6HFRQGDLUH 9 Thomas H.B. Symons. “John Parmenter Ro- Et Les Franco-Ontariens: Expression Des Besoins EDUWV3UHPLHURI2QWDULR µ2QWDULR+HU- Et Perception Des Services.” Canadian Journal of LWDJH7UXVW)HEUXDU\$FFHVVHG0DUFK Education / Revue Canadienne De L’éducation 29, 2015. transcript of speech given during Vol. 8, no. No. 4 (1983). 2QWDULR·V+HULWDJH:HHNFHOHEUDWLRQV 21 However, L’ordre de Jacque Cartier, RIWKHEDQNVLQ2QWDULRÀUVWRSHUDWLQJLQ ZKLFKKHOGLWVDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHEDVHPHQWRI WKHEDVHPHQWRIWKH6DLQW&KDUOHVFKXUFK the Saint-Charles church on Beechwood in Eastview.11 Avenue, continued to record many other Eastview was and remains home to French-Canadian successes such as the WKHÀUVWELOLQJXDOKRVSLWDOLQ2QWDULRWR Richelieu International, a Francophone serve the Francophone population in organization similar to the Knights of the region. It was the congregation of &ROXPEXVZKLFKQRZRSHUDWHVFOXEV Daughters of Wisdom located on Montreal internationally. The order is also credited road in Eastview under father Edmond ZLWK EULQJLQJ WKH EDQNLQJ FRRSHUDWLYH Ducharme who fought to have a facility Caisse Populaire Desjardins to Ontario IURP4XHEHFVWDUWLQJLQWKH VDQGLV 11 Marthe Hamelin. 25 Ans De Succès Livre Souvenir — 25E Anniversaire De L’Alliance Des said to have opened up to three quarters Caisses Populaires De L’Ontario Limitée. Sud- EXU\2QWDULR /·$OOLDQFH'HV&DLVVHV3RSXODLUHV De L’Ontario Limitée, 2004. 22 FIGURE 6: l’hôpital montfort that would offer French services. With strong Francophone presence, now two help from the provincial government, thirds of city’s population, the city was and a loan from the Catholic Church, the renamed to Vanier after George Vanier, Montfort Hospital would open its doors WKHÀUVW)UDQFRSKRQH*RYHUQRU*HQHUDO in 195312. The hospital would later prove He had died two years earlier. Even Source: Montfort Hospital Archives the resilience of French-Canadians on a WKRXJK 9DQLHU ZDV EHFRPLQJ D VHPLQDO QDWLRQDOVFDOHZKHQLWZDVWKUHDWHQHGE\ area for the rights of Francophones, closure in the early 1990s. It remains the French-Canadians still struggled for only Francophone hospital in Ontario. equality. In 1971, the average Anglophone In 1963, Eastview was incorporated as salary was 350$ greater than Franco- D&LW\6KRUWO\DIWHUWRUHÁHFW(DVWYLHZ·V Ontarians.13 7KH GHPRJUDSKLF SURÀOH 12 Jean Yves Pelletier. Chronologie De L’histoire 13 Bordeleau. “L’école Secondaire Et Les Fran- De L’hôpital Montfort D’Ottawa. Ottawa, Ontario: co-Ontariens: Expression Des Besoins Et Percep- L’Hôpital Montfort, 2013. tion Des Services.” 23 RI )UDQFRSKRQHV LQ 2QWDULR UHVHPEOHG leadership positions such as owners of that of poor and uneducated immigrants. large companies, factory administrators ,Q KLV ERRN ¶/·HFROH VHFRQGDLUH HW OHV DQGEDQNLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV$JDLQWKLVZDV franco-ontariens: Expressions des D GLUHFW UHVXOW RI EHLQJ KDQGLFDSSHG E\ EHVRLQV HW SHUFHSWLRQ GHV VHUYLFHV· their lack of education. Statistics in 1961 (High School and Franco-Ontarians: show that 79% of Franco-Ontarians had Expression of needs and Perception of not made it to high school, compared to 6HUYLFHV /RXLV*DEULHO%RUGHOHDXFODLPV 53% Anglophones, and only 3% of them ´)UDQFR 2QWDULDQV KDYH DOZD\V EHHQ reached university.15 regrouped in occupations with far lesser revenue and prestige. (Translation)”14 )UDQFRSKRQHV ZHUH DOPRVW DEVHQW LQ ,ELG ,ELG 24 1.3 From Working Class to Gentrified $V D UHVXOW WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG RI ·V KDYH EHHQ JUDGXDOO\ LQYHVWLQJ Vanier remained a low income, working in their homes and cleaning up the FODVVQHLJKERXUKRRGFRQGHPQHGE\KLJK QHLJKERXUKRRGRQHKRXVHDWDWLPH2WKHU crime rates, poor living conditions and initiatives such as the creation of the a lack of services. Despite many of these Vanier Community Association and the issues and the dwindling Francophone Vanier Business Improvement Area in the population in Vanier, it remained its own VKDYHZRUNHGWREULQJGHYHORSPHQW city until it was forced to amalgamate to the area. In the past decade, crime and with the city of Ottawa in 2001; at the time SURVWLWXWLRQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU 9DQLHU·V of amalgamation, Vanier’s francophone EDGUHSXWDWLRQZHUHRQWKHGHFOLQHDQG UHSUHVHQWHGDERXWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG ZDV ORRNLQJ PRUH ,Q WLPH KRZHYHU WKH EDE\ERRPHUV attractive to real estate developers and ZKR ERXJKW KRPHV LQ WKH V DQG speculators. 25 FIGURE 7: 90 Landry street - Claridge towers In an article in the Ottawa Business and, although they are adding more Journal, Mark Kaluski, the chair of the housing stock, they are doing nothing Quartier Vanier Business Improvement WR PDLQWDLQ WKH PDLQ DIIRUGDELOLW\ LQ Area, states that “Vanier is on the cusp the area. This open-door approach to RI D PDMRU JHQWULÀFDWLRQµ ZLWK RYHU developers, explained in the same article, 795 million dollars invested in the is in some ways helping the speeding Source: ottawahomesandcondos.com QHLJKERXUKRRG16 However, most of of the area’s development,17 EXW LI QRW these new developments are condos DSSURDFKHG UHVSRQVLEO\ ZLWK WKH JRRG and poor architecture. Towers, such as of the community in mind, will end up Claridge’s twenty storey condo towers causing more harm than good. on Vanier Parkway, are poorly designed -DFRE6HUHEULQ $SULO 9DQLHU%,$ KRSHVWRDOWHUSHUFHSWLRQVERRVWLQYHVWPHQWV Ottawa Business Journal. ,ELG 26 Chapter 2: housing 2.1 the big problem 6WLOO DIIHFWHG E\ LWV FKDOOHQJHV RI WKH HUHFWLRQRIPDQ\VXEVWDQGDUGEXLOGLQJV past, Vanier, traditionally a low working- and streets that are now in disrepair. FODVV QHLJKERXUKRRG LV VWLOO VWUXJJOLQJ :DUWLPH EXQJDORZV EXLOW GXULQJ WKH ZLWK SRYHUW\ DQG FULPH 7KLV DPSOLÀHV 6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZLWKOLPLWHGEXLOGLQJ the consequence of Ottawa’s poor social VXSSOLHVDQGDODUJHQXPEHURIORZULVH KRXVLQJSROLFLHVVLQFHDJUHDWQXPEHURI DSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJVPDNHXSWKHIDEULF SHRSOH UHTXLUH VRPH VRUW RI VXEVLGL]HG RI WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG 0DQ\ RI WKHVH housing. The Rideau-Vanier ward is EXLOGLQJVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIDVXUJHLQWKH where 15% of non-market units in 1950s when housing in Eastview (Vanier) 2WWDZDDUHORFDWHG7KHQHLJKERXUKRRG was in high demand due to the rise in which was self-administered until SRSXODWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHSRVW::,,EDE\ amalgamation in 2001, is the victim of ERRP +RZHYHU \HDUV ODWHU PDQ\ years of poor planning that resulted in the RI WKHVH W\SLFDO ·V ORZULVH EORFNV 27 FIGURE 8: 368-420 blake boulevard, vanier are in disrepair and in many cases have SRRU XUEDQ FRQGLWLRQV WKDW KDYH OHG WR the decay of the streets on which they are located. The same issue plagues most war-time housing in the area. War-time KRXVHVZHUHW\SLFDOO\EXLOWDVDIIRUGDEOH shelter for people who worked towards the war efforts as well as veterans and Source: maps.google.ca FIGURE 9: 368-420 blake boulevard, vanier (aerial) their families. These standardized, inexpensive house types were intended WR EH WHPSRUDU\ VXEXUEV EXW PDQ\ RI them remain standing today. Up to 30,000 KRXVHVZHUHEXLOWEHWZHHQ DQG Source: maps.google.ca 28 E\ :DUWLPH +RXVLQJ /LPLWHG WKDW ODWHU compared to Ottawa’s average, which EHFDPHWKH&0+&1 is on par with the Canadian average of The 2011 national household survey two thirds ownership. In fact, detached showed that almost 45% of the housing KRPHV RQO\ PDNH XS DERXW RI in Vanier was composed of apartment Vanier’s total housing stock, whereas EXLOGLQJVXQGHUÀYHVWRULHV$QRWKHU LQ 2WWDZD WKDW ÀJXUH LV FORVHU WR RI WKLV WRWDO ZDV DSDUWPHQWV RYHU ÀYH Furthermore, Vanier is home to a large stories2PHDQLQJWKDWWKHQHLJKERUKRRG SHUFHQWDJH RI 2WWDZD·V VXEVLGL]HG consists of almost two thirds rental, housing. The ‘70s were a time of social reform, “an era of community activism”3 1 History of Wartime Houses. (208, June 1). DV6HZHOOFDOOVLWLQKLVERRN+RXVHVDQG 5HWULHYHG)HEUXDU\IURPKWWS ZZZ QRZKRXVHSURMHFWFRPDERXW+LVWRU\SKS 2 National Household Survey (NHS). (2013, 3 John Sewell. (1994). Social Housing. In Houses May 8). Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http:// and homes: Housing for Canadians. Toronto: www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/index-eng.cfm James Lorimer &. 29 Homes: Housing for Canadians, where WKDW´VRFLDOKRXVLQJ>ZDVVDLG@WREHMXVW many religious and community groups another government program foisted on fought for housing policy reform. The DQXQVXVSHFWLQJSXEOLFµ4. This mentality federal government adopted the National FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH ULVH RI ¶QLPE\LVP· +RXVLQJ $FW LQ ZKLFK FRQWULEXWHV ² 1LPE\ EHLQJ DQ DFURQ\P IRU ¶1RW WR QRWIRUSURÀW KRXVLQJ E\ FUHDWLQJ in My Backyard’, where many social programs to provide loans for 100% of housing developments were created in the capital costs of projects as well as parts of the city where they would face HVWDEOLVKLQJ UHJXODWLRQV RQ XQLW SULFHV the least resistance, namely in lower- and rent control policies. There was great LQFRPHQHLJKERXUKRRGVOLNH9DQLHUDQG UHVLVWDQFHE\WKHSXEOLFFRQFHUQLQJWKH principally the Somerset Ward in Ottawa. government’s role in housing in Canada. ,Q WKH ÀIWHHQ \HDUV IROORZLQJ Sewell claims that many shared the view ,ELG 30 FIGURE 10: mark avenue housing, vanier 17,000 social housing units were created WKURXJKRXW &DQDGD ZLWK WKH EXON RI WKHPEHLQJLQ2QWDULR+RZHYHULQ a struggling economy sent housing prices spiraling down, leading high vacancy rates for at market-rent housing. Many Source: maps.google.ca social-housing projects function on the FIGURE 11: mark avenue housing, vanier (aerial) EDVLV RI LQFRPH PL[ ZKHUH SURÀWV RI PDUNHWUHQWDOV FRQWULEXWH WRZDUGV WKH VXEVLGL]HGXQLWV%XWZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRI vacancy rates, these projects were forced to rent at a rent-geared-to-income EDVLVZKLFK6HZHOOFODLPVLQFUHDVHGWKH Source: maps.google.ca 31 ratio of low- income tenants in some DSSURDFKHV WR ÀQDQFH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ projects,5 leading to poor conditions. and maintenance of housing projects. With this decline in the economy, the Sewell claims that: federal government pulled most of their ´>WKH@&0+&VTXHH]HG0D[LPXP8QLW 3ULFHVVRWLJKWO\WKDWFRQVWUXFWLRQTXDOLW\ funding in the early ‘90s after having VXIIHUHG >MXVW ZKHQ LW PRVW@ QHHGHG FDUHIXODWWHQWLRQµ7 funded 50 000 co-op units and 90 000 QRQSURÀW XQLWV LQ WKH SDVW \HDUV6. 7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI SRRUO\ 3DUW RI WKH WDE ZDV SLFNHG XS E\ WKH FRQVWUXFWHGEXLOGLQJVDQGWKHODFNRI SURYLQFLDOJRYHUQPHQWEXWIRUWKHPRVW funding from the government led to SDUWSULYDWHQRQSURÀWRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG PDQ\ RI WKHVH EXLOGLQJV LQ 2QWDULR FRPPXQLW\JURXSVZHUHOHIWWRÀQGQHZ especially in places in Vanier where multiple large housing projects were ,ELGS ,ELGS ,ELGS 32 located, fall into states of disrepair, which is the case to the present today. 33 2.2 modern housing initiatives in ottawa $IIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ FRQWLQXHV WR EH D $IIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ LV D QDWLRQDO LVVXH SUREOHP WRGD\ ,Q 9DQLHU WKH QHHG IRU EXW LWV DEVHQFH RI FRXUVH KLWV KDUGHU DIIRUGDELOLW\ LV HYHQ PRUH SURQRXQFHG in areas with a much lower income. - in 2005 the national household survey Presently, up to 7,920 households in showed that individuals in Vanier made the Rideau-Vanier ward spend more up to ten thousand dollars less per year than thirty percent of their incomes on than the Ottawa average. Household shelter-related expenses9. This is part of income showed an even greater gap, D YLFLRXV F\FOH WKDW FRQWULEXWHV WR ORZ where households in Vanier represented LQFRPH QHLJKERXUKRRGV UHPDLQLQJ WKDW thirty-thousand-dollars less per year way. A passage from “Housing Needs in than the average Ottawa family.8 2WWDZD $Q 2YHUYLHZµ ZULWWHQ E\ WKH City of Ottawa expresses that 8 National Household Survey (NHS). (2005). Re- WULHYHG)HEUXDU\IURPKWWS ZZZ statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/index-eng.cfm ,ELG 34 ´&KLOGUHQ OLYLQJ LQ XQDIIRUGDEOH OLVWIRUVXEVLGL]HGKRXVLQJLQHDUO\11. KRXVLQJ VLWXDWLRQV UHVXOWLQJ LQ IUHTXHQW PRYHVKDYHEHHQIRXQGWRXQGHUSHUIRUP To address this, the City of Ottawa LQVFKRROZLWKORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHVIRU developed a ten-year plan in 2013 with WKHLUFDSDFLW\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHODERXU PDUNHWµ10 WKH DLP RI FUHDWLQJ PRUH DIIRUGDEOH These children have a much harder housing units and allocating more WLPH JHWWLQJ RXW RI WKHVH GLIÀFXOW funding to repairing the existing housing situations and end up in the same stock. They had hoped to create 130 new ÀQDQFLDOSRVLWLRQVDVWKHLUSDUHQWV7KH DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJXQLWVE\WKURXJK same report clearly indicated that there WKH ,QYHVWLQJ LQ $IIRUGDEOH +RXVLQJ LVDQHHGIRUDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJLQ2WWDZD Program, as well as using the “Ontario as 9,717 households were on the waiting Renovates Program” in order to repair up to 200 homes for low income residents. 10 The City of Ottawa Housing Services. (2013). Housing Needs in Ottawa : An Overview. Ottawa, Ontario: The City of Ottawa. ,ELG 35 $OWKRXJK WKH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH RQ WKH income families”12 and comes nowhere DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJZDLWLQJOLVWGHFUHDVHG near the goal of having 25 percent of new E\VHYHQSHUFHQWLQWKHWZR\HDUVDIWHUWKH KRXVLQJVWRFNEHDIIRUGDEOHIRUIDPLOLHV plan was released, the city has a long way EHORZ WKH th percentile of income. In WRJR7KLVKDVEHHQDJURZLQJFRQFHUQIRU the same CBC article, Alex Cullen, the years prior to 2013. In a CBC article from Bay Ward Councilor says “The housing 2FWREHU D JURXS WKDW DGYRFDWHV PDUNHWGRHVQ·WUHVSRQGEHFDXVHWKH\·UH for the homeless claims that the City of [developers] making more money Ottawa is “failing to come close to its elsewhere” and adds that “In many targets for creating new housing for low 0DULVVD1HOVRQ 2FWREHU 2WWD- ZD·VDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLF\QHHGV¶WHHWK·WR meet targets: Advocate. CBC News. Retrieved -DQXDU\IURPKWWS ZZZFEFFD QHZVFDQDGDRWWDZDRWWDZDVDIIRUGDEOHKRXV- ing-policy-needs-teeth-to-meet-targets-advo- cate-1.679624 36 cases, “elsewhere” is large homes and LQ UHJDUGV WR DIIRUGDELOLW\ DQG JRRG luxury condos that low-income families design. One such example is The Beaver can’t afford”13. This is the situation in %DUUDFNV FUHDWHG E\ WKH &HQWUHWRZQ Vanier now with the early stages of Citizens Ottawa Corporation (CCOC) JHQWULÀFDWLRQ 'HYHORSHUV DUH FRPLQJ “whose mission is to create, maintain and LQ DQG EX\LQJ LQH[SHQVLYH ODQG FORVH promote housing for low and moderate WR GRZQWRZQ DQG DUH EXLOGLQJ ODUJH income people”14 'HVLJQHG E\ %DUU\ - condominium towers that low income +RELQ DQG $VVRFLDWHV $UFKLWHFWV ,QF LW families, many of them francophone, provides a multitude of unit types and cannot afford. However, some new DIIRUGDELOLW\ ZKLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ D YHU\ GHYHORSPHQWV LQ 2WWDZD KDYH EHHQ D GHVLUDEOH XUEDQ SUHVHQFH ,W ZDV VKRUW positive improvement and a great success 14 Centretown Citizens Ottawa Corporation. -XQH $ERXW8V5HWULHYHG0DUFK ,ELG 2015. 37 OLVWHG DV D WRS WHQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ÀQDOLVW IRUWKH:RUOG+DELWDW$ZDUGLQ15 15 Sousa, S. (2014, August 13). Beaver Barracks DQG6XVWDLQDEOH&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQW6LWH Tour. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http:// FDJEFRWWDZDFDFDJEFRUFLQGH[SKSUHDG JUHHQEXLOGLQJVLQRWWDZDEHDYHUEDU- UDFNVDQGVXVWDLQDEOHFRPPXQLW\GHYHORS- ment-site-tour 38 2.3 beaver barracks case study FIGURE 12: beaver barracks 7KH :RUOG +DELWDW $ZDUGV UHFRJQL]HV FRPPXQLW\ 7KLV ZDV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ projects internationally that “provide the CCOC through the city’s “Action practical and innovative solutions to Ottawa” programme, which aims to FXUUHQW KRXVLQJ QHHGV DQG SUREOHPVµ16 SURPRWH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DIIRUGDEOH The Beaver Barracks in downtown KRXVLQJ ,Q FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK %DUU\ - 2WWDZDZHOOGHPRQVWUDWHVKRZDIIRUGDEOH +RELQ DQG $VVRFLDWHV $UFKLWHFWV WKH KRXVLQJ FDQ EH LQVHUWHG LQ D FLW\·V FRUH &&2& GHYHORSHG D VXVWDLQDEOH KRXVLQJ DQGQRWRQO\SURYLGHDVDIHDQGEHDXWLIXO complex focused around community SODFH WR OLYH IRU LWV UHVLGHQWV EXW DOVR infrastructure to meet the needs for DQ XUEDQ SUHVHQFH WKDW FRQWULEXWHV WR their housing. As noted earlier, most WKH HPEHOOLVKPHQW RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ new housing in Ottawa takes on the form of condominiums, which Graeme :RUOG+DELWDW$ZDUGV QG $ERXWWKH Hussey, Development Manager for the Awards. Retrieved January 22, 2015, from http:// ZZZZRUOGKDELWDWDZDUGVRUJDERXW"ODQJ 6RXUFH KRELQDUFFRP 39 FIGURE 13: museum of nature CCOC claims “in the last 10 years has DFKLHYHGQRWRQO\E\WKHDUFKLWHFWDQGWKH threatened the mixed-income nature FOLHQWEXWE\FRQVXOWLQJWKHFRPPXQLW\ of the area, eroding the existing social via integrated design workshops in order IDEULF WKURXJK JHQWULÀFDWLRQµ17. The to have the whole team thinking in an CCOC would use its strong proven track LQQRYDWLYH DQG FROODERUDWLYH ZD\ DERXW record and experience in creating this project. DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJLQ2WWDZDWRFRXQWHU ,Q RUGHU WR FHOHEUDWH LWV KLVWRU\ WKH WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ E\ SXWWLQJ WRJHWKHU Beaver Barracks is named after a WWII WKHLUELJJHVWSURMHFW\HW7KHGHVLJQZDV PLOLWDU\EDUUDFNVWKDWIRUPHUO\RFFXSLHG WKH VLWH 7KLV ÀWV D VWURQJ KHULWDJH :RUOG+DELWDW$ZDUGV QG &&2& FRPSRQHQW WKDW LQÁXHQFHG WKH GHVLJQ Beaver Barracks Development. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.world- ZKLFK VRXJKW WR EH UHVSHFWIXO RI WKH KDELWDWDZDUGVRUJZLQQHUVDQGÀQDOLVWV 6RXUFH 7RURQWR3XEOLF/LEUDU\ SURMHFWGHWDLOVFIP"ODQJ WKH3URMHF- context, namely the Museum of Nature W,' ()&)& (& &%&$ 40 and the Windsor Arms Apartments, DPHQLWLHV DQG SXEOLF WUDQVLW 7KLV LV which are important turn of the century essential in the CCOC’s philosophy “that VWUXFWXUHV 7KH SURMHFW·V ÀYH EXLOGLQJV keeping families downtown is critical house a total of 254 units for mixed to the social and economic health of LQFRPH OHYHOV VXEVLGL]HG XQLWV the community”.18 $FFHVVLELOLW\ DQG EHORZ PDUNHW UHQW VPDOO VXEVLG\ ´YLVLWDELOLW\µ DUH DOVR PDMRU IHDWXUHV LQ and 40% at market rent. Over time, the this design as 89 percent of the units PDUNHWUHQWXQLWVSD\IRUWKHVXEVLGL]HG FDQEHHQWHUHGE\SHRSOHLQZKHHOFKDLUV units. The perimeter development is and 10 per cent of the units are fully organized around a large community DFFHVVLEOH garden and has facades on three streets. Being Downtown, the Beaver Barracks are located near schools, recreational 18 Action Ottawa. (2007). Action Ottawa: Afford- DEOHKRXVLQJLQLWLDWLYHSURMHFWEULHI2WWDZD Ontario: The City of Ottawa. P.6 41 FIGURE 14: beaver barracks site plan 7KH SURMHFW ZDV EXLOW LQ WZR SKDVHV )LUVWDSDUWPHQWVZHUHEXLOWIURQWLQJRQWR 0HWFDOIH 6WUHHW WKH HDVWHUQ ERXQGDU\ of the site, with a new EMS station to replace the former station that was on Catherine Street. Also, during this phase a IRXUDQGDKDOIVWRUH\EXLOGLQJZDVEXLOW along Argyle Street to the north, as well as two three-and-a-half storey stacked WRZQ KRPH EXLOGLQJV WKDW HQFLUFOH WKH large central community garden. The use of town houses, in the central part DVZHOODVWKHEDVHRIWKH$UJ\OHEXLOGLQJ Source: Action Ottawa - Beaver Barracks Project Brief, 2007 42 LV WR PD[LPL]H JUDGH DFFHVVLEOH IDPLO\ just south of the site, and other adjacent oriented rentals. Townhouses provide streets thus creating a pleasant park- DQ DGGHG EHQHÀW LQ WKDW HDFK XQLW KDV like environment in the center. The use a private entry at grade that allows the of the community garden as the central structure to feel more humanly scaled. space is a direct response to the voices of 7KLVRULHQWDWLRQKDVPDQ\EHQHÀWVRQH community groups such as the Bytown EHLQJ WKDW LW DOORZV ´FKLOGUHQ WR SOD\ 8UEDQ*DUGHQHUVZKRKDYHRSHUDWHGDQ safely within the protective realm of their RUJDQLFXUEDQJDUGHQRQWKLVVLWHZKLOH SDUHQWVDQGQHLJKERXUVH\HVDQGHDUVµ19 LWZDVYDFDQWIRURYHUÀIWHHQ\HDUV7KHLU as many units face the inner courtyard. In PDQGDWHKDVDOZD\VEHHQWRHGXFDWHWKH WKHLUXUEDQVHWWLQJWKHEXLOGLQJVDOVRDFW SXEOLF WKURXJK ZRUNVKRSV DQG HYHQWV DVDVRXQGEDUULHUIURPWKHKLJKZD\ To this day, they continue to teach low- income families how to grow their own ,ELG 43 FIGURE 15: beaver barracks central courtyard FIGURE 16: townhouse entrance 6RXUFH 'RXEOHVSDFH3KRWRJUDSK\$UFKGDLO\ FIGURE 17: beaver barracks community garden 6RXUFH 'RXEOHVSDFH3KRWRJUDSK\$UFKGDLO\ 6RXUFH 'RXEOHVSDFH3KRWRJUDSK\$UFKGDLO\ 44 food in their newly expanded garden. garden. Furthermore, the Catherine Gord Lorimer, project architect for the 6WUHHWDSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJZDVWRKRXVH Beaver Barracks, said that the focus was D JURXQG ÁRRU FRPPXQLW\ DPHQLW\ WR to have an important social impact in host events in order to educate tenants designing the project in order to create RQKRZWREHPRUHHQHUJ\HIÀFLHQWDQG DV PDQ\ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DV SRVVLEOH WR VXVWDLQDEOH WDONVRFFXUUHJXODUO\KHUHRQ PHHW VWUDQJHUV DQG QHLJKERXUV RQ WKH methods of saving money, for example, site.20 They achieved this with simple via recycling. Phase two consists of a six PHDQVVXFKDVSURYLGLQJDSXEOLFODXQGU\ VWRUH\ FRQFUHWH IUDPH EXLOGLQJ ZLWK URRP JDUEDJH URRP DQG RI FRXUVH DIIRUGDEOHUHQWDOXQLWVZLWKVRPHJURXQG EDVLQJWKHGHVLJQDURXQGDODUJHSXEOLF ÁRRUFRPPHUFLDO It is important to recognize that the *RUGRQ/ 'LUHFWRU 6HSWHPEHU Beaver Barracks is “one of the most Beaver Barracks. Benjamin Gianni Housing Stu- dio. Lecture conducted from , Ottawa. 45 FIGURE 18: metcalfe building wall section VXVWDLQDEOHUHQWDOKRXVLQJGHYHORSPHQWV energy on site and sells it to tenants at a LQ2WWDZDIURPERWKDGHVLJQDQGOLIHVW\OH fair price negotiated with the CCOC. The perspective”.217KHUHXVHRIDEURZQÀHOG community garden mentioned earlier VLWHPHDQVWKDWSUHYLRXVO\XQXVDEOHODQG means that the development provides LQWKHFLW\KDVQRZEHHQPDGHYLWDO6LQFH what the CCOC calls “food sovereignty.” WKLV LV DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ LQ D FHQWUDO )URP D EXLOGLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ VWDQGSRLQW location, the argument was made that WKHEXLOGLQJVKDYHWULSOHJOD]HGZLQGRZV tenants rely less on vehicles, reducing the an energy recovery ventilator as well as need for underground parking. Power is DEXLOGLQJHQYHORSHFRPSULVHGRISHU JHQHUDWHGRQVLWHE\JHRWKHUPDOZHOOV cent recycled material, all of which result LQVWDOOHGE\DWKLUGSDUW\WKDWSURGXFHV in a development that is 40 per cent more HIÀFLHQWFRPSDUHGWRVLPLODUEXLOGLQJV22 :RUOG+DELWDW$ZDUGV&&2&%HDYHU%DU- racks Development. ,ELG 6RXUFH %DUU\-+RELQ $VVRFLDWHV$UFKLWHFWV 46 FIGURE 19: argyle building facade Steps towards a greener lifestyle are even written within the terms of the lease. 6XVWDLQDEOH SUDFWLFHV OLNH WKHVH UHGXFH operating costs and provide physically and emotionally healthier environments, VLJQLÀFDQWO\ LPSURYLQJ WKH FRVWEHQHÀW equation for residents while augmenting their quality of life. The architectural design in this case is kept modest and in scale with its context. The architects explain that “the low rise apartments and stacked townhouse DUH DUWLFXODWHG ERWK YHUWLFDOO\ DQG 6RXUFH 'RXEOHVSDFH3KRWRJUDSK\$UFKGDLO\ 47 KRUL]RQWDOO\ WR EUHDN XS WKH EXLOGLQJ·V VXFFHVVIXO SXEOLF VSDFH 7KH UHVSHFWHG PDVVLQWRKRXVHVL]HGEORFNVµLQRUGHUWR DUFKLWHFWXUDO QHZV ZHEVLWH $UFKGDLO\ maintain a human scale. On Argyle Street, com writes in an article that the Beaver as well as from the central courtyard, Barracks “eliminates any potential the modulating facades express the VWLJPD WKDW PD\ EH DWWULEXWHG WR VRFLDO individual units which are perceived as housing.”23 Perhaps more importantly, WLJKW XUEDQ KRPHV UDWKHU WKDQ D VLQJOH WKH :RUOG +DELWDW $ZDUGV UHFRJQL]HG VRFLDOKRXVLQJEXLOGLQJ that: “Although only recently fully The CCOC, the architects and the FRPSOHWHG WKHUH KDV EHHQ D QRWLFHDEOH community came together to create FKDQJH LQ WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG )RU D EHDXWLIXO XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW WKDW enriches the community with quality 23 The Beaver Barracks Community Housing DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ VXUURXQGHG E\ %DUU\-+RELQ $VVRFLDWHV$UFKLWHFWV January 24). Retrieved January 24, 2015, from KWWS ZZZDUFKGDLO\FRP"S 48 FIGURE 20 argyle building courtyard entrance years the site was unoccupied and had EHHQ DQ H\HVRUH :LWK KRXVHKROGV including over 100 children, the development has helped reinvigorate the LPPHGLDWHQHLJKERXUKRRG/RFDOVFKRROV and day care centres that used to struggle with declining populations now have a permanent new source of families and FKLOGUHQWRXVHWKHDYDLODEOHVHUYLFHVµ 6RXUFH 'RXEOHVSDFH3KRWRJUDSK\$UFKGDLO\ 49 Chapter 3: The public realm 3.1 The importance of public space ´$Q HVVHQWLDO FRPSOLPHQW WR KRXVLQJ isolated rider’s as they journey to and DQGWRWKHFRPSOH[DFWLYLWLHVRIPRGHUQ OLIHLVWKHV\VWHPDWLFRUJDQL]DWLRQRIRSHQ from their places of work or any other VSDFHVLQRUGHUWKDWWKH\PD\EHVWIXOÀOO DFWLYLWLHV WKDW ZRXOG EULQJ WKHP WR WKH WKHLUUHJHQHUDWLYHIXQFWLRQVµ1 XUEDQ FRUH LQWR D SULYDWH YHKLFOH ,Q Technology, namely transportation, WKHSDVWGHFDGHVF\EHUVSDFHKDVKDGD KDVEHHQFUHGLWHGZLWKWKHGHPLVHRIWKH VLPLODUHIIHFWRIWKUHDWHQLQJSXEOLFVSDFH SXEOLFUHDOP2. The rise of car ownership 3XEOLFVSDFHVZHUHRQFHDIRUXPIRUDOO has taken people out of the cities and kinds of different people to exchange LQWR WKH VXEXUEV 3ULYDWH YHKLFOHV LGHDVEXWWKH\DUHQRZEHLQJVXEVWLWXWHG -DFTXHV*UHEHU3ODQIRUWKH1DWLRQDO&DSLWDO E\ RQOLQH JDWKHULQJV WKURXJK VRFLDO *HQHUDO5HSRUW6XEPLWWHGWRWKH1DWLRQDO&DSLWDO Planning Committee. Ottawa, Ontario: National media. Despite this, cities are showing Capital Planning Service, 1950. DQ LQFUHDVLQJ VXSSRUW IRU SXEOLF VSDFH 2 Howard Besser. “Intellectual Property: The $WWDFNRQ3XEOLF6SDFHLQ&\EHUVSDFHµ8&/$ GLVSURYLQJ WKH SUHPLVH WKDW WKH XUEDQ School of Education & Information Papers. 0DUFK $FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ 50 SXEOLFVSDFHLVGHDG&LWLHVZLWKYLEUDQW ÀUVWFHQWXU\µ4DVSHRSOHDUHÁRFNLQJEDFN SXEOLFDPHQLWLHVDUHIDUPRUHDWWUDFWLYH WRXUEDQFRUHV to millennials3. Lawrence Herzog, in his 7KHLGHDLVWKDWDSXEOLFUHDOPWKDWLV ERRN5HWXUQWRWKH&HQWHU, sees no way that all the spaces that are not private such F\EHUVSDFHQRUWKHVXEXUEVFRXOGHYHU DV DUHDV DURXQG DQG EHWZHHQ EXLOGLQJV replace the “spontaneity of commercial streets, pathways, right of ways, parks, streets, the civic squares and gardens, the SXEOLFO\ DFFHVVLEOH RSHQ VSDFHV DQG RYHUÁRZLQJ SURPHQDGHVµ WKDW EHFRPH DQ\ SXEOLF DQG FLYLF EXLOGLQJ DQG “the anchors for successful downtown facilities, are essential to the success of a economic redevelopment in the twenty- QHLJKERXUKRRGRUDFLW\LQZKLFKSHRSOH 4 Lawrence A. Herzog. Return to the Center: &XOWXUH3XEOLF6SDFHDQG&LW\%XLOGLQJLQD $OH[6WHIIHQ&DUERQ=HUR ,PDJLQLQJ&LWLHV *OREDO(UD$XVWLQ7H[DV 8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV That Can Save the Planet. New York City, New Press, 2006. P.226 York, 2012. P.43 51 want to live and work. The philosopher, land-use planning and landscape design, +DQQDK $UHQGW D ÀHUFH SURSRQHQW RI speak of the research of psychotherapist WKH SXEOLF UHDOP LQ KHU PDVWHUZRUN Joanna Poppink, who writes: 7KH+XPDQ&RQGLWLRQH[SODLQVWKHSXEOLF ´«VSHQGLQJ WLPH LQ DQ RXWGRRU FDIp RU EXVWOLQJ VKRSSLQJ VWUHHW LV PRUH realm as vital to our lives as individuals WKDQ MXVW D SOHDVDQW GLYHUVLRQ LW LV D QHFHVVDU\ HOHPHQW RI D KHDOWK\ XUEDQ living in a common world. In parallel, OLIH 6KH EHOLHYHV WKDW PXFK RI WKH IHDU WKLVSXEOLFRIWHQXQEXLOWVSDFHLVVHHQE\ DQGGLVWUXVWH[SHULHQFHGE\XUEDQLWHVLV GLUHFWO\ UHODWHG WR D ODFN RI RSHQ SXEOLF Clare Cooper Marcus and Carolyn Francis VSDFHV ZKHUH GLIIHUHQW JURXSV FDQ LQWHUDFW´,IZHGRQ·WOHDYHWKHKRXVHZH DVPXFKPRUHWKDQMXVWDOX[XU\EXWDQ ÀOORXUVHOYHVXSZLWKWKHIDQWDVLHVFUHDWHG HVVHQWLDOQHHGRIXUEDQOLIH,QWKHLUERRN IURP WHOHYLVLRQ DQG RXU RZQ IHDUVµ ,Q FRQWUDVW ZKHQ \RX·UH ´RXW LQ WKH UHDO People Places, these two internationally ZRUOG \RX JHW WR VHH SHRSOH DV WKH\ UHDOO\DUH GLIIHUHQWDJHVGLIIHUHQWUDFHV UHFRJQL]HG UHVHDUFKHUV LQ WKH ÀHOG RI DQGGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSVWKDW\RXFDQ psychology and sociology of architecture, 52 REVHUYHÀUVWKDQGµ5 world with others who themselves have In 7KH+XPDQ&RQGLWLRQ, Hannah Arendt GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHFWLYHV FDQ HQDEOH XV WR speaks of the importance of multiple have a shared common vision. Without perspectives when faced with a common the perspective of others, we can only look SUREOHP7KHVHYDU\LQJDSSURDFKHVFDQ LQZDUGV DQG FUHDWH RXU RZQ VXEMHFWLYH RQO\ H[LVW LQ WKH SXEOLF UHDOP ´/LNH D reality. Consequently, this results in the WDEOHDURXQGZKLFKSHRSOHDUHJDWKHUHG GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHSXEOLFUHDOPDQGVXFK that world relates and separates men at would render us inhuman according the same time”6. She argues that only to the 7KH +XPDQ &RQGLWLRQ. Arendt is the experience of sharing a common not alone in pushing the importance of plurality; the concept that as a society 5 Clare Cooper Marcus. People Places: Design *XLGHOLQHVIRU8UEDQ2SHQ6SDFH1HZ 53 the unexpected, is a right if not an actual DPELHQFH RI GLYHUVLW\ LV D FRQWLQXDO REOLJDWLRQWKDWZHKDYHE\ELUWK$UHQGW source of stimulation and renewal and FDOOVWKLVFRQGLWLRQZKHUHE\ZHKDYHWKH a reminder of the cultural relativity of ULJKWWRDFWLQWKHSXEOLFUHDOP´QDWDOLW\µ RQH·VRZQVW\OHRIOLIH,WLVVDLGWREHD %\ H[WHQVLRQ HQGOHVV XUEDQ VWXGLHV UHOLHI IURP WKH VXEFXOWXUDO VDPHQHVV KDYHVKRZQWKHEHQHÀWRIVRFLDOPL[LQJ DQG ´ERUHGRPµ RI PDQ\ VXEXUEDQ LQ QHLJKERXUKRRGV )RU H[DPSOH communities.7 Social mixing is not only diversity represents a childrearing EHQHÀFLDORQPRUDODQGHWKLFDOJURXQGV DGYDQWDJHRYHU´KRPRJHQHRXVVXEXUEVµ EXW DOVR KHOSV EXLOG VWURQJHU DQG PRUH EHFDXVH FKLOGUHQ DUH H[SRVHG WR VRFLDO diverse communities equipped with a ‘reality’ and to the give-and-take of social and cultural accommodation with those 7 Irving Allen. “The Ideology Of Dense Neigh- ERUKRRG5HGHYHORSPHQW &XOWXUDO'LYHUVLW\$QG ZKR DUH GLIIHUHQW )RU DGXOWV WKH XUEDQ 7UDQVFHQGHQW&RPPXQLW\([SHULHQFHµ8UEDQ Affairs Review Review 15, no. No. 4 (1980): 409- 28. P.31-32 54 plethora of perspectives. In 7KH +XPDQ QHLJKERXUKRRG VXFK DV 9DQLHU ZKHUH &RQGLWLRQ, plurality necessitates equality the existing demographic mix greatly and distinction. The fact is that all human YDULHVDQGFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHFKDUDFWHURI EHLQJV EHORQJ WR WKH VDPH VSHFLHV DQG the place that this thesis aims to defend. DUH VXIÀFLHQWO\ DOLNH WR XQGHUVWDQG RQH $QDUHDFDQFKDQJHEXWLWLVHVVHQWLDO DQRWKHUEXW\HWQRWZRRIWKHPDUHHYHU that this area maintains its JHQLXVORFL, or its the same, since they are each individuals FKDUDFWHUZKLFKFUHDWHVDQLQH[SOLFDEOH and have their own perspective on attractive quality that creates a sense WKH ZRUOG $ VXFFHVVIXO SXEOLF VSDFH RI ZHOOEHLQJ $V LQÁXHQWLDO $PHULFDQ creates fertile ground for equality and landscape writer J.B. Jackson explains: discourse, which is essential to our lives ´«LQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKH/DWLQ SKUDVH ZDV XVXDOO\ WUDQVODWHG DV ¶WKH in the city. This is especially relevant for JHQLXVRIDSODFH·PHDQLQJLWVLQÁXHQFH :H QRZ XVH WKH FXUUHQW YHUVLRQ WR future developments in a low-income GHVFULEH WKH DWPRVSKHUH WR D SODFH WKH 55 TXDOLW\RILWVHQYLURQPHQW1HYHUWKHOHVV ZHUHFRJQL]HWKDWFHUWDLQORFDOLWLHVKDYH DQ DWWUDFWLRQ ZKLFK JLYHV XV D FHUWDLQ LQGHÀQDEOHVHQVHRIZHOOEHLQJDQGZKLFK ZHZDQWWRUHWXUQWRWLPHDQGDJDLQµ8 8 John Brinckerhoff Jackson. A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. P.157-158 56 3.2 shareable cities 7KH FRQFHSW RI 6KDUHDEOH &LWLHV WXUQ ZHOOGHVLJQHG SXEOLF VSDFHV FDQ FRPHV IURP $OH[ 6WHIIHQ·V ERRN Carbon KDYHDEHQHÀFLDOLPSDFWRQORZLQFRPH Zero ZKHUH KH VSHDNV RI WKH EHQHÀWV SHRSOH E\ FUHDWLQJ PRUH DIIRUGDEOH RIKDYLQJJRRGSXEOLFVSDFHLQDFLW\DV QHLJKERXUKRRGV6PDUWQHLJKERXUKRRGV more than just a platform for politics. He FDQEHPRUHFRPSDFWZKLFKDGGVWRWKH FODLPV WKDW KDYLQJ EHWWHU SXEOLF VSDFH housing stock, decreasing prices. When and infrastructure means we can have WKHVHFRPSDFWQHLJKERXUKRRGVDUHZHOO denser communities that can support VHUYLFHGE\SXEOLFWUDQVLWWKHKLGGHQFRVW VKDUHGSXEOLFVHUYLFHV:LWKWKLVGHQVLW\ of poor health associated with inactivity, comes an alternate way of viewing our as well as transportation cost of owning transportation systems, which leads and maintaining a vehicle. WR VLJQLÀFDQWO\ PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH DQG Steffen makes the claim that there has KHDOWK\ FLWLHV DQG QHLJKERXUKRRGV ,Q EHHQ D WUDQVLWLRQ IURP SHRSOH ZDQWLQJ 57 FIGURE 21 shareable amenities dream homes to people wanting dream of these surplus capacities”97KHSXEOLF QHLJKERXUKRRGV 7KH PRPHQWXP IRU space can and should take the roles ZDQWLQJEHWWHUXUEDQVSDFHLVHVSHFLDOO\ of multiple services, in order to make popular among millennials. In his TED the space needed in our private realms talk, Steffen uses the analogy of a home smaller. Instead of needing space in SRZHUGULOO RQHFDQEHIRXQGLQDOPRVW every home to house a power drill or a DQ\KRXVHKROGLQ1RUWK$PHULFDEXWRQ stockpile of tools that are underutilized, DYHUDJH WKH\ DUH XVHG EHWZHHQ VL[ DQG individuals should consider tool twenty minutes in their lifetime. Our FROOHFWLYHV DQG SXEOLF ZRUNVKRSV 7KH cities are the same, and we’re just now VDPHFDQEHVDLGIRUIURQWDQG\HDU\DUGV ÀQGLQJUHDOL]LQJWKDWWKH\DUH´VWRFNSLOHV UHSODFHGE\SDUNVDQGSXEOLFVSDFHVWKDW 6WHIIHQ$OH[´7KHVKDUHDEOHIXWXUHRIFLWLHVµ /HFWXUH7('*OREDO(GLQEXUJK-XO\ Source: google images 58 not only allow us to get to know our ´´6HYHQ WLPHV PRUH SHRSOH VD\ WKH QHLJKERUKRRG ZKHUH D KRXVH LV ORFDWHG QHLJKERXUV DQG ERQG DV D FRPPXQLW\ LVDELJJHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQGHFLGLQJ EXWDOVRWREXLOGGHQVHUQHLJKERXUKRRGV ZKHUHWROLYHWKDQWKHVL]HRIWKHKRXVH 0RUHWKDQWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKH that support a more physically and SXEOLF FRQVLGHU KDYLQJ VLGHZDONV DQG SODFHV WR WDNH ZDONV LPSRUWDQW emotionally healthy quality of life. The 59 Oregon, as a great example of a city that This means that, in a low-income invested in its pedestrian and walking QHLJKERXUKRRG OLNH 9DQLHU LW VKRXOG SXEOLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ WKH VHYHQWLHV EH D SULRULW\ WR HOLPLQDWH FDUV 7KH\ when everyone else was investing in car- DUH ÀQGLQJ WKDW SHRSOH LQ 3RUWODQG DUH centric planning principles. In Portland, spending this money on their homes12, people spend dramatically less as a result: which the population of Vanier could ´7KH W\SLFDO 3RUWODQG FLWL]HQ GULYHV EH GRLQJ DV ZHOO %\ XSJUDGLQJ WKHLU IRXU PLOHV OHVV DQG PLQXWHV OHVV SHU GD\WKDQWKH\GLGEHIRUH7KHHFRQRPLVW immediate environments, the place in -RH&RUWULJKWGLGWKHPDWKDQGKHIRXQG which they live, and their quality of life, RXW WKDW WKRVH IRXU PLOHV SOXV WKRVH PLQXWHV DGGV XS WR IXOO\ WKUHH DQG D they can increase the prices of their KDOISHUFHQWRIDOOLQFRPHHDUQHGLQWKH UHJLRQµ11 home, and in turn their security. The solution is not to displace the working- -HII6SHFN´7KHZDONDEOHFLW\µ/HFWXUH7('- &LW\1HZ 60 FODVVEXWWRHPSRZHUWKHPDQGWRKHOS epidemic. A CBC article showcases a them attain a level of prosperity through QHZ UHSRUW E\ WKH 0F.LQVH\ *OREDO proper planning initiatives and social Institute that claims that the cost of SURJUDPVVRWKDWWKH\WRRFDQFRQWULEXWH REHVLW\ JOREDOO\ KDV ULVHQ WR WULOOLRQ EDFNDVSURXGPHPEHUVRIDVRFLHW\ DQQXDOO\DQGVD\VLWLVDSUREOHP´DPRQJ Steffen maintains that WKHWRSWKUHHVRFLDOSUREOHPVJHQHUDWHG ´*RRG GHYHORSPHQW FDQ EHQHÀW ORZ E\ KXPDQ EHLQJV ,W SXWV LWV LPSDFW DW LQFRPH SHRSOH EHFDXVH FRPSDFW >PRUH ZDONDEOH@ QHLJKERUKRRGV DUH FKHDSHU WR SHU FHQW RI JOREDO JURVV GRPHVWLF OLYH LQ DQG WKH PRUH FRPSDFW WKH\ JHW product.”14,WLVHDV\WREUXVKWKLVRIIDV RQ DYHUDJH WKH PRUH WKH FRVW RI OLYLQJ GURSVµ13 EHLQJ DQ $PHULFDQ SUREOHP DQG IHHO 'LVSHUVHGFDUFHQWULFQHLJKERXUKRRGV as if Canada is somehow exempt from DUH DOVR FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH REHVLW\ ´2EHVLW\·V*OREDO&RVWV+LW7ULOOLRQD 61 WKLV EXW DFFRUGLQJ WR D VWXG\ IURP 0HPRULDO8QLYHUVLW\REHVLW\UDWHVKDYH tripled since 1985. The McKinsey study recommends that the ‘restructuring XUEDQ DQG HGXFDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWV to encourage physical activity’ is how we start collectively dealing with this SUREOHP 62 3.3 place d’youville case study FIGURE 22 place d’youville aerial The need for a greater interrelation of DEUXSW PDQQHU WR WHUULWRU\ DQG ODQGVFDSHµ15. the individual with the natural landscape In some cases like Place D’Youville in is now primary. Parks and playgrounds 0RQWUHDOZHÀQGDOLQHDUSDUNWKDWDFWV are as important as good roads and QRW RQO\ DV D GHVWLQDWLRQ EXW DV D QHZ VLGHZDONVLQWKHSXEOLFUHDOPDVWKH\RIIHU artery for pedestrians. DGHVWLQDWLRQWRWKHMRXUQH\,QKLVERRN 7R FHOHEUDWH WKH WK DQQLYHUVDU\ &RQWHPSRUDU\ 3XEOLF 6SDFH 8QYROXPHWULF the city of Montreal and the Ministry of $UFKLWHFWXUH, Aydo Amino explains the &XOWXUH DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQV RI 4XHEHF shift from the city to landscape: organised a competition for a new linear ´,IIURPWKHPLGGOHRIWKH VWRWKH HQG RI WKH V D IHUPHQW RI LGHDV KDG park that would highlight the rich history WDNHQVKDSHDURXQGVWXGLHVRIWKHFLW\RI LWVFRQVWUXFWLRQLWVJURZWKDQGLWVPRUH of the very site where Paul de Chomedey, PDFURVFRSLF DQG UHFXUUHQW SKHQRPHQD WKHUHFDQEHQRGRXEWWKDWVLQFHWKH V DWWHQWLRQ KDV VKLIWHG LQ DQ DSSDUHQWO\ $OGR$\PRQLQR&RQWHPSRUDU\3XEOLF6SDFH Un-volumetric Architecture. Milan: Skira, 2006. Source: claudecormier.com 63 FIGURE 23 place d’youville axis Sieur de Maisonneuve founded the RI EXLOGLQJV WKDW IRUP WKH SHULPHWHU RI city. At the same time, this park would the square. Without dwelling on every reclaim a street for pedestrians that VLQJOH GHWDLO RI WKH SDVW WR LQÁXHQFH KDGEHHQGRPLQDWHGE\VXUIDFHSDUNLQJ every aspect of the project, the architects IRU GHFDGHV ,Q RUGHU WR FHOHEUDWH WKH UHDOL]HG WKDW WKH LPSRUWDQFH VKRXOG EH history of the site, The Cardinal Hardy placed on the dynamic, multifaceted Group and Claude Cormier Landscape nature of history. In doing so, they Architects used a series of different opted to glorify a few select anecdotes textures, plantings, materials, and axes WKDW UHÁHFW WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH LQVSLUHG E\ WKH QDWXUDO PRYHPHQWV RI site’s history16. The repertoire of local SHGHVWULDQVWKURXJKWKHIRXUEORFNORQJ site. A series of pedestrian passageways 16 “PLACE D’YOUVILLE, MONTRÉAL Commande through the site underscore the history 3XEOLTXH3DU9RLH'H&RQFRXUVµ$VVRFLDWLRQ'HV $UFKLWHFWHV3D\VDJLVWHV'X4XpEHF$FFHVVHG March 5, 2015. Source: claudecormier.com 64 FIGURE 24 place d’youville materials materials represent different uses along existing facts together into meaning”17. the linear park. The domestic uses are 7KH PDLQ FHQWUDO SDWK ELVHFWLQJ WKH DOOLQWHUFRQQHFWHGE\ZRRGHQSDWKZD\V park, which is slightly concave in one $Q\ VRUW RI XUEDQ SDWKZD\ WKDW UHODWHV VHFWLRQ PHPRULDOL]HV WKH EULFN YLDGXFW to the greater site, the city of Montreal, that contained a small river, leading to LV FRQFUHWH ,QVWLWXWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV DUH the port of Montreal, covered over in the GLVWLQJXLVKHG E\ OLPHVWRQH SDYHUV PLG V,WVWLOOSOD\VDVLJQLÀFDQWUROH 7KHVHSDWKVEHFRPHDPHWDSKRUIRUWKH LQ FLUFXODWLRQ EHWZHHQ LPSRUWDQW FLYLF movement in history that has layered EXLOGLQJV²LWRQFHOHGHDUO\VHWWOHUVIURP this site for three and a half centuries, the St-Laurent River to the parliament of DVEHDXWLIXOO\GHVFULEHGLQD/DQG)RUXP Upper and Lower Canada, and now serves Source: aapq.org article: “History is the art of connections through time – the explanations that link 17 Peter Walke. “Place D’Youville.” LAND FO- 5806HSWHPEHU 65 as a guide towards the “Centre d’Histoire On a purely functional level, this project de Montreal”. has not only made it safer for pedestrians The plantings add to the layering in ZLWKLQWKHSDUNLWVHOIEXWWKHWZRVPDOO time that drives the design of this long VWUHHWVWKDWÁDQNHGWKHSUHYLRXVSDUNLQJ plaza. The trees are spaced in such a ORWZHUHVORZHGGRZQE\WKHXVHRIWUHHV way to not give an impression of formal that help to crowd the road. “When alignment. Furthermore, the architects drivers feel they must pay attention, they and archeologists carefully planned drive more carefully and slowly”.18 It where they would touch ground in order FRXOG KRZHYHU KDYH FRQWULEXWHG PRUH to protect the rich artifacts that could WR WKH ELF\FOH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WR WLH WKH EH IRXQG LQ WKH VRLO EHQHDWK WKHP DQG path following the Saint Laurent to McGill WR SUHYHQW WKH VLWH IURP EHFRPLQJ D Street corridor to make the approach to perpetual archeological dig. $OH[6WHIIHQ&DUERQ=HUR3 66 FIGURE 25 place d’youville central path WKHPDQ\FLYLFEXLOGLQJVHDVLHUIRUWKRVH UHGLVFRYHUWKHVSDFHVZHWKDWSDVVXVE\ who choose not to drive. at high speeds. Walking is crucially tied Place d’Youville demonstrates that to the spatial experience of the city and, D PRGHVW XUEDQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ FDQ as Chtcheglov, a French political theorist, dramatically improve the vitality of an EHDXWLIXOO\ VWDWHV LQ KLV ERRN )RUPXODU\ area, and at the same time commemorate IRUD1HZ8UEDQLVP, the rich layers of history of a place in an ´WKH ZKROH VSHFWUXP RI IHHOLQJV WKDW RQHHQFRXQWHUVE\FKDQFHLQHYHU\GD\OLIH DUWLVWLF ZD\ :LWKRXW EHLQJ WRR H[SOLFLW LVDYDLODEOHWRWKHRQHZKRZDQGHUVWKH FLW\E\IRRWµ19 LWURXVHVWKHPLQGDERXWLWVEDFNJURXQG and indirectly promotes the museums found on the site. It awakens interest DQGFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHTXDOLWLHVRIDFLW\ that makes citizens want to walk and Source: claudecormier.com 19 Ivan Chtcheglov. Formulary for a New Ur- EDQLVP/RQGRQ /RQGRQ3V\FKRJHRJUDSKLFDO Association, 1997. 67 Chapter 4: The proposal 4.1 intro My proposal aims to deal with the a narrative that includes the context. G\QDPLF KLVWRU\ RI WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG 1HZ EXLOGLQJV VXFK DV WKRVH SURSRVHG of Vanier and to create a new layer in Vanier, often try to minimize all that will maintain the ‘genius loci’. It is LQHIÀFLHQFLHVRU´XQSUHGLFWDEOHDFWLRQVµ meant to act as a counter proposal to as Arendt would call them, which are a WKH ODUJH FRQGRPLQLXP WRZHUV EHLQJ E\SURGXFWRIIUHHGRP,QGRLQJVRZHDUH SURSRVHG E\ VHYHUDO GHYHORSHUV DQG SXWWLQJRXUVHOYHVLQDSRVLWLRQWRDEVWDLQ DUFKLWHFWXUH ÀUPV RQ DQ XQGHUXWLOL]HG from action altogether. This withdrawal area that the city has designated as the IURP WKH SXEOLF UHDOP GLVFXVVHG HDUOLHU “gateway” site to the community. These LVWKHUHVXOWRILUUHVSRQVLEOHGHYHORSHUV proposed condominium towers take taking advantage of poor regulations to no consideration of the history of the PD[LPL]H SRWHQWLDO SURÀW 7KLV HWKLFDO place nor do they make any attempt at GHEDWH ZDV SUHVHQWHG DW WKH :RUOG 68 Conference for World Peace Through Law everything else.µ1 in 1973 when Constantinos A. Doxiadis, Furthermore, in most cases, the DQDUFKLWHFWDQGXUEDQSODQQHUZURWHLQ community is kept in the dark resulting DSDSHUWLWOHG´7KH*UHDW8UEDQ&ULPHV in the developers pushing the city to WKDW:H3HUPLWE\/DZµWKDW make exceptions on height, ground ´KLJKULVHEXLOGLQJVGHVWUR\WKHXUEDQ FRYHUDJH UHVWULFWLRQV DQG SXEOLF ODQGVFDSHE\HOLPLQDWLQJDOOYDOXHVZKLFK H[LVWHGLQWKHSDVW+XPDQV\PEROVVXFK VSDFH RIIHUHG $OWKRXJK WKHVH XUEDQ DVFKXUFKHVPRVTXHVWHPSOHVRIDOONLQGV developments are often marketed as a FLW\KDOOVZKLFKRQFHURVHDERYHWKHFLW\ DUH QRZ EHORZ VN\VFUDSHUV We may UHQHZDORISXEOLFVSDFHVWKH\RIWHQKDYH not agree that god or government should rise above man but are the reverse effect. Towers are often fast- we ready to agree that symbols of capital gain should rise above .ȆQVWDQWLQRV$SRVWRORX'R[LDGũV7KH*UHDW 8UEDQ&ULPHV:H3HUPLWE\/DZ$WKHQV >/\- FDEHWWXV3UHVV@ 69 tracked and seem to appear out of thin- SODFHDQGLWVVLJQLÀFDQFHWRLWVKDELWDQWV air due to the lack of transparency in the LW LV YHU\ GLIÀFXOW WR GHVFULEH ZK\ D early stages of design. In turn, residents particular place is special.2 who were completely excluded from This intervention in Vanier will vary WKH SURFHVV RIWHQ KDYH WURXEOH VHHLQJ LQ VFDOH 7KH QHLJKERXUKRRG ZLOO ÀUVW WKHQDUUDWLYH7KLVEULQJVDERXWDVHQVH EH H[DPLQHG DV D ZKROH E\ PRGLI\LQJ RI ´SODFHOHVVQHVVµ D FRQFHSW FRLQHG E\ a series of existing roads. This will not (ZDUG 5HOSK LQ 5HOSK EHOLHYHG only highlight important historical and that it is a deep understanding of a place FXOWXUDO LFRQV LQ 9DQLHU EXW ZLOO DOVR WKDWFRQWULEXWHVWRLWVPDLQWHQDQFHDQG make the area a pedestrian and cyclist restoration, which in turn allows for the IULHQGO\ QHWZRUN WKDW FDQ EH XVHG DV creation of new places. He argues that without a thorough understanding of a 2 Edward Relph. Place and Placelessness. Lon- don: Pion, 1976. 70 an example for the rest of the city. A dense housing development focused on VHULHV RI QRGHV ZLOO EH FUHDWHG DORQJ KLVWRU\DQGSXEOLFVSDFH this network, each with a different identity. The project will then focus on the major node, a site along the Rideau 5LYHU GHVLJQDWHG E\ WKH &LW\ RI 2WWDZD DV D JDWHZD\ WR WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG The narrative, coming from Ottawa into Vanier, will take citizens over a new EULGJHYLDWKH&XPPLQJV,VODQGWKURXJK a revitalized park and into the site itself, which is part of a large housing project that will serve as an example of a very 71 4.2 Site analysis FIGURE 26 vanier boundaries Vanier is located approximately two kilometers east of Parliament Hill, directly across the Rideau River. As QRWHGHDUOLHULWVERXQGDULHVDUHWKHULYHU to the west and St-Laurent Boulevard to the East. Its northern edge is marked E\ %HHFKZRRG $YHQXH ZKLOH 0F$UWKXU Avenue separates it to the south from WKH FRPPXQLW\ RI 2YHUEURRNH 9DQLHU·V main artery is Montreal Road, which developed with the Cummings Bridge. Looking at a map of non-residential uses LQ WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG VKRZV WKDW PRVW 72 FIGURE 27 non-residential uses in vanier of the commercial and institutional concentration takes place along the Montreal Road corridor. Vanier has almost no pedestrian infrastructures or amenities to support VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV \HW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH ´ZDON VFRUHµ LQGH[ FUHDWHG E\ D Seattle company of the same name WR UDWH WKH ZDONDELOLW\ RI DQ\ DGGUHVV LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD LW LV UHDVRQDEOH coming in at 483 points. Because of its 3 “Pedestrian Infrastructure and Amenities.” 2WWDZD1HLJKERXUKRRG6WXG\-DQXDU\ $FFHVVHG'HFHPEHU 73 persistent self-sustaining small-town A cycling infrastructure is also either nature, commercial activity on the lacking or in poor condition. The few main street has remained relatively H[LVWLQJ FLW\ ELNH SDWKV LQ WKH DUHD DUH close to home. However, getting PDLQO\ UHFUHDWLRQDO DV WKH\ ERUGHU EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW VHUYLFHV LV GLIÀFXOW the river and have no real circulatory EHFDXVHWKHSHGHVWULDQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLV function. WHUULEO\LQHIÀFLHQWDQGQRWDHVWKHWLFDOO\ 7KH&XPPLQJV%ULGJH´ELNHSDWKµKDV SOHDVLQJ ,Q KLV ERRN The Walkable City, DOVREHHQSUREOHPDWLFDQGGDQJHURXV,WV 6SHFN GHVFULEHV WKDW WKH ZDON PXVW EH poor planning and lack of protection from FRPIRUWDEOHDQGLQWHUHVWLQJLHVKRZLQJ cars has caused many accidents leading signs of humanity to get people to walk. to the cycling community demanding In its current state, Vanier does little to change. As I was writing this thesis, a HQFRXUDJHZDONDELOLW\ 36-year-old cyclist was the victim of a hit- 74 FIGURE 28 bike path network in vanier DQGUXQLQEURDGGD\OLJKWDQGZDVIRXQG XQFRQVFLRXVDWWKHEDVHRIWKH&XPPLQJV Bridge.4 “The cyclists don’t feel safe: A lot of people have stopped using this area,” VDLG WKH YLFWLP·V EURWKHU DOVR D F\FOLVW ZKHQLQWHUYLHZHGE\WKH2WWDZD&LWL]HQ. 4 Andrew Duffy. “Ottawa Family Seeks Answers WR%LNH&UDVKµ7KH2WWDZD&LWL]HQ1RYHPEHU 7, 2014, Local sec. Accessed January 12, 2015. http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ot- WDZDIDPLO\VHHNVDQVZHUVWRELNHFUDVK 75 4.3 an urban solution FIGURE 29 street network and nodes The intervention will create a network RI SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ URDGV E\ modifying the street sections of existing streets to connect important historical and cultural landmarks in Vanier. 76 FIGURE 30 montreal road section VARIES 5’ 9’ 20’ 9’ 5’ VARIES SIDEWALK BIKE GREEN / STREET GREEN/ BIKE SIDEWALK PARKING PARKING 77 In this design, Montreal Road will go model for over two decades. The Portland WKURXJK ZKDW XUEDQLVWV DUH FDOOLQJ D Bureau of Transportation provides data ´URDG GLHWµ 7KH URDG ZLOO EH UHGXFHG to support this seemingly radical way of to one narrow 10 foot lane for each designing streets. A 2014 study has shown GLUHFWLRQ$XQLGLUHFWLRQDOELNHODQHZLOO that in streets that underwent a road diet, EHDGGHGWRHDFKVLGHRIWKHURDGDQGZLOO DFFLGHQWVKDYHGHFOLQHGE\DQDYHUDJHRI EHSURWHFWHGE\DODQHRIDOWHUQDWLQJWUHHV SHUFHQWDQGVSHHGLQJGHFOLQHGE\ and parallel parking. The sidewalks will SHUFHQW7UDIÀFYROXPHVDZDVLPLODU YDU\EXWVKRXOGEHDPLQLPXPRIHLJKW reduction. It is safe to conclude “that the and a half feet in width. safety and access improvements weren’t Although counter intuitive, this DFFRPSDQLHG E\ PDMRU QHZ EXUGHQV RQ VWUDWHJ\KDVEHHQSURYHQWRZRUNLQFLWLHV such as Portland, which has followed this 78 FIGURE 31: collector street section GULYHUV·PRELOLW\µ5 Residential collector streets, which originate from Montreal Road towards important cultural “nodes” within the QHLJKERXUKRRGZLOODOVRXQGHUJRDURDG diet. Like Montreal Road, narrow lanes ZLOOEHÁDQNHGE\DZLGHWZRZD\ELF\FOH ODQH7KHURDGLWVHOIZLOOEHSDYHGZLWKD varies 6’ 20’ 8’ 6’ varies GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH SDYHU VHHQ WKURXJKRXW Front yard sidewalk street bike sidewalk Front yard 5 Michael Andersen. “For Less than $500,000, 3 Portland Road Diets Are Preventing 37 Crashes (YHU\ 79 the project to differentiate roads along transit… many people will choose to get this network from other residential rid of their cars altogether, and most streets. people will choose not to drive for most Although this change might seem WULSV7KDW·VFRUUHFW 3ODQZHOODQGEXLOG UDGLFDOLWLVDQLGHDVXSSRUWHGE\OHDGLQJ quickly, and many people will simply use XUEDQ SODQQHUV VXFK DV -HII 6SHFN DQG their cars less or get rid of them.”6 Alex Steffen who explain that “If within NH\ QHLJKERUKRRG FRUHV RU DORQJ important corridors), cities aggressively WLS WKH EDODQFH WRZDUG PDNLQJ VWUHHWV WKDW DUH GHVLJQHG WR VORZ WUDIÀF OLPLW cars, and make for wonderful pedestrian- IRFXVHG SODFHV WKDW DUH ZHOO VHUYHG E\ $OH[6WHIIHQ&DUERQ=HUR3 80 4.4 the nodes FIGURE 32 vanier parkway node Special nodes acting as vessels for Below are a few examples of this art, history, and culture are located at approach. The intersection of Montreal important intersections of the primary Road and Vanier Parkway takes on a and secondary streets. They are meant character relating to the old railroad WR PDUN D VLJQLÀFDQW DUHD IRU WKH line that connected Prescott Russell with QHLJKERXUKRRG 7KH LQWHQWLRQ RI WKLV Bytown in the early 20th century. These thesis proposal is not to design every nodes are meant as modest landscape FIGURE 33 marier street node QRGH EXW VLPSO\ WR VXJJHVW D FRXUVH RI RU SXEOLF DUW GLVSOD\V WKDW ZRXOG URXVH DFWLRQV DQG SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU WKH PDLQ LQWHUHVWDERXWWKHVLWH·VKLVWRU\ZLWKRXW ones; the primary site for this thesis is the EHLQJWRRH[SOLFLW EDVHRIWKH&XPPLQJV%ULGJHZKLFKZLOO The node at Montreal Road and Marier however take cues from what is learned 6WUHHW LV DOVR TXLWH VLJQLÀFDQW LW PDUNV in locating these secondary nodes. the Centre Francophone de Vanier, a 81 FIGURE 34 fille de la sagesse staple for the francophone community VLJQLÀFDQFH RI WKH FKXUFK DV WKH HDUO\ IRUGHFDGHVDVZHOODVWKHÀUVW'HVMDUGLQV foundation of a lot of these francophone Bank’s location in Ontario, which still institutions is located at the corner of functions today. Church Street and Montreal Road where Other nodes include the intersection the Notre-Dame-du-Lourde church is still Source: vaniermuseoparc.ca of Lajoie, Jeanne-Mance, and Blake used today, and the ‘Filles de la Sagesse’, Boulevard that indicates the site of the who pioneered the Montfort Hospital, FIGURE 35 richelieu park sugar shack ÀUVW )UHQFK KLJK VFKRRO LQ WKH DUHD across the street. Perhaps the most The node along Lacasse Street and important node, however, is the one 0RQWUHDO 5RDG LV PHDQW WR SD\ WULEXWH located at Richelieu Park. It houses the to the eccentric character of that area 9DQLHU 0XVHXP WKH ÀUVW IUDQFRSKRQH in the sixties as a rowdy entertainment PXVHXP RXWVLGH RI 4XHEHF ZKLFK KDV GLVWULFW ÀOOHG ZLWK EDUV DQG KRWHOV 7KH the mandate to protect the large park Source: vaniermuseoparc.ca 82 FIGURE 36 bibliothèque vanier library rich in sugar maples that houses Canada’s RQO\IXOO\IXQFWLRQDOXUEDQVXJDUVKDFN ,WLVDOVRWKHORFDWLRQRIWKH9DQLHU3XEOLF /LEUDU\ZKLFKZDVEXLOWLQWKH VLQ the style of the now demolished White )DWKHU·V 6FKRODVWLFDWH WKDW VWRRG EHVLGH it. Source: vaniermuseoparc.ca 83 FIGURE 37 chosen site 4.5 into the site vanier parkway montreal road cummings bridge cummings island mcarthur avenue 84 FIGURE 38 montgomery street alteration The primary site chosen for the Cummings Bridge. Doing so will detour project spans from North River Road to DQ\YHKLFXODUWUDIÀFWR0F$UWKXU$YHQXH Vanier Parkway and reclaims space for rendering Montreal Road a slower, housing and community space, as well pedestrian-friendly street rather than a DVDYDULHW\RISXEOLFSDUNVJDUGHQVDQG thoroughfare to the East. Presently, the SDWKZD\V 2IÀFH VSDFH LV DOVR DGGHG WR site is extremely low density. With only DFWDVDEXIIHUEHWZHHQWKHPXFKKLJKHU 18 single-family dwellings, a few row FIGURE 39 new site division existing Vanier Towers government houses and duplexes, the current site EXLOGLQJ GLUHFWO\ VRXWK RI WKH VLWH ,Q houses approximately 65 people on 2.9 order to differentiate the two major uses, hectares. The main concentrations of DQGWRGLYHUWWUDIÀFDZD\IURP0RQWUHDO KRPHVDORQJ3DODFH6WUHHWDUHLQWHUULEOH Road, Montgomery Street is altered from condition. The street has no sidewalks its current location to align with the DQGROGHUKRPHVDSSHDUWREHDGKHULQJ 85 FIGURE 40: abandoned houses along Gardner street to no form of zoning, resulting in a very unpleasant, cramped atmosphere. In some cases, the houses are completely DEDQGRQHGDQGVHWIRUGHPROLWLRQE\WKH FLW\EHFDXVHWKH\DUHLQDFRPSOHWHVWDWH of disrepair and unsafe. Source: google maps In total, the site contains a density of FIGURE 41: decrepit housing along palace street 22 people per hectare. This falls short of the city’s target density of 500 in Central areas, or even major mixed-use centers RIE\%XVLQHVVHVWKDWZRXOGEH GLVSODFHGE\P\LQWHUYHQWLRQVXSRQWKLV site would include various small retail Source: google maps 86 FIGURE 42: new master plan aerial existing cummings theatre/ mixed-use community centre pool/ice rink bridge art venue white pine cummings island new park grove offices school community garden new affordable housing 87 FIGURE 43: new master plan 88 FIGURE 44: first school in eastview outlets in the Eastview Plaza. The eastern EHORYHG)ULHQG·V%LQJR+DOO,WLVWRDFWDV SDUW RI WKH VLWH LV PRVWO\ FRYHUHG E\ D a new home for the Centre Francophone surface parking lot serving a decrepit, GH9DQLHU7RLWVULJKWZLOOEHORFDWHGD FULPHULGGHQPRWHODELQJRKDOOWZRJDV ODUJHSXEOLFJDUGHQVXUURXQGHGE\RSHQ stations, and a transmission shop. JUHHQVSDFHWKDWGRXEOHVDVWKHVFKRRO·V The existing school, which was the yard. ÀUVWLQ9DQLHULVWRUHPDLQLQSODFHDQG EHFRPH WKH FHQWUDO FRPPXQLW\ KXE in the design. Adjacent to the school ZLOO EH ORFDWHG D FRPPXQLW\ FHQWHU with communal woodshop, child care IDFLOLWLHVSXEOLFNLWFKHQVPHHWLQJURRPV DQGDVSDFHWRSOD\ELQJRWRUHSODFHWKH 89 FIGURE 45: new master plan - main axis palace street vanier parkway node main axis cummins island node 90 FIGURE 46: main axis section The main axis running through the site is a large pedestrian thoroughfare ELVHFWHG E\ D QDUURZ FKDQQHO RI ZDWHU that runs the length of the site, suggesting that anyone can have access to the water, as opposed to just a select few that previously prospered and enjoyed WKHULYHU/LNHWKHEULGJHWKLVPDLQD[LV is made up of a solid walkway, made of LQGLYLGXDOSDYHUVRQLWVH[WHULRUEXWLWV SHUPHDEOHVWRQHVEHJLQVWRV\PEROLFDOO\ dissolve as it nears the channel of water, allowing for trees, plants, grasses, and the 91 FIGURE 47: new master plan bike paths to new bike paths to existing path to rideau street to MCarthur avenue to riverain park 92 diversion of rainwater into the central 5LYHUEXWZHUHGHFLPDWHGE\WKHOXPEHU channel. LQGXVWU\WRSXWIRRGRQWKHWDEOHIRUPDQ\ This “grande allée” welcomes families. However, this small corner is pedestrians and cyclists as they leave the meant to look untouched, and gives a EULGJHKLQWLQJDWDFWLYLW\ZLWKLQWKHVLWH QRG WR WKH KLVWRULFDO UHDOLW\ ZKHUHE\ The space at the corner of Montreal Road Vanier was a city within a city; the grove is a small forest of towering white pines. RIWUHHVLVVXUURXQGHGEXWVWLOOPDQDJHV /LNHHDUO\VHWWOHUVLWLVWKHÀUVWWKLQJVHHQ to differentiate and sustain themselves. E\ SHGHVWULDQV DV ZHOO DV YHKLFOHV IURP At different times of the year its needles the existing Cummings Bridge, (which cover the ground around it, and needle UHPDLQV EXW ZKLFK ZRXOG QR ORQJHU EH E\QHHGOHWKHWUDFHVDUHFDUULHGE\WKH XVHGE\SHGHVWULDQVQRUF\FOLVWV :KLWH wind all over Vanier. A small walkway SLQHV FRYHUHG WKH EDQNV RI WKH 5LGHDX from the main axis leads into the center 93 FIGURE 48: white pine grove RIWKHIRUHVWDQGGLVSOD\VYDULRXVSXEOLF DUWVFXOSWXUHVWKDWFDQEHDGPLUHGLQDQ intimate, quiet environment. 94 FIGURE 49: rendering inside the white pine grove 95 FIGURE 50: montgomery street section Montgomery Street has a similar section to Montreal Road, with a slightly wider right-of-way of 75 feet, which makes it scaled appropriately to the four story community center and podium and open cantilevered podium of the new RIÀFHFRPSOH[ VARIES 6 SIDEW ’ 9’ ALK BIKE GRE 20 EN/ ’ 9’ PARKING STREET GREEN/ 6’ VARIES BIKE PARKING SIDEWALK 7KLVRIÀFHVSDFHLVGHVLJQHGWRÀWVPDOO EXVLQHVVHV ZKHUH VSDWLDO GLYLGHUV FDQ offer rental space that will accommodate artists’ studios, workshops, and startup EXVLQHVVHV,QWKHPDLQ´SRGLXPµWKHVH VSDFHVFDQEHFRPELQHGDVRIÀFHVJURZ 96 FIGURE 51: Entrances to office building FIGURE 52: 1962 steinberg grocery 6RXUFH 0LNH6WHLQKDXHUYDQLHUQRZEORJVSRWFD 97 $V EXVLQHVVHV JURZ DQG UHTXLUH PRUH concrete or stone pavers rather than space, they can move to the taller, asphalt, and landscape must include VWHSSHGEDFNSRUWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJWKDW WUHHVDQG EODGHVRI JUDVV7KHEXLOGLQJ LV GHVLJQHG DV D PRUH VROLG HVWDEOLVKHG IDFDGHV DUH WUHDWHG WKH VDPH ZKHUHE\ EORFN they are modulated so as to make their 6LPLODUWRWKHSDUNDVEXLOGLQJVWRXFK overall size appear as an assortment of GRZQRQSXEOLFVSDFHWKHLUIDFDGHVDQG smaller structures. The semi-circular structure should appear lighter and more HQWUDQFHFDQRS\WRWKHEXLOGLQJVWDNHWKH inviting. As with the new pedestrian/ VKDSHRIWKHROG6WHLQEHUJ·VEXLOGLQJWKDW F\FOLQJEULGJHHYHU\SDUWRIWKHGHVLJQ remains on the site. To create a dialogue VKRXOGEHEXLOWZLWKDKXPDQVL]HGXQLW WKHHQWUDQFHLWVHOILVFODGLQUHGEULFNWR EULFNV UDWKHU WKDQ SRXUHG FRQFUHWH UHÁHFWWKHVFKRROLWPLUURUV planks rather than sheet materials, a 98 FIGURE 53: australian woonerf Further east, past the community LWV VLJQLÀFDQFH LQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI 9DQLHU center, the main axis intersects Palace DVWKHKRPHRIWKHÀUVW&LW\+DOO*UDVV Street, which is now a pedestrian street ´SDYHUVµ DUH LQWHUUXSWHG E\ D URXJK in the manner of a Dutch woonerf. wooden plank in a rhythm that evokes Essentially, a woonerf is a street with the character of railroad ties, alluding some vehicle access for drop-offs and to the tracks that ran the length of what Source: citygreen.com HPHUJHQF\ YHKLFOHV EXW WKH PDLQ is now the Vanier Parkway, which were circulation is for pedestrians and cyclists. crucial to the early development in 7KHUHDUHQRGLVWLQFWVLGHZDONVRUFXUEV WKH DUHD 7KH LQWHUVHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH only different paving to create some PDLQ SHGHVWULDQ ERXOHYDUG DQG 3DODFH spatial distinction. Its paving texture is 6WUHHWUHXVHVWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHQRGHE\ meant to distinguish Palace Street from placing a small water feature that marks any other street on the site, highlighting WKH WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VFKRRO WKH 99 FIGURE 54: palace street node commercial space, and the housing. Further along this axis, as the main axis comes to an end and reaches the Vanier 3DUNZD\DODUJHSDUNVSDFHGRXEOLQJDV a courtyard for the new housing acts as a gateway to the site for the east. This gateway, to contrast the white pines that welcome you on the western edge, LVÀOOHGZLWKVXJDUPDSOHVOLNHWKHRQHV in Richelieu Park, surrounding a large community pool, which in the winter EHFRPHVDUHFRJQL]HG&DQDGLDQLFRQ DQ ice rink. 100 FIGURE 55 vanier parkway ice rink FIGURE 56: richelieu park maple trees Source: museoparc.ca 101 4.6 the main node - reclaiming cummings island The design of the main node, where connect to the greater network, the site the Cummings Bridge meets Montreal will tell a narrative that would stand in Road, is meant to dissolve into a greater FRQWUDVW WR WKH JHQHULF SURSRVDOV EHLQJ site and inform a design language that SUHVHQWHG WRGD\ E\ WKH &LW\ RI 2WWDZD UHÁHFWV9DQLHU·VKLVWRU\DQGHYHU\WKLQJ Those proposals which include nine new LW FRXOG EH LQ WKH IXWXUH WKH GHVLJQ condominium towers reaching heights seeks to tap into Vanier’s genius loci in RI VWRULHV ZRXOG \LHOG RQO\ XUEDQ RUGHU WR ´« ERWK HPEUDFH KLVWRU\ DQG ‘placelessness’. Not only do they have transcend it”7. By creating a park that OLWWOH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ IRU WKH FRQWH[W EXW will reconnect Cummings Island via a they are very expensive. Based on similar SHGHVWULDQ DQG F\FOLQJ EULGJH WKDW ZLOO developments on Beechwood Avenue in Vanier, these would cost up to 450$ per 7 Lawrence A. Return to the Center 102 FIGURE 57: ogsgoode developments 27 storey condominium square foot pre-construction.8 8 “The Avon.” MintoBeechWood - Collections - 1HZ(GLQEXUJK&RQGRV2WWDZD_0LQWR-DQXDU\ 10, 2013. Accessed March 9, 2015. 'RPLFLOH'HYHORSPHQWV,QF´:HE3ULFH/LVWµ The Kavanaugh on Beechwood. March 13, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2015. Source: ottawa.ca 103 FIGURE 58: unknown developer 5 towers plan FIGURE 59: unknown developer 5 towers elevation Source: ottawa.ca Source: ottawa.ca 104 The original Cummings Bridge each as important as the next; yet useless FRQQHFWHGWKLVVXEXUEYLDWKH&XPPLQJV E\LWVHOI+LVWRULFDOO\FURVVLQJWKHULYHU ,VODQG ZKLFK KDV ORQJ EHHQ DEDQGRQHG offered a certain freedom associated with DIWHUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQHZEULGJH unsettled land acting as a contrast to the The design of the proposed pedestrian WKH ULJLG ERXQGDULHV RI WKH FLW\ 7KLV DQGF\FOLQJEULGJHDWWHPSWVWRSD\WULEXWH EULGJH DWWHPSWV WR HYRNH WKH IHHOLQJ RI WRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOO\XQGHUHGXFDWHGEOXH openness, and dissolving of rigidity that collar, Francophone tradesmen that made came with crossing this natural divider. XSWKHDUHDE\JLYLQJWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDW HDFKSLHFHRIWKHEULGJHFRXOGEHFDUULHG E\RQHPDQ7KHVWUHQJWKRIWKLVVWUXFWXUH OLHV LQ WKH FROOHFWLYH VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH individual structural role of each piece: 105 FIGURE 60: elevation sketches for new bridge FIGURE 61: axo sketches for new bridge 106 FIGURE 62: rendered view from the vanier shore towards sandy hill ,W UHSUHVHQWV WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ WKDW Vanier still offers today. Where the new EULGJH FRQQHFWV WR WKH 2WWDZD VLGH WKH structure is visually solid; it appears heavy due to the narrow spacing of PHPEHUVWRVXSSRUWWKHZRRGWUXVVIUDPH DERYHLW$VWKHEULGJHFURVVHVRYHUWKH river it gradually transforms into a much OLJKWHU VXVSHQVLRQ EULGJH HPEUDFLQJ LWV relationship with the water and nature, a commentary upon the raw resources that that were the underpinnings of Vanier’s economy. 107 FIGURE 63 new pedestrian bridge elevation 108 FIGURE 64: new pedestrian bridge aerial 109 FIGURE 65: footprint of cummings general store As the Bridge touches Cummings Island original Cummings General Store once it will seem to dissolve into that landscape. stood, as a metaphor of what can yet Towards the center of the island, the EORVVRP IURP WKH UHPDLQV RI WKH SDVW old stone retaining walls, remnants This gradual opening of space also occurs of the original Cummings Bridge, will in elevation where wooden paths start remain. Strips of stone paving, starting WR EUHDN DSDUW LQWR LQGLYLGXDO ÁRDWLQJ RXWZLGHDQGKHDY\ZLOOVWDUWWREHODLG GRFNV7KHORQJDQGWKLQÁRDWLQJGRFNV ZLWK PRUH DQG PRUH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ DUH PHDQW WR UHVHPEOH ÁRDWLQJ ORJV them, allowing the existing greenery to WUDYHOOHGGRZQWKHULYHUIRUWKHOXPEHU overtake the hardscape surfaces of the industry for years. As people approach central island. The only disruption to WKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZDWHUWKH\ZLOOEHDEOH WKLV SDWWHUQ ZLOO EH D VWULS RI ÁRZHULQJ to rest and dip their feet in the river. tall grass in the footprint of where the 110 FIGURE 66: new docks around cummings island 111 FIGURE 67: cummings island cross section On the south side of the island, visitors descend into a semi-sunken pavilion GHVLJQHGWRUHÁHFWDORJJLQJVKDQW\VXFK DVWKRVHWKDWRQFHOLQHGWKHEDQNVRIWKH Rideau River. Its cantilevered placement upon the large stone supporting wall opens views to the sky and down river. 112 FIGURE 68: cummings island pavillion FIGURE 69: ottawa valley shanty Source: ottawa.ca FIGURE 70: ottawa valley shanty Source: greatermadawaska.com 113 FIGURE 71: new park platforms section The Park in the location where the EULGJH WRXFKHV GRZQ LV GHVLJQHG ZLWK the same architectural language and aesthetic as the island. A series of large seating platforms are created. As happens on the island, plantings replace hardscapes as the park nears the river creating the effect of softening the existing classical architecture. Classically styled, uniformly spaced, massive stairs come down from the existing Cummings Bridge, and level E\OHYHOWKHGHVLJQODQJXDJHWDNHVRQD 114 certain looseness and freedom alluding guide it onto the new development that WR WKH OLEHUW\ JUDQWHG WR WKH SLRQHHUV leads to the new cycling network. who crossed the river in search of their 7KHSDUNLVFXWSHUSHQGLFXODUO\E\WZR own small piece of the world. South of the D[HV RQH EHLQJ WKH FRQWLQXDWLRQ RI D QHZEULGJHWKHSDUNFRQQHFWVZLWKWKH long linear plaza that serves the existing H[LVWLQJVSRUWVÀHOGVWKDWKDYHVHUYHGWKH RIÀFHVKRXVHGLQWKH9DQLHU7RZHUVWKH surrounding community for years. The other is the main pedestrian axis that H[LVWLQJELNHSDWKFRPLQJIURP5LYHUUDLQ acts as a spine for the housing adjacent Park detours through the site close to the to the site. Utilizing the concept that ULYHURQDZRRGHQERDUGZDONWKDWWUDYHOV ´ODQGVFDSHKDVWKHDELOLW\WRFRQQHFWWKH under the Cummings Bridge and rejoins past, present, and future. The sense of the path on North River Road. Two ramps time and process that sees landscape is provide the path with a gentle slope to DQHYHUSUHVHQWVWDWHRIEHFRPLQJµWKH 115 FIGURE 72: new park plan park extends into its surroundings and EHJLQVDGLDORJXH 116 FIGURE 73: new park aerial 117 FIGURE 74: bridge rendering FIGURE 75: park rendering 118 4.7 rethinking housing $W WKLV SRLQW ´7KH DQVZHU WR WKH the poor.µ9 SUREOHP LV VLPSOH %XLOG PRUH KRXVLQJ 7KH VLPSOH WUXWK LV WKDW LI \RX ZDQW So how do we add the density needed KRPH SULFHV WR GURS RU HYHQ MXVW OHYHO ZLWKRXWEXLOGLQJYHUWLFDOO\"7KHDQVZHU RII WKH RQO\ ZD\ WR GR WKLV LV WR EXLOG PRUHKRXVLQJ(YHU\NQRZQSROLF\DLPHG LVWREXLOGVPDUWDQGVPDOO%\SUHYLRXVO\ DW OLPLWLQJ KRXVLQJ FRVWV³IURP UHQW FRQWUROWRWHQDQWV·ULJKWVWRGHYHORSPHQW DGGLQJ VR PDQ\ SXEOLF DPHQLWLHV VXFK PRUDWRULD³KDVIDLOHGWRVWRSWKHULVHLQ as child care, laundry facilities, gym, KRXVLQJ FRVWV «QRQH FDQ GR DQ\WKLQJ DERXWWKHFHQWUDOG\QDPLFZKLFKLVWKDW DQG EHDXWLIXO SXEOLF VSDFHV WKH SULYDWH LQDFLW\ZLWKH[WUHPHKRXVLQJSUHVVXUHV HYHU\ VDOH RI D SURSHUW\ GULYHV RXW D realm is re-apportioned and integrates ORZHULQFRPH IDPLO\ DQG UHSODFHV WKHP ZLWKDKLJKHULQFRPHIDPLO\ LIWKDWFLW\ ZLWKWKHSXEOLFUHDOP$VWXG\E\8UEDQ KDVDGGHGOLWWOHQHZKRXVLQJVXSSO\WKH /DQG,QVWLWXWHDQQRQSURÀWUHVHDUFKDQG ORZHULQFRPH IDPLO\·V RQO\ RSWLRQ LV WR PRYH RXW RI WKH FLW\ WR ZKHUH KRXVLQJ education organization with the mandate LV FKHDSHU 'HVLUDEOH FLWLHV LQ JURZLQJ UHJLRQV HLWKHU DGG KRXVLQJ UDSLGO\ RU EHFRPH XQDIIRUGDEOH DQG VRFLDOO\ LQHTXLWDEOH ,W·V WKDW VLPSOH Limited $OH[6WHIIHQ 7KHVKDUHDEOHIXWXUHRIFLWLHV housing supply is what drives out p.44 119 WR FUHDWH EHWWHU XUEDQ SODFHV VKRZV D VKDUHG NLWFKHQ EDWKURRPV WR ODUJHU WKDW LQ PDQ\ FLWLHV WKHVH DIIRUGDEOH 500sqft units or more depending on the ‘micro-units’ are outselling conventional QXPEHURIEHGURRPV7KHDYHUDJHSULFH condos.10 They show that in order for IRUDRQHEHGURRPLQ9DQLHULVFXUUHQWO\ these developments to succeed, they 840$ per month according to the CMHC, PXVW EH FORVH WR SXEOLF DPHQLWLHV WKH ZKLFKLVDERXWOHVVWKDQWKHDYHUDJH PRVW LPSRUWDQW EHLQJ D JURFHU\ VWRUH rent in Ottawa. New housing coming into which in the case of this site, is no more WKHPDUNHWPXVWUHPDLQDIIRUGDEOH7KLV WKDQPDZD\DFRPIRUWDEOHZDONLQJ GHVLJQ ZLOO RIIHU DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ EXW distance. LQFOXGHDODUJHQXPEHURIVXEVLGL]HGXQLWV These units can range from 200sqft with to help the more than 9000 households on the waitlist for social housing in Ottawa. It will also reduce the strain on 7ULVKD5LJJV´7KLQNLQJ%LJJHUDERXW0LFUR 8QLWVµ85%$1/$1''HFHPEHU 120 FIGURE 76: typical bachelor unit section the almost 8000 households in Rideau- Vanier spending more than 30% of their income on shelter-related expenses. ´7KHRQO\ZD\WRSUHVVWKHUHVHWEXWWRQ DQG JHW DIIRUGDELOLW\ EDFN LV WR PDNH units small,” Says David Wex, a partner ZLWKWKH'HYHORSHU8UEDQ&DSLWDOZKRLV EULQJLQJWKHÀUVWPLFURXQLWVWR2WWDZD “If you’re going to make units small, you have to make them smart.”11. Like the Beaver Barracks, the housing component 11 David Sali. “Micro-condos Make Big Splash.” 2WWDZD%XVLQHVV-RXUQDO2FWREHU 121 FIGURE 77: typical bachelor unit rendering FIGURE 78: typical bachelor unit plan bathroom kitchen storage above storage/ living room/ seating bedroom 295 sq. ft. VFDOH µ · 122 FIGURE 79: typical one bedroom unit ZLOOEHFRPSULVHGRIVXEVLGL]HGXQLWV EHORZ PDUNHW UHQW VPDOO VXEVLG\ and 40% at market rent. Along Montreal URDGWKHXQLWVZLOOEHRZQHUVKLSJLYLQJ SHRSOHWKHSRWHQWLDOWRHYHQWXDOO\EX\LQ a community that they have learned to ORYHDQGKDYHEHFRPHDWWDFKHGWR 123 FIGURE 80: typical one bedroom unit rendering FIGURE 81: typical one bedroom unit plan bathroom kitchen office area living room bedroom 1 390 sq. ft. VFDOH µ · 124 FIGURE 82: typical two bedroom Even though this development aims to help families meet their housing needs E\SURYLGLQJPDQ\FRPIRUWDEOHWZRDQG WKUHHEHGURRPXQLWVLWDOVRUHÁHFWVWKH fact that more and more people are living alone. In 2011, Census data showed an increase of 9% from 2006 of one person households – nearing 30% of Ottawa’s population. People are waiting longer to get married, or are getting divorced and WKHQXPEHURINLGVSHRSOHDUHKDYLQJDUH decreasing.12 12 “National Household Survey (NHS). 125 FIGURE 83: typical two bedroom rendering FIGURE 84: typical two bedroom plan bedroom 2 kitchen bathroom living room bedroom 1 600 sq. ft. VFDOH µ · 126 FIGURE 85: typical housing block plan 7KHJRDOLVWKDWPD\EHWKLVZD\RIOLIH can change people’s overall commitment WR XUEDQ 2WWDZD ,W VKRXOG SURPRWH a minimalist lifestyle that induces LWV KDELWDQWV WR UHSULRULWL]H ZKDW LV important. This lifestyle includes their families, their friends, memories they create and not the things they store in WKHLU JDUDJHV QHYHU WR EH VHHQ DJDLQ Hopefully, this would extend to an HWKRV ZKHUHE\ WKLV FRPPXQLW\ ZRXOG VKRSORFDODQGWREHPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHDV EHFDPHWKHFDVHZLWK%HDYHU%DUUDFNV 127 FIGURE 86: housing aerial 128 Like the Beaver Barracks, a high hectare site resulting in a density of density was achieved without the use around 675 people per hectare without of great heights. The towers proposed H[FHHGLQJ ÀYH VWRULHV )XUWKHUPRUH RQWKLVVLWHE\2VJRRGH'HYHORSHPHQWV WKLVQXPEHUGRHVQRWWDNHWKHQHZMREV GHVLJQHG E\ %%% $UFKLWHFWV ,QF WRWDOHG created in this area into account, which around 740 people per hectare, whereas would increase the density target. This the Beaver Barracks achieved 670 people housing exercise proved that highrise per hectare. GHQVLW\ FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\ VPDUW The City of Ottawa’s target for inner planning to maintain a human scale. XUEDQ ]RQHV E\ LV SHRSOH SHU KHFWDUHZKLFKERWKSURMHFWVIDUH[FHHG This project creates approximetly 1500 QHZ DIIRUGEOH KRXVLQJ XQLWV RQ D 129 FIGURE 87: mixed-use along montreal road 130 conclusion $V 6WHIIHQ WHOOV XV LQ KLV ERRN Carbon a great impact on its future. As one who Zero grew up in Vanier and still lives there, I ´6XFFHVVIXO XUEDQ UHJLRQV KRZHYHU want to champion ways in which my small ZLOO JURZ PRUH UDSLGO\ WKDQ HYHU EHIRUHVHHLQJWKHLUSRSXODWLRQVVZHOOE\ SDUW RI WKH ZRUOG FDQ EHFRPH D EHWWHU KXQGUHGV RI WKRXVDQGV HYHQ PLOOLRQV place for those who remain there as I RI QHZ UHVLGHQWV LQ MXVW WKH QH[W IHZ GHFDGHV$OOWKRVHSHRSOHZLOOQHHGKRPHV GLGEXWDOVRIRUWKHSHRSOHVVWLOODUULYLQJ ZRUNSODFHV KRVSLWDOV VFKRROV³ DQG WUDQVLWWRFRQQHFWWKHVHYHQXHV&LWLHVDQG there, most of whom are francophone UHJLRQVWKDWHPEUDFHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\DQG PDNHVPDUWFKRLFHVDERXWZKHUHDQGKRZ LPPLJUDQWV ZLWK YHU\ OLPLWHG ÀQDQFLDO WR EXLOG ZLOO KDYH D RQFHLQDFHQWXU\ means. The way forward for Vanier is not FKDQFHWRUHZHDYHWKHLUXUEDQIDEULFVµ1 solely linked to increased spending upon Vanier is in a critical part of its history its new infrastructure; the way forward where it the decisions we make will have requires much greater, thoughtful nuances. In the words of the writer Paolo $OH[6WHIIHQ&DUERQ=HUR3 131 Coelho, “Nous avons toujours tendance à valoriser ce qui vient de loin, sans jamais UHFRQQDLWUH WRXWH OD EHDXWp TXL QRXV entourne”, which translates to, “We have a tendency to value things which come from far away without ever recognizing WKHEHDXW\WKDWVXUURXQGVXVµ2 2 Paulo Coelho. Aleph. Paris: Flammarion, 2011. 132 bibliography $OOHQ,UYLQJ´7KH,GHRORJ\2I'HQVH1HLJKERUKRRG5HGHYHORSPHQW &XOWXUDO'LYHUVLW\ $QG7UDQVFHQGHQW&RPPXQLW\([SHULHQFHµ8UEDQ$IIDLUV5HYLHZ5HYLHZQR1R (1980): 409-28. Andersen, Michael. “For Less than $500,000, 3 Portland Road Diets Are Preventing &UDVKHV(YHU\ 133 &HQWUHWRZQ &LWL]HQV 2WWDZD &RUSRUDWLRQ ´$ERXW 8Vµ &HQWUHWRZQ &LWL]HQV 2WWDZD Corporation. June 20, 2014. Accessed March 30, 2015. &HQWUHWRZQ&LWL]HQV2WWDZD&RUSRUDWLRQ$FWLRQ2WWDZD$FWLRQ2WWDZD $IIRUGDEOH Housing Initiative Project Brief : 424 Metcalfe Street Redevelopment. Ottawa, Ontario: Centretown Citizens Ottawa Corporation, 2007. &KWFKHJORY,YDQ)RUPXODU\IRUD1HZ8UEDQLVP/RQGRQ /RQGRQ3V\FKRJHRJUDSKLFDO Association, 1997. Clark, Glenn. “A Historical Timeline for the Township of Gloucester.” The Gloucester +LVWRULFDO 6RFLHW\ )HEUXDU\ $FFHVVHG 2FWREHU KWWS ZZZ gloucesterhistory.com/history.html. Coelho, Paulo. Aleph. Paris: Flammarion, 2011. Dolcos, Sanda, Keen Sung, Jennifer J. Argo, Sophie Flor-Henry, and Florin Dolcos. “The 3RZHURID+DQGVKDNH 1HXUDO&RUUHODWHVRI(YDOXDWLYH-XGJPHQWVLQ2EVHUYHG6RFLDO Interactions.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 12 (2012): 2292-305. 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Hallowell, Gerald. The Oxford Companion to Canadian History. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 2004. Hamelin, Marthe. 25 Ans De Succès Livre Souvenir — 25 E Anniversaire De L’Alliance 'HV&DLVVHV3RSXODLUHV'H/·2QWDULR/LPLWpH6XGEXU\2QWDULR /·$OOLDQFH'HV&DLVVHV Populaires De L’Ontario Limitée, 2004. 135 +HU]RJ/DZUHQFH$5HWXUQWRWKH&HQWHU &XOWXUH3XEOLF6SDFHDQG&LW\%XLOGLQJLQ D*OREDO(UD$XVWLQ7H[DV 8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV ´+LVWRU\RI:DUWLPH+RXVHVµ7KH1RZ+RXVH3URMHFW-XQH$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ KWWS ZZZQRZKRXVHSURMHFWFRPDERXW+LVWRU\SKS Housing Services, The City of Ottawa. Housing Needs in Ottawa : An Overview. Ottawa, Ontario: City of Ottawa, 2013. Jackson, John Brinckerhoff. A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. 0DUFXV&ODUH&RRSHU3HRSOH3ODFHV 'HVLJQ*XLGHOLQHVIRU8UEDQ2SHQ6SDFH1HZ York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. “National Household Survey (NHS).” Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2015. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/index-eng.cfm. 1HOVRQ0DULVVD´2WWDZD·V$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ3ROLF\1HHGV¶WHHWK·WR0HHW7DUJHWV $GYRFDWHµ &%& 1HZV 2FWREHU $FFHVVHG -DQXDU\ KWWS ZZZFEF FDQHZVFDQDGDRWWDZDRWWDZDVDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLF\QHHGVWHHWKWRPHHW targets-advocate-1.679624. 136 ´2EHVLW\·V*OREDO&RVWV+LW7ULOOLRQD 137 Sewell, John. “Social Housing.” In Houses and Homes: Housing for Canadians. Toronto: James Lorimer &, 1994. 6RXVD 6DQGUD ´%HDYHU %DUUDFNV DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH &RPPXQLW\ 'HYHORSPHQW 6LWH 7RXUµ%HDYHU%DUUDFNVDQG6XVWDLQDEOH&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQW6LWH7RXU$XJXVW $FFHVVHG -DQXDU\ KWWS FDJEFRWWDZDFDFDJEFRUFLQGH[SKS UHDGJUHHQEXLOGLQJVLQRWWDZDEHDYHUEDUUDFNVDQG VXVWDLQDEOHFRPPXQLW\ development-site-tour. 6SHFN-HII´7KHZDONDEOHFLW\µ/HFWXUH7('&LW\1HZ 138 ´7KH$YRQµ0LQWR%HHFK:RRG&ROOHFWLRQV1HZ(GLQEXUJK&RQGRV2WWDZD_0LQWR January 10, 2013. Accessed March 9, 2015. ´7KH%HDYHU%DUUDFNV&RPPXQLW\+RXVLQJ%DUU\-+RELQ $VVRFLDWHV$UFKLWHFWVµ ArchDaily. January 24, 2014. Accessed January 24, 2015. http://www.archdaily. FRP"S :DONHU3HWHU´3ODFH'· 139