HEGEMONIC DISCOURSEAND SOURCESOF LEGITIMACY in CUBA: COMPARING MARIEL (1980) and the MALECONAZO (1994) LUKAS PORT, Msc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

HEGEMONIC DISCOURSEAND SOURCESOF LEGITIMACY in CUBA: COMPARING MARIEL (1980) and the MALECONAZO (1994) LUKAS PORT, Msc HEGEMONIC DISCOURSE AND SOURCES OF LEGITIMACY IN CUBA: COMPARING MARIEL (1980) AND THE MALECONAZO (1994) LUKAS PORT, MSc. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy JULY 2012 Abstract This research project investigates the sources of legitimacy in hegemonic Cuban discourse, understood to have supported the stability of the Cuban system during crises and challenging times, such as the end of the Cold War and the 1990s Special Period. Evidence was drawn from the Cuban press, namely Granma, Bohemia and Verde Olivo, in two critical periods: the 1980 Mariel episode and the 1994 maleconazo disturbances as two examples before and after 1989 in order to compare the sources of legitimacy and identify continuities and shifts. The two periods represent recent examples of instability, which dominated the attention of the whole nation. The evidence is based on textual examination using discourse analysis as the method of investigation. The research is written in the discipline of political history, with elements taken from cultural studies and political communication. The project is based on the assumption that the sources of legitimacy represented a significant, but not exclusive factor which may have encouraged the population's loyalty by reflecting their attitudes and concerns and channelling them in a particular direction. The discourse also interpreted reality to support the legitimacy of the system. This might have contributed significantly to the stability of the whole system, and its ability to survive the post-1989 transitions experienced in other communist countries. The research examines the content and internal mechanics of the discourse, its assumptions and endogenous references, taking into account the specific context of the single-party communist state in control of the country's media and mass organisations. By suppressing alternative discourses, the system increased the impact of the hegemonic discourse, especially if compared to pluralist political systems. The discourse might have contributed to the continuing loyalty of the population by explicitly and implicitly stressing endogenous sources of legitimacy intelligible to the Cuban audience, reflecting its particular historical experience and political culture. The research investigates the sources of legitimacy traceable in the"discourse, to demonstrate what made it tick internally and why some Cubans might have decided to remain loyal to a system that they perceived as legitimate and defending their interests, attitudes, concerns and identities. Collaterally, the research addresses the topic of migration, which was a main issue during both crises, and the way the perceptions of migration shifted over time in order to protect the legitimacy of the system confronting large outflows of discontented people. The research demonstrates how the system interpreted events in its favour, and how it prioritised different sources of legitimacy, such as independence, patriotism, socialism, material prosperity, social provision, culturalism and the US embargo in order to encourage loyalty. The research takes into account the regional Hispano-Caribbean context, reflecting the identities of the Cuban population in their perceived difference from Anglo-Saxon America and its socio-political model. The research looks in more detail at the key sources of legitimacy during the challenging 1990s when the system was near a possible collapse. The research enhances our understanding of how the sources of legitimacy shifted over time to reflect new realities and to support the system. The research sheds further light on the system and the structure of the system's endogenous ideology in a post-structuralist sense, stressing the role of language and the complex and extended definition of ideology. For this reason it takes into account Cuban semantics, linguistics and endogenous meaning of words and concepts. The existing academic literature focuses on explaining the stability of the system before and after 1989 by analysing Cuban history, institutions, culture, international relations and other aspects, but there is insufficient focus on legitimacy, politics and media addressed to the population as a possible factor in the system's stability. It does not investigate sources of legitimacy in relation to the content and internal mechanics of the discourse constructed to appeal to Cubans. This research answers these questions and thus enhances our understanding of the system. The research provides one possible answer to the question of how the system might have maintained stability, what sources oflegitimacy it argued for, how it argued for them and how it interpreted current issues to encourage loyalty. It demonstrates how the system interpreted migration to cancel its potentially destabilising impact, and how it shifted the interpretations of the sources of legitimacy over time, especially in relation to the different global context before and after 1989. Acknowledgements With sincere thanks to my parents, my wife and the staff and colleagues at The University of Nottingham. List of Contents Part I: Setting the Context Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Interpretations of the Cuban System since the 1960s 6 .:. Interpretations of the First Two Decades of the Revolution (p.6) .:. Interpretations of the 1980s and 1990s: Collapse of the Socialist Bloc (p. 15) .:. Charismatic Leadership of Fidel Castro (p. 25) .:. Contribution of this Research (p. 27) Chapter 2 2.1. Legitimacy and Its Sources 33 2.2. Discourse Analysis as a Tool to Examine Sources of Legitimacy ..37 .:. Suitability of Discourse Analysis (p. 37) .:. The Concept of Hegemonic Cuban Discourse (p. 38) .:. First Methodological Component: Critical Discourse Analysis (p.39) .:. Second Methodological Component: Discourse Analysis Theory (p. 40) .:. Combining the Two Approaches (p. 43) .:. Use of Terms (p. 45) 2.3. Evidence 47 .:. Reasons for Choosing 1980 Mariel and 1994 maleconazo (p.47) Part II: Evidence Chapter 3 3.1. Discourse Analysis: 1980 Mariel Episode in Cuban Newspaper Granma, and Magazines Bohemia and Verde Olivo 52 .:. The Situation before the Crisis (p. 52) .:. Calm Before the Storm: January to March 1980 (p. 57) .:. Celia Sanchez as an Exemplary Loyal Revolutionary (p. 58) .:. Encouraging Voluntary Loyalty (p. 59) .:. The Uncertainties Abroad in Contrast with the Comforts at Home (p. 61) .:. Unrest Escalates: April to October 1980 (p. 62) .:. Confident, Loyal Masses Face the Parasites (p. 63) .:. The United States as a Criminal State (p. 66) .:. The Mariel Boatlift: 22-26 April 1980 (p. 70) .:. After the Storm (p. 74) .:. Castro Summarises the Situation (p. 76) .:. Concluding Observations (p. 78) Chapter 4 4.1. Cuba Between the Two Episodes: 1980 to 1994 81 .:. First Half of the 1980s: Inequality, Growing Economic Problems and the US Threat (p. 81) .:. Gorbachev Loosens the Screws (p. 84) .:. 1986 Rectification (p. 85) .:. Cuba after 1989 (p. 92) .:. Cuba and the United States in the 1990s (p. 99) .:. Legitimacy and Interpretations of Early 1990s (p. 100) Chapter 5 5.1. Discourse Analysis: 1994 Malec6n Episode in Granma, and Bohemia 103 .:. Summary of Key Events (p. 103) .:. January to July 1994: Tensions under the Extreme Poverty of the Special Period (p. 104) .:. Retaining Revolutionary Communist Orthodoxy Backed by Patriotic Sentiment (p. 109) .:. Saving the Revolution from Neoliberalism (p. 110) .:. Changing the Interpretation of Emigration (p. 113) .:. Achievements of the Revolution, Nelson Mandela and Continuity Based on National Heritage (p. 114) .:. The US Threat and International Solidarity (p. 115) .:. s" August Disturbances (p. 116) .:. Rioters and Hijackers as an Instrument of Imperialist Aggression (p. 119) .:. Victory, Large Scale Support Rallies and Heroic Patriots (p. 123) .:. Castro Reiterates Key Messages (p. 127) .:. After the Storm: September to December 1994 (p. 128) .:. Concluding Observations (p. 133) - Part III: Findings Chapter 6 6.1. Analysis of Evidence 135 .:. Comparing the Mariel and Maleconazo Episodes (p. 135) .:. Similarities (and Some Differences) (p. 140) .:. Shifts between the Two Periods (p. 144) .:. Sources of Legitimacy: 1980 Mariel and 1994 Maleconazo (p. 148) .:. Continuing Relevance of Historical Legitimacy (p. 151) .:. Shifting Perception of Emigration (p. 152) .:. Cuba as a Developing Country under Attack (p. 152) .:. The Continuing Relevance of el bloqueo and the US Threat (p. 153) .:. Continuing Legitimacy of Fidel Castro (p. 154) .:. Close Communication between the Leadership and the Public (p. 155) 6.2. Conclusions 157 .:. Conclusions about Legitimacy and post-1989 Cuba (p. 157) .:. Implications for Existing Literature (p. 159) .:. Inferences about the Longevity of the Cuban System (p. 162) .:. In Conclusion: New Insights into the System (p. 165) Part IV: Bibliography 7.1. Periodicals (Evidence) 169 .:. Bohemia by date (p. 170) .:. Bohemia by author where available (p. 170) .:. Granma by date (p. 171) .:. Granma by author where available (p. 176) .:. Granma Internacional by date (p. 178) .:. Granma Internacional by author where available (p. 180) .:. Verde Olivo by date (p. 180) .:. Verde Olivo by author where available (p. 181) .:. List of Conducted Interviews (p. 182) 7.2. Literature 183 Total number of words: 91,120 Part I: Setting the Context Chapter 1 1.1. Introduction Cuba, its political system and internal mechanics have long been a mystery for many interested in this Caribbean island, perceived by some as isolated. The island's
Recommended publications
  • Download (2399Kb)
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/ 84893 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Culture is a Weapon: Popular Music, Protest and Opposition to Apartheid in Britain David Toulson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick Department of History January 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...iv Declaration………………………………………………………………………….v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….vi Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 ‘A rock concert with a cause’……………………………………………………….1 Come Together……………………………………………………………………...7 Methodology………………………………………………………………………13 Research Questions and Structure…………………………………………………22 1)“Culture is a weapon that we can use against the apartheid regime”……...25 The Cultural Boycott and the Anti-Apartheid Movement…………………………25 ‘The Times They Are A Changing’………………………………………………..34 ‘Culture is a weapon of struggle’………………………………………………….47 Rock Against Racism……………………………………………………………...54 ‘We need less airy fairy freedom music and more action.’………………………..72 2) ‘The Myth
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Fidel Castro Brent C
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 From the mountains to the podium: the rhetoric of Fidel Castro Brent C. Kice Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Kice, Brent C., "From the mountains to the podium: the rhetoric of Fidel Castro" (2008). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1766. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1766 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. FROM THE MOUNTAINS TO THE PODIUM: THE RHETORIC OF FIDEL CASTRO A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Communication Studies by Brent C. Kice B.A., Loyola University New Orleans, 2002 M.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 2004 December 2008 DEDICATION To my wife, Dori, for providing me strength during this arduous journey ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Andy King for all of his guidance, and especially his impeccable impersonations. I also wish to thank Stephanie Grey, Ruth Bowman, Renee Edwards, David Lindenfeld, and Mary Brody for their suggestions during this project. I am so thankful for the care and advice given to me by Loretta Pecchioni.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Judiciary in a Post-Castro Cuba: Recommendations for Change
    54978 #7 Laura Patallo San #2 1/31/03 3:32 PM Page 1 ctpctp THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN A POST-CASTRO CUBA: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE By Laura Patallo Sánchez INSTITUTE FOR CUBAN AND CUBAN-AMERICAN STUDIES U NIVERSITY OF M IAMI 54978 #7 Laura Patallo San #2 1/31/03 3:32 PM Page 2 ISBN: 0-9704916-7-0. Published in 2003. 54978 #7 Laura Patallo San #2 1/31/03 3:32 PM Page 3 THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN A POST-CASTRO CUBA: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE 54978 #7 Laura Patallo San #2 1/31/03 3:32 PM Page 4 Cuba Transition Project – CTP The Cuba Transition Project, at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS), University of Miami, is an important and timely project to study and make recommendations for the reconstruction of Cuba once the post-Castro transition begins in earnest. The transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain are being analyzed and lessons drawn for the future of Cuba. The project began in January 2002 and is funded by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. Programs and Activities • The CTP is publishing original research, with practical alternative recommendations on various specific aspects of the transition process, commissioned and written for the CTP by ICCAS Staff and U.S. and foreign scholars with expertise on Cuba. • The CTP is developing four key databases: 1. A full-text database of published and unpublished articles written on topics of transition in Cuba, as well as articles on transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1970S: Pluralization, Radicalization, and Homeland
    ch4.qxd 10/11/1999 10:10 AM Page 84 CHAPTER 4 The 1970s: Pluralization, Radicalization, and Homeland As hopes of returning to Cuba faded, Cuban exiles became more con- cerned with life in the United States. Exile-related struggles were put on the back burner as more immediate immigrant issues emerged, such as the search for better jobs, education, and housing. Class divisions sharpened, and advocacy groups seeking improved social services emerged, including, for example, the Cuban National Planning Council, a group of Miami social workers and businesspeople formed in the early 1970s. As an orga- nization that provided services to needy exiles, this group de‹ed the pre- vailing notion that all exiles had made it in the United States. Life in the United States created new needs and interests that could only be resolved, at least in part, by entering the domestic political arena. Although there had always been ideological diversity within the Cuban émigré community, it was not until the 1970s that the political spec- trum ‹nally began to re›ect this outwardly.1 Two sharply divided camps emerged: exile oriented (focused on overthrowing the Cuban revolution- ary government) and immigrant oriented (focused on improving life in the United States). Those groups that were not preoccupied with the Cuban revolution met with hostility from those that were. Exile leaders felt threat- ened by organized activities that could be interpreted as an abandonment of the exile cause. For example, in 1974 a group of Cuban exile researchers conducted an extensive needs assessment of Cubans in the United States and concluded that particular sectors, such as the elderly and newly arrived immigrants, were in need of special intervention.2 When their ‹ndings were publicized, they were accused of betraying the community because of their concern with immigrant problems rather than the over- throw of the revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Management of the River Dee
    THEBIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OFTHE RIVERDEE INSTITUTEofTERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY NATURALENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL á Natural Environment Research Council INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY The biology and management of the River Dee Edited by DAVID JENKINS Banchory Research Station Hill of Brathens, Glassel BANCHORY Kincardineshire 2 Printed in Great Britain by The Lavenham Press Ltd, Lavenham, Suffolk NERC Copyright 1985 Published in 1985 by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Administrative Headquarters Monks Wood Experimental Station Abbots Ripton HUNTINGDON PE17 2LS BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA The biology and management of the River Dee.—(ITE symposium, ISSN 0263-8614; no. 14) 1. Stream ecology—Scotland—Dee River 2. Dee, River (Grampian) I. Jenkins, D. (David), 1926– II. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Ill. Series 574.526323'094124 OH141 ISBN 0 904282 88 0 COVER ILLUSTRATION River Dee west from Invercauld, with the high corries and plateau of 1196 m (3924 ft) Beinn a'Bhuird in the background marking the watershed boundary (Photograph N Picozzi) The centre pages illustrate part of Grampian Region showing the water shed of the River Dee. Acknowledgements All the papers were typed by Mrs L M Burnett and Mrs E J P Allen, ITE Banchory. Considerable help during the symposium was received from Dr N G Bayfield, Mr J W H Conroy and Mr A D Littlejohn. Mrs L M Burnett and Mrs J Jenkins helped with the organization of the symposium. Mrs J King checked all the references and Mrs P A Ward helped with the final editing and proof reading. The photographs were selected by Mr N Picozzi. The symposium was planned by a steering committee composed of Dr D Jenkins (ITE), Dr P S Maitland (ITE), Mr W M Shearer (DAES) and Mr J A Forster (NCC).
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba: Update on Drug Trafficking Scandal, High-Level Shakeup, June 29-July 1 by John Neagle Category/Department: General Published: Tuesday, July 4, 1989
    LADB Article Id: 072505 ISSN: 1060-4189 Cuba: Update On Drug Trafficking Scandal, High-level Shakeup, June 29-july 1 by John Neagle Category/Department: General Published: Tuesday, July 4, 1989 June 29: Cuban news agency Prensa Latina reported that President Fidel Castro fired Interior Minister Gen. Jose Abrantes because he failed to identify and stop officials linked to drug trafficking. Abrantes was replaced by Gen. Abelardo Colome Ibarra, third highest ranking military official after President Castro and Defense Minister Raul Castro. Abrantes took over as Interior Minister in December 1985. He had replaced disgraced Ramiro Valdes with the mission of cleaning up police units accused of corruption. President Castro signed the front-page Granma article appearing Thursday. Colome, 50, was the first Cuban general to head Cuban troops in Angola in 1975 and was replaced by Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez. (See Chronicle 06/27/89, 06/29/89 for summaries of prior developments.) Prensa Latina also transmitted a communique Thursday from President Castro urging all officials to cooperate with the new interior minister in an expanded narcotics investigation. The news agency said Colome would make "a profound analysis of the causes that permitted the birth of the web of Interior Ministry officials embroiled in drug trafficking." In an interview with The Miami Herald in the Oval Office, President George Bush said Cuba will have to do "much more" to deserve better ties with the US: "I am not about the shift our policy towards Fidel Castro. I would love to find a way to improve relations in a way that would help the Cuban people, but we cannot do it as long as we have a regime that appears to be as negative towards reform, towards human rights, towards...the continuous transhipment of goods into Central America..."As long as these problems exist, there will not be improved relations with Castro's regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Lietuvos Muzikologija 21.Indd
    Lietuvos muzikologija, t. 21, 2020 Iván César MORALES FLORES A “Special Period in Times of Peace”: Emergence, Exodus, and Evasion on the Cuban Music Map of the 1990s „Ypatingasis taikos meto laikotarpis“. Iškilimas, emigracija ir laviravimas XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio Kubos muzikiniame žemėlapyje University of Oviedo, Luis Muñiz 4, Basement B, 33009, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain [email protected] Abstract The political changes that shook Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 brought about one of the biggest fractures in Cuba’s political and so- ciocultural life after the triumph of the revolution. Consequently, the Cuban musical map of the 90s was marked by two main events: the boom of timba in popular dance music and the exodus of most of the island’s classical composers. As we will see, evasion was a feature shared by both music scenes. In the case of timba, it was manifested in the development of musical and performatic resources of radical complexity and social background; while in contemporary classical music, it was manifested in the increasing expansion of the work of its composers in the new spaces of the Cuban diaspora. The effect of this historic moment in Cuban society is evident both in the multifaceted physiognomy that music acquires on the island and abroad as well as in the social and cultural uses music entails as a process of constructing new identities. Deepening these complex dynamics is the main objective of our proposal, which is approached from a sociological, cultural, and musicological perspective by authors such as Frith (1987), Clifford (1988), Bhabha (1994), Hall (1996), Brah (1996), Braziel and Mannur (2003), and García Canclini (2008).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Military and Transition Dynamics
    THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS By Brian Latell INSTITUTE FOR CUBAN AND CUBAN-AMERICAN STUDIES U NIVERSITY OF M IAMI ISBN: 0-9704916-9-7. Published in 2003. THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS Cuba Transition Project – CTP The Cuba Transition Project, at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS), University of Miami, is an important and timely project to study and make recommendations for the reconstruction of Cuba once the post-Castro transition begins in earnest. The transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain are being analyzed and lessons drawn for the future of Cuba. The project began in January 2002 and is funded by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. Programs and Activities • The CTP is publishing original research, with practical alternative recommendations on various specific aspects of the transition process, commissioned and written for the CTP by ICCAS Staff and U.S. and foreign scholars with expertise on Cuba. • The CTP is developing four key databases: 1. A full-text database of published and unpublished articles written on topics of transition in Cuba, as well as articles on transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain. It also includes an extensive bibliography of published and unpublished books, theses, and dissertations on the topic. 2. A full-text database of Cuba’s principal laws, in Spanish, its legal system, including the current Cuban Constitution (in English and Spanish), and other legislation relating to the structure of the existing government. Also included are the full-text of law review articles on a variety of topics 3.
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSNATIONAL LANDSCAPES and the CUBAN DIASPORA By
    TRANSNATIONAL LANDSCAPES AND THE CUBAN DIASPORA by JENNA ELIZABETH ANDREWS-SWANN (Under the Direction of Virginia D. Nazarea) ABSTRACT This study explores the multiple meanings of landscape and the creation of place within the Cuban Diaspora. Landscape encompasses not only the external physical environment or a particular geographical space, but the concept also represents collections of personal experiences with, and memories linked to, various pieces of the physical environment. Diaspora is an association that is not restricted to a geographical place but formed by cultural nationalism shared by members of a transnational community. The research sites in this study are Moultrie, Georgia, and Miami, Florida. These sites were selected to represent some of the diversity (e.g. rural/urban, established/newly arrived) inherent in the Cuban Diaspora. In light of current scholarship on these themes and the issues facing members of the Cuban Diaspora today, the principal questions addressed in this study are: How are landscapes (re)created and given meaning at locations in the Cuban Diaspora? and How does the context of migration or exile affect the (re)creation of landscapes? To address the research questions, an integrated set of mixed ethnographic methods comprised of participant observation, interviews, life history collection, cognitive mapping, and archival research was used. Results show that the manner in which members of the Cuban Diaspora in the United States left Cuba indeed impacts their relationship with the island and how they experience Cubanidad , or Cubanness. Based on the data collected, many members of the Diaspora who were jailed or otherwise persecuted in Cuba tend to shy away from addressing volatile issues, such as Cuban politics or religion, and choose instead to (re)create a private sense of Cubanidad.
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| the Bay of Pigs 1St Edition
    THE BAY OF PIGS 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Howard Jones | 9780199754250 | | | | | Bay Of Pigs The point was to create confusion in Havana and have it be a distraction to Castro if they could "break all the windows in town. Inquisition Epilogue Abbreviations in Notes Bibliography. Political relations were another hot topic of these conferences. Osprey Publishing. Archived from the original on 13 February Balseros rafters Dialoguero Dry foot. Kennedy of the Democratic Partycampaigned on the issue of Cuba, with both candidates taking a hardline stance on Castro. Latin-American Military Aviation. Following the air strikes on the Cuban airfields on 15 April, the FAR prepared for action with its surviving aircraft which numbered at least four Ts jet trainers, four Sea Fury fighters and five or The Bay of Pigs 1st edition B medium bombers. Navy operation was code-named Bumpy Roadhaving been changed from Crosspatch. Secretary of State Dean Rusk raised some eyebrows by contemplating airdropping a bulldozer to extend the airfield. Sorties were flown to reassure brigade soldiers and pilots and to intimidate Cuban government forces without directly engaging in acts of war. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Or questions you have concerning a particular item or want. Army special forces groups, members from the U. Zapata 4. Cuban American Foundation. The Baseball Trust Stuart Banner. Fair Winds Press, Massachusetts. Death of a Generation Howard Jones. Visit Seller's Storefront Terms of Sale: You may e- mail or call us for information of any and all of our items or books. Donovana U. At aboutsouth of Playa Larga, Houston was damaged by several bombs and rockets from a Sea Fury and a T, and about two hours later Captain Luis Morse intentionally beached it on the western side of the bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Nation, and Popular Culture in Cuban New York City and Miami, 1940-1960
    Authentic Assertions, Commercial Concessions: Race, Nation, and Popular Culture in Cuban New York City and Miami, 1940-1960 by Christina D. Abreu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof Associate Professor Richard Turits Associate Professor Yeidy Rivero Associate Professor Anthony P. Mora © Christina D. Abreu 2012 For my parents. ii Acknowledgments Not a single word of this dissertation would have made it to paper without the support of an incredible community of teachers, mentors, colleagues, and friends at the University of Michigan. I am forever grateful to my dissertation committee: Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof, Richard Turits, Yeidy Rivero, and Anthony Mora. Jesse, your careful and critical reading of my chapters challenged me to think more critically and to write with more precision and clarity. From very early on, you treated me as a peer and have always helped put things – from preliminary exams and research plans to the ups and downs of the job market – in perspective. Your advice and example has made me a better writer and a better historian, and for that I thank you. Richard, your confidence in my work has been a constant source of encouragement. Thank you for helping me to realize that I had something important to say. Yeidy, your willingness to join my dissertation committee before you even arrived on campus says a great deal about your intellectual generosity. ¡Mil Gracias! Anthony, watching you in the classroom and interact with students offered me an opportunity to see a great teacher in action.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Remittances Can Best Be Understood As Part of US Immigration Policy Toward Cuba in the Context of the Cold War
    Working Paper # 15 Remittances To Cuba: An Evaluation of Cuban and US Government Policy Measures Lorena Barberia September 2002 Abstract Since the commencement of hostilities between Cuba and the US in the early 1960s, both governments have repeatedly attempted to influence private family money transfers across borders. This study undertakes a retrospective assessment of Cuban and US government policy on remittances from 1959 to the present. Tracing policy shifts and targeted outcomes, the paper argues that (1) the aggregate flow of remittances and their uses are highly sensitive to macroeconomic, political, and institutional factors in Cuba, the receiving country, and are less sensitive to the policies imposed by the sending country, the United States; (2) Cuban government policy has been successful in attracting remittances and partially successful in channeling these flows toward the State-controlled economy; and (3) Cuban government policies are encouraging the use of these flows for consumption and less so for savings and direct investment. ii Table of Contents I. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 II. A Review of the Literature on Government Policy Directed at Remittances......................... 2 III. Cuban Remittance Policy: From Prohibition to Leveraging.................................................. 4 A. Prohibition ……………………………………………………………………………..5 B. Rapprochement………………………………………………………………………...7 C. Courting Remittances………………………………………………………………...10
    [Show full text]