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NFS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (342) Exp. 10-31-84

United States Department of the Interior For NPS UM only National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form date entered See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries complete applicable sections 1. Name historic and or common 2. Location street & number 37 W. 44th Street not for publication city, town vicinity of state New York code 036 county New York code 061 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district public X occupied agriculture museum x building(s) X private unoccupied commercial park structure both work in progress educational __ private residence site Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment __ religious object N/A in process X yes: restricted government scientific N /A being considered _ _ yes: unrestricted industrial transportation no military x other- Clubhouse 4. Owner of Property Yacht Club name street & number 37 w. 44th Street city, town New York City __ vicinity of state New York 10036 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. New York County Register's Office street & number 31 Chambers Street city, town New York City state New York 10007 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Landmark Designation Report title (LP-1019) has this property been determined eligible? yes _X_ no

September 11, 1979 date federal state county _K_ local depository for survey records _New_York__City Landmarks Preservation Cnrmrn gsi nn , 20 Vesey Street

city, town New York City _ __, ______state New York loop7 7. Description

Condition Chock on. Chock on. _Ji excellent __ deteriorated __ unaltered X. original site __ good __ ruins JL_ altered moved date __ fair __ unexpostd

Doscribo tho prosont and original |if known) physical appoaranco Summary

The New York Yacht Club building houses a private men's club in midtown just west of 5th Avenue. This is a largely commercial area although there are also a number of other private club buildings. The Club, flanked by commercial struc­ tures, is a mid-block building and occupies its entire lot. The side elevations are non-exposed party walls and the rear elevation is not visible. The Yacht Club is 7 stories in height (2 are included within the mansard roof, which is set back 15') and is constructed of brick with a finely grained stone facing. Stylistically, it is a Neo-Baroque version of Beaux-Arts architecture,

Principal Architectural Features: Exterior*

The building is divided into four horizontal sections, three window bays and an entrance bay. The entrance pavilion at the east projects, providing a vertical counterbalance to the overall horizontal layering of the elevation.

A first story with grille-covered windows is designed as a podium for the grand, double-height piano nobile which is composed of three bays. Each bay contains a monumental round-arched window from the bottom of which projects an elaborately enframed bay window. The bay windows imitate the sterns of Baroque sailing vessels, especially Dutch Jaghts, and are fancifully carved with garlands of shells and seaweed, sculpted waves, and dolphins. This unusual system of fenestration is enframed by two monumental Ionic engaged columns at the center and Doric piers at the outer corners.

The entrance pavilion at this level contains a segmentally arched window from which projects an elaborately carved cartouche above the doorway in a composition analogous to that of the adjacent round-arched and bay windows. A deeply recessed rectangular window surmounts the segmentally arched one, and both are enframed by smooth broad pilasters adorned with the club shield.

Above the piano nobile level, a modillioned entablature runs the full width of the building. Upon this entablature rests a series of recessed rectangular windows separated by piers which become free-standing above the balustrade surmounting this third section of the facade. The piers originally supported a pergola which shel­ tered a roof garden. The mansard roof, set behind the plane of the facade, contains 2 stories with attic windows.

Principal Architectural Features: Interior

The principal rooms of the club, arranged on split levels, are richly detailed and finely Grafted. They include the Entrance Hall; the vast Model Room; the Rotunda, or Trophy Room, originally used as a cafe, and now used to display trophies (including the 's Cup until 1983); and the Grill Room, which resembles the hold of a ship. 8. Significance

Period Areas of Significance Check and justify below . prehistoric archeology-prehistoric community planning landscape architecture religion _ 1400-1499 archeology-historic conservation law science ..._. 1500-1599 _ agriculture economics literature sculpture _ 1600-1699 .X architecture education military social/ __ 1700-1799 art engineering - _. music humanitarian _X_ 1800-1899 commerce exploration settlement _ philosophy _ _ theater _JL. 1900- communications industry politics government transportation invention _X_ other (specify) _. _ ._ . ______. - -Recrea-tian Specific dates 1899-1900 Builder Architect of () Warren & Wetmore Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) Summary The New York Yacht Club, renowned as the long-time home of America's Cup, is Amer­ ica's oldest and foremost yachting organization. Before moving to W. 44th Street, the club had been located in much more modest accommodations. It was at the insti­ gation of millionaire banker J.P. Morgan, then Commodore of the club, that the new building was erected. The clubhouse has changed very little over the years and is today highly evocative of the Gilded Age in America which produced the magnificent private men's clubs of New York.l

Constructed in 1899-1900, the New York Yacht Club is a brilliant example of the Neo- Baroque style and a paradigm of Beaux-Arts design principles. Designed by the noted architect Whitney Warren of the firm of Warren & Wetmore, this building established the firm's reputation. The clubhouse is one of their finest works and of an architectural merit equal to that of the firm's most famous commission, New York's .

History

Founded in 1844 by a group of nine New York yachtsmen aboard a schooner anchored off , the New York Yacht Club was incorporated "for the purpose of encouraging yacht building and naval architecture and the cultivation of naval science."2 These aims soon came to realization with the construction of the famous sailing yacht, America. In 1850, the New York Yacht Club was invited to enter the competition for the Cup, Great Britain's most celebrated sailing prize. The race was scheduled as a postscript event to the first World's Fair, in London (1850).

A founding member of the club, Commodore John C. Stevens, and several associates took up the challenge. They commissioned George Steers, known to design the fastest pilot boats in New York, to supervise the construction of a yacht with which to enter the British race. Christened America, it was this vessel which, on August 22, 1851, swept past fifteen international competitors around the Isle of Wight to win the ornate silver cup which came to bear her name.3

After winning a second race, America was sold in England. Her career after her sale was extraordinary. Owned in succession by several Englishmen, she raced, with considerable success, during the rest of the 1850s. Beginning in 1861 she was involved in blockade running on behalf of the Confederate States and wound up scuttled in the St. John's River in Florida. Raised by the Federal Navy, she was put to work chasing other blockade runners off the coast of the Carolinas. 9. Major Bibliographical References

SEE CONTINUATION SHEET

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of nominated property less than 1___ Quadrangle name ,_N¥-NJ Quadrangle scale __1:24,000 UTM References

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Verbal boundary description and justification

The building occupies Borough of Manhattan, Tax Map Block 1260, Lot 16, which is approximately 75' x 100' in size, as outlined on attached map,______List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries state code county code state code county code 11. Form Prepared By name/title James H. Charleton, Histori organization History Division, National Park Service date ______October. 1985 street & number 1100 L Street, NW______telephone (2rm city or town_____Washington______state______DC 20013-7127______12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification

The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: __national _.state __local As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National Park Service.

State Historic Preservation Officer signature title ______date For NPS use only I hereby certify that this property is included in the National Register

______date Keeper of the National Register

Attest ______date Chief of Registration * NP8 Form 10400.. 0MB NO.1024-OO18 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register off Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet ______Item number______e ______Page

Title: National Register of Historic Places

Date: 1982 Federal

Depository for survey records: National Register of Historic Places

City, Town: Washington State: DC NPS Form 10400* °*« No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form

Continuation sheet______Item number ___7 ___ Page 2 The light-filled, 2-story Entrance Hall, with walls of Caen marble, is dominated by a wide, red-carpeted marble staircase that leads like a glorified gangplank to a landing giving access to the Model Room to its left.

To the left of the stairs on the ground floor is what was called the Strangers' Room, where all non-members were detained until accompanied by a member. The room now contains the reception desk.

A short, narrow staircase at the left of the base of the stairs behind the Strangers' Room leads down from the Entrance Hall to the oak dining room, known as the Grill. This low-ceilinged room is constructed like the 'tween decks of an old ship. The shiplap planking of the walls is curved, and the oak beams and oak detailing are massive.

Originally, glass doors at the back of the Grill opened into the Billiard Room, where there were four billiard tables and a large fireplace. The connecting doors have been replaced with a wall, and the Billiard Room is now the Bar. The original tile and brass portable captain's stove from America rests in the fireplace of the Bar.

A short, curved double flight of steps leads up from the Bar to the domed circular Trophy Room, 25* in diameter and 2 stories high. This was originally a small cafe furnished with green leather chairs and sofas reminiscent of those in the owner's cabin of a turn-of-the-century yacht. It was put to its present use after World War II.

The Club's greatest room is the double-height Model Room, where the majority of the Club's models are housed. Until 1951 the owner of any boat participating in a race sponsored by the Club was required to give a half model to the Club. Many owners gave full models. In addition, all America's Cup defenders and challengers and all the great sailing and steam yachts of the turn of the century are represented among the roughly 1,000 models in the Club's various rooms.

The Model Room is 45' wide and 96' long, the latter dimension being the full depth of the building. In the long wall that contains the entrance door are four sets of French doors which open onto shallow carved balconies. Three of these balconies overlook the well of the Entrance Hall, and the fourth overlooks the Trophy Room.

Opposite the wide entrance to the Model Room is a monumental Caen stone fireplace and overmantel. There is a balcony around three sides of the Model Room that even extends behind the overmantel. A circular ship's stair leading to the balcony was planned but never executed, so that now the balcony is reached from the third-floor landing .

The ceiling of the Model Room, 26' above the floor, has a central stained-glass skylight. The room is dominated by the larger models in glass cases, while the fabric-covered walls have always been used for the display of half models. NFS Form 10-WO-i 0MB Ho. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places "**«* Inventory—Nomination Form ******

Continuation sheet______Item number______7______Page 3 The 9,000-volume library-chartroom on the third floor extends across the front of the building. In the basement kitchen, the original oak iceboxes have been relined and converted into refrigerators. The original mahogany-paneled elevator, with its well-shined silver card tray secured in its bracket, still serves the building.

The only major interior changes to the club since construction have been additional bathrooms.

Footnotes

description of the exterior is adapted from the National Register of Historic Places nomination prepared by Nancy Goeschel of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1981.

interior description is an edited version of data appearing in Lucy Harvey Sydnor, "The Clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club," Antiques, CXVIII, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 508-15. NPS Font, 10-900.. OM» *> 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form

Continuation sheet ______item number______8 ______Page 2

Next she was assigned to the Naval Academy, then temporarily in Newport, Rhode Island, as a training vessel, and returned to Annapolis, Maryland, with the Academy in 1866. After refitting, she participated in the defense of her cup in 1870, but placed fourth. She was auctioned by the Navy in 1873 and sold to Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. She remained in his family until 1917.

In that year, she was purchased and presented to the United States Naval Academy and returned to Annapolis, where she served as an historic attraction. In 1944, while in a shelter, her decaying hull was smashed by an icestorm that also destroyed her shelter. Her remains were broken up and became souvenirs, although her rudder is preserved at Mystic Seaport in Connecticut in the structure, once at Hoboken, New Jersey, that was the original clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club.

In 1857, the cup's owners presented it to the New York Yacht Club. The Club thus became the supervisor of the America 1 s Cup races, which began in 1870.4 George Schuyler, one of Stevens 1 cosponsors of America, convinced the other members to donate the cup, with the specification that it become a perpetual international trophy. No challenge was accepted until 1870, when defeated Great Britain's . American yachts successfully defended the Cup 23 more times, against challenges from Canada, Britain, and , until 1983, when an Australian yacht, Australia II, finally wrested it away.

Among the most exciting of these challenges were six between 1899 and 1930 by Sir Thomas Lipton's five yachts, successively named , Shamrock II , etc. The especially exciting races between Lipton's Shamrock IV and , skippered by Charles Francis Adams, in 1920 were the closest series to that time. 5 Harold Vanderbilt's , , and successively turned back all comers in 1930, 1934, and 1937. The races were conducted in the New York Narrows- area in 1870-1920. Since 1930, they have been held in the waters off Newport, Rhode Island.

The America's Cup competitions are only the most famous of the cruises and regattas that have been sponsored by the Club. The Club continues to encourage innovations and improvements in naval design.

The Yacht Club's first clubhouse was in Hoboken, New Jersey, where its regattas were held off the clubhouse promontory, and later on . In 1871, the Club's burgeoning membership began demanding an increase in social activities and, in addition to the Staten Island house, rented rooms in a house at and 27th Street in Manhattan. In 1884, all the club's shoreside activities were transferred to the Madison Avenue address.

By the 1890s, men's social clubs had become an established tradition in New York City. Rapidly growing memberships forced many clubs out of the brownstones they once comfortably occupied and into specially designed clubhouses. The Madison Avenue clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club was also becoming overcrowded with models and artifacts. NP8 Form 10-WO* 0MB No. 1024-OO18 042) Exp-10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet______Item number ____8^____ Page 3____

In January of 1898, in keeping with this trend, a Yacht Club committee was formed to study the possibility of erecting a larger and more commodious clubhouse. Debate as to the site and the purposes the clubhouse should serve continued for several months until Commodore J. Pierpont Morgan prompted a decision by offering to pur­ chase and donate the W. 44th Street site, if the Club would assure him of building a clubhouse and raise the annual dues from $25 to $50.

To secure a design for the new club, an architectural competition was held. Seven architects entered. On December 15, 1898, announced that the designs of Whitney Warren of Warren & Wetmore had been selected by the Yacht Club building committee.6 They had selected Warren's evocative Baroque design over a more conventional one submitted by George A. Freeman. Warren explained upon presen­ tation of his plans:

This being a club for a special purpose namely the furtherance of naval archi­ tecture from an amateur standpoint, we consider that externally and internally the arrangements should be such as to place the subject in evidence, and not to retire it and make the clubhouse appear as that of merely a social club.'

This fanciful Beaux-Arts design, which incorporated images of marine life and naval architecture, was both imaginative and daring. At the same time, the carefully planned elevation, the clear expression of the interior plan, and the tine scaling and disposi­ tion of the architectural detail, demonstrate Warren's sound understanding of the traditional theories and principles of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.

Footnotes

^This text (except as noted below under 3-5) is based on the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Designation Report, The New York Yacht Club Building (LP-1019), September 11, 1979, by Ruth Selden-Sturgill, which was essentially incorporated into the National Register of Historic Places nomination cited in Note 1 of the Description.

2New York Yacht Club Yearbook, 1944, p. 48.

3America's history is summarized from Robert W. Carrick, The Pictorial History of the America's Cup Races (New York: Viking, 1964), pp. 18-26.

4lbid., pp. 173-187; and World Almanac, 1985, p. 886, were the sources of this summary.

^Grantland Rice, "The Victory of the Resolute," Esquire's Great Men and Moments in Sports (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), pp. 229-231.

6New York Times, December 15, 1898, 5:4.

7 New York Times, December 9, 1900, 23:4. MRS Form 10400-a OMB No. 1004-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Item number Page i

Bibliography

"Accepted Design for the New York Yacht Club," Architectural Review, 6 (1899): 40- 41.

Carrick, Robert W. The Pictorial History of the America's Cup Races. New York: Viking, 1964.

New York Times; January 30, 1898, 15:2; October 28, 1898, 6:7; December 15, 1898, 5:4; and December 9, 1900, 23:4.

"The New York Yacht Club," Architectural Record, 10 (April 1901): 417-424.

Parkinson, John. The History of the New York Yacht Club from its Founding through 1973. New York: The New York Yacht Club, 1975.

Rice, Grantland, "The Victory of the Resolute," Esquire's Great Men and Moments in Sports. New York: Harper & Row, 1962. Pp. 229-231.

Sydnor, Lucy Harvey. "The Clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club," Antiques, CXVIII, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 508-515. -U-f*. I I——— rr* r $ ft' NEW YORK YACHT CLUB 3^1 u ——T New York County, New York Manhattan Land Book, Plate 72 H f '. 5t< New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1981

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