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Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 1C - Hebrew Alphabet Six Begadkephat Consonants

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Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 1C - Hebrew Alphabet Six Begadkephat Consonants Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration > Alef silent א Bet b as in boy b ב Gimel g as in God g ג Dalet d as in day d ד He h as in hay h ה Waw w as in way w ו Zayin z as in Zion z ז ˙ Óet ch as in Bach ח † Tet t as in toy ט Yod y as in yes y י Kaf k as in king k כ Lamed l as in lion l ל Mem m as in mother m מ Nun n as in now n נ Samek s as in sin s ס < Ayin silent ע Pe p as in pastor p פ Tsade ts as in boots ß צ Qof k as in king q ק Resh r as in run r ר שׂ Sin s as in sin ∞ שׁ Shin sh as in ship ¡ Taw t as in toy t ת Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabet five final forms Five Hebrew letters have “final” forms. When one of these letters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differently than when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of a word. The changing of a letter’s form, however, does not change its pronunciation or transliteration. Regular Final Example Translit. Translation Form Form drk road, way דרךךכ m nation, people< עםםמ zqn old man, elder זקןןנ ksp money, silver כסףףפ rß earth, land> ארץץצ Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabet six begadkephat consonants Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known as begadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, a dot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a soft pronunciation. Begadkephat Pronunciation Transliteration Letter בּ b as in boy b ∫ v as in vine ב גּ g as in God g © gh as in aghast ג דּ d as in day d dh as in the ƒ ד כּ k as in king k ¬ ch as in Bach כ פּ p as in pastor p ph as in alphabet º פ תּ t as in toy t ® th as in thin ת Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabet easily confused letters Hebrew consonants that look alike (Kaf) כ (Bet) ב .1 (Nun) נ (Gimel) ג .2 (Taw) ת (Óet) ח (He) ה .3 4. שׂ (Sin) שׁ (Shin) (Samek) ס (final Mem) ם .5 (Resh) ר (Dalet) ד .6 (Ayin) ע (Tsade) צ .7 (Zayin) ז (Waw) ו .8 (final Nun) ן (Waw) ו .9 (final Nun) ן (final Kaf) ך .10 Hebrew consonants that sound alike (Taw with Daghesh Lene) תּ (Tet) ט .1 (Kaf with Daghesh Lene) כּ (Qof) ק .2 (Sin) שׂ (Samek) ס .3 Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabet modern pronunciation The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a number of ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms without Daghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew. Traditional Modern Consonant Pronunciation Pronunciation gh as in aghast g as in God ג dh as in the d as in day ד th as in thin t as in toy ת w as in way v as in vine ו Basics of Biblical Hebrew א Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowels vowels with consonants Deuteronomy 6:5 no vowel pointing ואהבת את יהוה אלהיך בכל לבבך וְאָהַבְ ָּת אֵת יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ with vowel pointing Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2b - Hebrew Vowels short vowels 2.3 Vowel Chart 1: Short Vowels. Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration Pathach a as in bat a בַּ a-type Seghol e as in better e בֶּ e-type Hireq i as in bitter i בִּ i-type Qamets Hatuf o as in bottle o בָּ o-type Qibbuts u as in ruler u בֻּ u-type Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2c - Hebrew Vowels changable long vowels 2.4 Vowel Chart 2: Changeable Long Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration Qamets a as in father å בָּ a-type ∑ Tsere e as in they בֵּ e-type Holem o as in role ø בֹּ o-type Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2d - Hebrew Vowels unchangable long vowels 2.5 Vowel Chart 3: Unchangeable Long Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration Qamets Yod ou as in bought â בָּי a-type Tsere Yod e as in they ê בֵּי e-type Seghol Yod e as in better ê בֶּי Hireq Yod i as in machine ª בִּי i-type Holem Waw o as in role ô בּוֹ o-type Shureq u as in ruler û בּוּ u-type Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2e - Hebrew Vowels reduced (hateph) vowels 2.6 Vowel Chart 4: Reduced (Hateph) Vowels Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration Hateph Pathach a as in amuse á בֲּ a-type Hateph Seghol a as in amuse é בֱּ e-type Hateph Qamets a as in amuse ó בֳּ o-type Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowels summary vowel chart aeiou בֻּ בָּ בִּ בֶּ בַּ Short Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts Hatuf בֹּ בֵּ בָּ Changeable Long Qamets Tsere Holem בּוּ בּוֹ בִּי בֶּי/בֵּי בָּי Unchangeable Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw בֳּ בֱּ בֲּ Reduced Hateph Hateph Hateph Pathach Seghol Qamets Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowels shewa בְּ This vowel symbol is called Shewa. It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like any other vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class. There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew: Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa. Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowels daghesh forte בּ This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte. It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used to double the consonant in which it occurs. For example, the the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in) הַשָּׁמַיִם Hebrew word It should be rendered, therefore, with two .(שּׁ) the Shin Shins (שׁשׁ), ha¡¡åmayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in .ר and (ח ,ה ,ע ,א) any consonant except the gutturals Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowels defective writing Full Defective Writing Writing Holem Waw to Holem בֹּ ➣ בּוֹ ram’s horn שֹׁפָר ➣ שׁוֹפָר Example Shureq to Qibbuts בֻּ ➣ בּוּ ?why מַדֻּעַ ➣ מַדּוּעַ Example Hireq Yod to Hireq בִּ ➣ ִבּי David דָּוִד ➣ דָּוִיד Example Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 3a - Syllabification two rules 1. Every syllable must begin with one consonant and have only one vowel. The following example has two syllables, each beginning with a consonant and each having only one vowel. då-∫år דָּ|בָר ➣ דָּבָר 2. There are only two types of syllables: open and closed. Open syllables end with a vowel and closed syllables end with a consonant. In då), is open because) דָּ ,the above example år), is closed∫) בָר it ends in a vowel and because it ends in a consonant. דָּ|בָר Closed Open Syllable Syllable Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 3b - Syllabification hebrew accent Most Hebrew words are accented or stressed on the last syllable. Some are not. The stress in words not accented on the last syllable will be indicated by an accent mark over the stressed syllable as in the following example. סֵ.פֶר Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 3c - Syllabification syllable classification syllables may be classified according to their proximity to the accent ְדּ|בָ|ִרים tonic pretonic propretonic syllables may be classified without reference to accent ְדּ|בָ|ִרים ultima penultima antepenultima Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nouns inflectional endings 4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns. Masculine Feminine law תּוָֹרה horse סוּס Singular laws תּוֹרוֹת horses ִסוּסים Plural two laws תּוָֹרתַ.יִם two horses סוּסַ.יִם Dual 4.4 Summary of Noun Endings. Masculine Feminine בֶת/בַת/ ָבה Singular endingless וֹת ִבים Plural בַ.יִם /רָתַ.יִם בַ.יִם Dual Basics of Biblical Hebrew Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt © א Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nouns exceptions to rules 1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nouns are masculine singular. In a few instances, feminine עִיר ,(land) אֶ.ֶרץ singular nouns are also endingless as in .(stone) אֶ.בֶן city) and) 2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singular nouns of one gender take the plural endings of the other אָב gender. For example, the masculine singular noun .אָבוֹת as in וֹת father) takes the feminine plural ending) 3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrew words that are always dual in form but normally singular (Egypt) מִצְַר.יִם ,(heaven, heavens) שָׁמַ.יִם :in translation .(water) מַ.יִם and 4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will alter their actual (consonantal) stem when they add their day) is) יוֹם plural endings. For example, the plural of men) and) אֲנָשִׁים man) is) אִישׁ days), the plural of) יָמִים .(women) נָשִׁים woman) is) אִשָּׁה the plural of Occasionally, the feminine .וֹת Defective Spelling of .5 with Holem rather) ֹ ת will be spelled וֹת plural ending עֵדָה than Holem Waw).
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