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Language of the Old Testament: Biblical Hebrew “The Holy Tongue”
E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 4 No 1 ISSN 2281-3993 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy March 2015 Language of the Old Testament: Biblical Hebrew “The Holy Tongue” Associate Professor Luke Emeka Ugwueye Department of Religion & Human Relations, Faculty of Arts, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka- Anambra State, Nigeria Email: [email protected] phone - 08067674763 Doi:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1p129 Abstract Some kind of familiarity with the structure and thought pattern of biblical Hebrew language enhances translation and improved ways of working with the language needed by students of Old Testament. That what the authors of the Scripture say also has meaning for us today is not in doubt but they did not express themselves primarily for us or in our language, and so it requires training on our part to understand them in their own language. The features of biblical Hebrew as combined in the language’s use of imagery and picturesque description of things are of huge assistance in this training exercise for a better operational knowledge of the language and meaning of Hebrew Scripture. Keywords: Language, Old Testament, Biblical Hebrew, Holy Tongue 1. Introduction Hebrew language is the language of the culture, religion and civilization of the Jewish people since ancient times. It belongs to the northwest ancient Semitic family of languages. The word Semitic, according to Kitchen (1992) is formed from the name Shem, Noah’s eldest son (Genesis 5:32). It is an adjective derived from ‘Shem’ meaning a member of any of the group of people speaking Akkadian, Phoenician, Punic, Aramaic, and especially Hebrew, Modern Hebrew and Arabic language. -
Saudi Dialects: Are They Endangered?
Academic Research Publishing Group English Literature and Language Review ISSN(e): 2412-1703, ISSN(p): 2413-8827 Vol. 2, No. 12, pp: 131-141, 2016 URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=9&info=aims Saudi Dialects: Are They Endangered? Salih Alzahrani Taif University, Saudi Arabia Abstract: Krauss, among others, claims that languages will face death in the coming centuries (Krauss, 1992). Austin (2010a) lists 7,000 languages as existing and spoken in the world today. Krauss estimates that this figure could come down to 600. That is, most the world's languages are endangered. Therefore, an endangered language is a language that loses her speakers within a few generations. According to Dorian (1981), there is what is called ―tip‖ in language endangerment. He argues that a language's decline can start slowly but suddenly goes through a rapid decline towards the extinction. Thus, languages must be protected at much earlier stage. Arabic dialects such as Zahrani Spoken Arabic (ZSA), and Faifi Spoken Arabic (henceforth, FSA), which are spoken in the southern region of Saudi Arabia, have not been studied, yet. Few people speak these dialects, among many other dialects in the same region. However, the problem is that most these dialects' native speakers are moving to other regions in Saudi Arabia where they use other different dialects. Therefore, are these dialects endangered? What other factors may cause its endangerment? Have they been documented before? What shall we do? This paper discusses three main different points regarding this issue: language and endangerment, languages documentation and description and Arabic language and its family, giving a brief history of Saudi dialects comparing their situation with the whole existing dialects. -
The Hebrew-Jewish Disconnection
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Master’s Theses and Projects College of Graduate Studies 5-2016 The eH brew-Jewish Disconnection Jacey Peers Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses Part of the Reading and Language Commons Recommended Citation Peers, Jacey. (2016). The eH brew-Jewish Disconnection. In BSU Master’s Theses and Projects. Item 32. Available at http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/32 Copyright © 2016 Jacey Peers This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. THE HEBREW-JEWISH DISCONNECTION Submitted by Jacey Peers Department of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages Bridgewater State University Spring 2016 Content and Style Approved By: ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Joyce Rain Anderson, Chair of Thesis Committee Date ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Anne Doyle, Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Julia (Yulia) Stakhnevich, Committee Member Date 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my mom for her support throughout all of my academic endeavors; even when she was only half listening, she was always there for me. I truly could not have done any of this without you. To my dad, who converted to Judaism at 56, thank you for showing me that being Jewish is more than having a certain blood that runs through your veins, and that there is hope for me to feel like I belong in the community I was born into, but have always felt next to. -
Contact Between Textual Hebrew/Aramaic and Diaspora Jewish Languages: Introduction to the Thematic Special Issue of the Journal of Jewish Languages
Journal of Jewish Languages 8 (2020) 5–6 brill.com/jjl Contact between Textual Hebrew/Aramaic and Diaspora Jewish Languages: Introduction to the Thematic Special Issue of the Journal of Jewish Languages Sarah Bunin Benor and Ofra Tirosh-Becker Co-Editors-in-Chief, Journal of Jewish Languages When we started this journal eight years ago, we envisioned that it would feature articles on many Jewish languages, written by scholars around the world. Indeed, issues 1–7 included articles on 17 different Jewish languages, as well as a few articles about multiple languages. The authors of these arti- cles reside in 12 countries: 63% in Israel, 19% in the US, 17% in Europe, and 1% in East Asia. This thematic issue continues this diverse orientation with articles by scholars around the world about Jewish English, Judeo-Italian, Judeo-Spanish, and Yiddish, as well as one comparative analysis of Yiddish and Judezmo (Judeo-Spanish). In addition, this issue includes a review essay about Judeo-Arabic and a review of a dictionary of the Hebrew-Aramaic component of multiple Jewish languages. Another aspiration of ours was that the Journal of Jewish Languages would further our understanding of phenomena that many Jewish languages share. Previous articles have explored the influence of Jewish languages on Modern Hebrew, especially in our thematic double issue edited by Edit Doron, z”l, entitled “Language Contact and the Development of Modern Hebrew” (3.1–2 (2015): 3–348). The current double issue explores the influence of Hebrew and Aramaic on Jewish languages, a phenomenon common in most Jewish communities throughout history. -
Reading Biblical Aramaic
TITLE: BS400 READING BIBLICAL ARAMAIC WORKLOAD: Duration: 4 Terms Teaching (1 hr p.w.): 26 hrs Language exercises and set reading: 30 hrs Text preparation: 40 hrs Examination preparation and writing: 24 hrs Total commitment: 120 hrs STATUS: Elective CO/PREREQUISITE(S): At least 60% in BS300 Hebrew 3, or at least 70% in BS200 Hebrew 2 if Hebrew 3 is taken concurrently. GENERAL AIM: This unit aims to build on students’ knowledge of Biblcal Hebrew by imparting a working knowledge of biblical Aramaic, enabling them to read all the passages in the Old Testament where Aramaic is employed. The unit focuses on building a comprehensive vocabulary of biblical Aramaic, understanding its grammar and syntax, and applying this knowledge to the translation of the relevant texts in Daniel and Ezra. The purpose of this unit is not only to enable students to work from the original language in all parts of the Old Testament, but also to lay a linguistic foundation for any subsequent study involving Aramaic texts. LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this course students should be able to: • Recognise and distinguish biblical Aramaic from biblical Hebrew; • Translate all biblical Aramaic texts into good, accurate English; • Parse and reproduce regular forms of the biblical Aramaic verbal system; • Analyse and explain most grammatical and phrase-level syntactical constructions. CONTENT: Part 1: Biblical Aramaic Grammar • Introduction to biblical Aramaic: occurrences; name; relationship to Hebrew; vocalization and phonology • Aramaic Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives • Prepositions and conjunctions • The Aramaic verbal system & conjugations • Strong verbs • Weak verbs • Syntax • Numerals Part 2: Reading of set texts • Reading of Daniel 2 – 7 • Reading of Ezra 4 – 7 TEACHING AND Classroom teaching and tutorials; LEARNING METHODS: Private preparation of homework assignments, reviewed in class; Class tests and oral participation; Strong emphasis on peer learning and collaborative group work. -
From Ancient Manuscripts to Modern Dictionaries Perspectives on Linguistics and Ancient Languages
From Ancient Manuscripts to Modern Dictionaries Perspectives on Linguistics and Ancient Languages 9 Series Editor Terry C. Falla Editorial Board Index Editor James K. Aitken Georgia Kate Kelly Aaron Michael Butts Daniel King Wido van Peursen Perspectives on Linguistics and Ancient Languages (PLAL) contains peer-reviewed essays, monographs, and reference works. It focuses on the theory and practice of ancient-language research and lexicography that is informed by modern linguistics. From Ancient Manuscripts to Modern Dictionaries Select Studies in Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Edited by Tarsee Li Keith Dyer gp 2017 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2017 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2017 ܒ 1 ISBN 978-1-4632-0608-6 ISSN 2165-2600 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Society of Biblical Literature. International Meeting. | Li, Tarsee, editor. | Dyer, Keith D., 1951- editor. Title: From ancient manuscripts to modern dictionaries : select studies in Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek / edited by Tarsee Li & Keith Dyer. Description: Piscataway, NJ : Gorgias Press, [2017] | Series: Perspectives on linguistics and ancient languages, ISSN 2165-2600 ; 9 | Includes -
Studies in Semitic Vocalisation and Reading Traditions
Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures Hornkohl and Khan (eds.) Studies in Semitic Vocalisation and Studies in Semitic Vocalisation Reading Traditions and Reading Traditions Aaron D. Hornkohl and Geoffrey Khan (eds.) EDITED BY AARON D. HORNKOHL AND GEOFFREY KHAN This volume brings together papers rela� ng to the pronuncia� on of Semi� c languages and the representa� on of their pronuncia� on in wri� en form. The papers focus on sources representa� ve of a period that stretches from late an� quity un� l the Middle Ages. A large propor� on of them concern reading tradi� ons of Biblical Hebrew, especially the vocalisa� on nota� on systems used to represent them. Also discussed are orthography and the wri� en representa� on of prosody. Beyond Biblical Hebrew, there are studies concerning Punic, Biblical Aramaic, Syriac, and Arabic, as well as post-biblical tradi� ons of Hebrew such as piyyuṭ and medieval Hebrew poetry. There were many parallels and interac� ons between these various language Studies in Semitic Vocalisation tradi� ons and the volume demonstrates that important insights can be gained from such a wide range of perspec� ves across diff erent historical periods. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found here: www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: Detail from a bilingual La� n-Punic inscrip� on at the theatre at Lepcis Magna, IRT 321 (accessed from h� ps://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscrip� on_Theatre_Lep� s_Magna_Libya.JPG). -
ENCYCLOPEDIA of HEBREW LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 1 A–F
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 1 A–F General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index -
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph Bet - Part 19 The nineteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called “Qof” (pronounced kof) and has the sound of “k” or “q” as in “queen”. It appears in the following three forms: Writing the Letter: Qof This letter looks like the English “P”, except that the curved part doesn’t connect with the stem. The aleph bet is what modern Hebrew calls the alphabet (22 letters that Yahweh used to speak the universe into existence). But Biblically, Aleph Tav are the first and last letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Each individual letter is called an Oat. Oat = sign. It is saying something (giving a Spiritual Message). Qof is the letter which symbolizes the Bride of Christ. It signifies that which is made holy and is set apart for holy use. “It is written, Be ye HOLY, for I AM HOLY,” 1 Peter 1:16. “Holy, Holy, Holy, is Yahweh of hosts, Who was and Is, and is to come!” (Isaiah 6:3 and Revelation 4:8). Qof is the first letter of the word Qodesh, meaning, “HOLINESS.” “Worship Yahweh in the beauty of HOLINESS,” Psalm 29:2. “For Yahweh hath chosen Zion; He hath desired it for His habitation. This is My Rest for ever: here will I dwell; for I have desired it. I will abundantly bless her provision: I will satisfy her poor with bread. I will also clothe her priests with Salvation: and her saints shall shout aloud for joy,” Psalm 132:13-16. Qof Study Page 1 Spiritual Meaning of the Qof Qof = K,Q and 100 and means “LAST”, “LEAST”, “HOLY” and “HOLINESS” Yahweh is HOLY, and He desires holiness on behalf of His People, saying, “You shall be holy, for I AM HOLY,” Leviticus 19:26. -
WHY HEBREW IS FUNDAMENTAL to JEWISH EDUCATION Linguistics and Longevity: the Interdependence of Language, Heritage, and Nationalism
WHY HEBREW IS FUNDAMENTAL TO JEWISH EDUCATION Linguistics and Longevity: The Interdependence of Language, Heritage, and Nationalism ALVIN I. SCHIFF, PH.D. Irving I. Stone Distinguished Professor of Education, Azrieli Graduate School, Yeshiva University The Hebrew language sen'es both a.i a unique expres.sion of the .Jewish heritage and a key instrument ofthe sun'ival of the Jewish people. The mystique of Hebrew lies in its uniformity and constancy despite being .spoken by Jews throughout the world and its multifaceted character—its use in the synagogue, the home, the arts, business, and in everyday life. ccordingto Douglas H. Whalen, Senior of mankind's oldest languages andthe oldest Ascientist at Haskens Laboratories, Yale continuous language (Aron & Zeldin, 1996) University, there are some 6,000 languages raises the question: In the face of 2,000 spoken today. Half of them are expected to years of dispersion, how did Hebrew in vanish within the next century because of the modern times emerge as an altneusprache influence of more common languages such as (an old-new language) that is currently the English, Chinese, and Spanish. In Australia, vernacular of some 5,000,000 Jews and only ten people can speak Jingulu, an aborigi 1,000,000 non-Jews in Israel, the spoken nal language. In Alaska, there are only three language of another million Jews in the households in which the native tongue Diaspora, and the language of prayer and Kuskokwim still prevails. World-wide, learning of another 4,000,000 Jews world Whalen noted, some 100 languages have just wide? one nadve speaker (Whalen, 1988). -
Beginning Biblical Hebrew
Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY . -
Is Modern Hebrew Standard Average European? the View from European *
Is Modern Hebrew Standard Average European? The View from European * Amir Zeldes Abstract In contrast with previous work emphasizing European influences on Modern Hebrew as compared to the Biblical Hebrew model adopted by the Hebrew revival movement, this article sets out to examine relevant typological features of Modern Hebrew in its own right. Taking the typological literature on Standard Average European as a starting point, it is argued that Modern Hebrew is in fact quite far from the European type in the majority of pertinent features defined independently of the literature on Hebrew. Notwithstanding the many European influences present in Modern Hebrew, especially in phonology and semantics, and considerable differences compared to Biblical Hebrew, it will be shown that key structural similarities with European languages are remarkably few, and in most cases not due to the revival process at all. Keywords: SAE, Ivrit, Biblical Hebrew, language contact 1. Introduction The typological nature of Modern Hebrew has been the focus of much debate since its infancy. Already in the 1920s, when the first generation of native Modern Hebrew speakers was negotiating what would become the normalized grammar of the new language, 1 views from contemporary Semitists were expressed to the effect that the language spoken by Jewish settlers in British Palestine was in some way inauthentic, ‘un-Semitic’, and in particular European: The attempt to solve that task [=the modernization of Hebrew] without preparation had to lead to a feigned solution: to a Hebrew, that in reality was a European language in transparent Hebrew disguise , with outwardly general European traits and individual language peculiarities, but with only totally superficial Hebrew character.