(2010 to 2014) Homicídios Indígenas No Brasil
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DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018247.23442017 2637 Indigenous homicide in Brazil: geospatial mapping TEM A and secondary data analysis (2010 to 2014) S L I V R Homicídios indígenas no Brasil: mapeamento e análise de dados ES F secundários (2010 a 2014) R EE THEMES Clóvis Wanzinack (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-763X) 1 Marcos Claudio Signorelli (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-0121) 2 Silvia Shimakura (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-2516) 3 Pedro Paulo Gomes Pereira (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-2138) 4 Mauricio Polidoro (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-0718) 5 Lilian Blanck de Oliveira (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-6630) 6 Clóvis Reis (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-9229) 6 Abstract This study aimed to describe a panora- Resumo Objetivou-se descrever um panorama ma of Indigenous homicide in Brazil, analysing dos homicídios indígenas no Brasil, analisando the main characteristics and territorial distribu- suas características e distribuição territorial entre tion between 2010 and 2014. Demographic study 2010 e 2014. Estudo demográfico com dados da of Indigenous population data obtained from the população indígena (Instituto Brasileiro de Geo- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics grafia e Estatística) e homicídios indígenas (Mi- and Indigenous homicide data (2010-2014) from nistério da Saúde). Os dados foram analisados the Ministry of Health. Data were analysed using utilizando estatística descritiva, estabelecendo ca- descriptive statistics, victims’ characteristics, type racterísticas das vítimas, tipos de homicídio e dis- of homicides and geographical distribution, which tribuição geográfica, que foram então plotados em were then plotted on maps using ArcGIS. Find- mapas usando ArcGIS. Os resultados revelaram: 1 Curso de Administração ings revealed: 1) a national estimated average of 1) uma média nacional de homicídios indígenas Pública, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Indigenous homicide rate of 22.5 per 100,000 In- de 22,5 por 100.000 habitantes indígenas por ano; Jaguariaíva 512/06, digenous inhabitants per year; 2) a map showing 2) um mapa de ocorrência dos homicídios e as ta- Balneário Caiobá. 83260- where homicides were registered and the mean xas médias para regiões e estados brasileiros, com 000 Matinhos PR Brasil. [email protected] homicide rates for Brazilian regions and states, as maiores taxas em Roraima e Mato Grosso do 2 Câmara de Saúde Coletiva, with highest rates in Roraima and Mato Grosso Sul; 3) o principal método de homicídio foi obje- Universidade Federal do do Sul; 3) the main homicide method were sharp to cortante ou penetrante; 4) a taxa de homicídio Paraná. Matinhos PR Brasil. or penetrating objects; 4) Indigenous male homi- de homens indígenas foi 2,4 vezes mais alta que 3 Setor de Ciências Exatas, cide rate was 2.4 times higher than female, but de mulheres, mas a taxa relativa às indígenas foi Universidade Federal do Indigenous female rate was more than double mais que o dobro das não indígenas; 5) elevadas Paraná. Curitiba PR Brasil. 4 Escola Paulista de that of non-Indigenous; 5) high homicide rates of taxas de homicídios de crianças indígenas (meno- Medicina, Universidade Indigenous children (under 1-year-old) in areas res de 1 ano) em áreas dos estados de Roraima e Federal de São Paulo. São of the states of Roraima and Amazonas. We ad- Amazonas. Recomenda-se cuidadosa considera- Paulo SP Brasil. 5 Instituto Federal de vise careful consideration of Indigenous cultural ção dos aspectos culturais indígenas para evitar Educação, Ciência e beliefs to avoid errors of judgement, reflecting how julgamentos, argumentando-se sobre como essa Tecnologia do Rio Grande Indigenous populations are at risk of homicide in população enfrenta risco de homicídios em algu- do Sul. Porto Alegre RS Brasil. some areas. mas áreas. 6 Centro de Ciências da Key words Indigenous population, Homicide, Palavras-chave População indígena, Homicídio, Educação, Universidade Health of Indigenous peoples, Brazil, violence Saúde de povos indígenas, Brasil, Violência Regional de Blumenau. Blumenau SC Brasil. 2638 et al. Introduction many limitations related to SIM data, particular- Wanzinack C Wanzinack ly related to Indigenous people, as some groups WHO estimated that there were 475,000 deaths live in isolated areas, it is still the most recognized in 2012 as result of homicide worldwide. Sixty national database for mortality records. percent of these were males aged 15-44 years, Considering this challenging scenario, a making homicide the third leading cause of country with vast territorial area and many In- death for males in this age group. Brazil reported digenous nations, this study aimed to describe a 47,136 homicides in 2012, representing almost panorama of Indigenous homicides in Brazil, as 10% of all homicides on the planet1. an indicator of the many forms of violence faced The highest estimated rates of homicide in by this population group and bringing visibili- the world are in the Americas, with an annual ty to this issue. Our objective was to provide a rate of 28.5 deaths per 100,000 people. The prob- snapshot of this problem, revealing the extent of lem is more severe particularly in Latin America, reported Indigenous homicides between 2010 with countries like Honduras, El Salvador, Co- and 2014, its territorial distribution around the lombia, Guatemala, Trinidad & Tobago and Mex- country, as well as victim characteristics and the ico, together with Brazil, being the most violent types of homicides, comparing these data with for homicides in the world. The 2012 Brazilian non-Indigenous population. homicide rate for the general population was 24.3 per 100,000 inhabitants1. Most of these Latin American countries have a traditional American Methodology Indigenous population in common, with a wide diversity of Indigenous nations, cultural back- We conducted a demographic study, using offi- grounds and languages. However national homi- cial National Indigenous homicide data for the cide data specific to these population groups in period between 2010 and 2014. We collected data each of these countries are scarce. from two Brazilian open databases: 1) Brazilian Indigenous genocide is extensively report- Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto ed among histories of colonization around the Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE)8; and world2 and in Brazil3. All the colonization pro- 2) Mortality Information System (SIM) from cesses were characterized by dispossession and DATASUS9. Mortality data were collected ac- exploitation of traditional populations and this cording to place of occurrence and 2014 was the issue is still ongoing in many places in Brazil, as last year with consolidated data about homicide denounced in recent local studies4. It leads Indig- when data were collected. enous populations to many social disadvantages, Data from IBGE consisted of the Indigenous suffering violence of many kinds. However few population identified in the 2010 population studies currently focus on homicides among In- census (self-declaration as Indigenous in the cat- digenous people5. In Brazil, few recent publica- egory ‘colour or race’), conducted in all 5565 Bra- tions6 make this problem visible, but no national zilian municipalities, as well as the estimates of study has been conducted to reveal its extent, spa- population for the years between 2011 and 2014. tial distribution and main victim characteristics. This study did not include data about those who Homicides are the most outrageous act of live in Indigenous territories but self-declared as violence, as they deprive the victims of their life other ‘colours or races’ for IBGE. It is also im- and is an indicator of society’s inability to de- portant to mention that the IBGE estimates of velop and maintain non-lethal mechanisms for Indigenous population do not show an yearly conflict resolution7. Homicide is just the “tip of increase between 2010-2014, but rather the es- the (violence) iceberg”, but it is one of the most timates show two drops, one between 2010 and rigorous measures of violence in Brazil, consider- 2011, and another between 2011 and 2012. Based ing it is mandatory to report all cases. The cases on these data, we calculated the mean popula- are reported to the Mortality Information System tion for the period (2010-2014) for Indigenous (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade - SIM). (per state, Brazilian region and Brazil) and for These data are recorded and available for free ac- non-Indigenous (Brazil) population. IBGE of- cess through the Health Informatics Department ficial criteria to consider as Indigenous is based of the Brazilian Public Health System (Departa- on self-identification. It is worth to mention that mento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde data about Indigenous population can be con- - DATASUS), a broad database platform from the troversial, depending on the consulted database, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Despite there being even in official databases, such as IBGE. 2639 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 24(7):2637-2648, 2019 24(7):2637-2648, Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência Data on Indigenous and non-Indigenous data, analysing mapped information and man- mortality (2010-2014) were obtained from SIM/ aging geographic information in databases. The DATASUS, considering as homicides all deaths cartographic bases used in this study were pro- included on the Tenth International Classification vided by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Diseases (ICD-10) as arising from “assault” (INDE), responsible