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The Northern Barrage and Other Mining Activities

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The Northern Barrage and Other Mining Activities NAVY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF NAVAL. RECORDS AND LIBRARY HISTORICAL SECTION Publication Number 2 THE NORTHERN BARRAGE AND OTHER MINING ACTIVITIES Published under the direction of The Hon. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary of the Navy WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 REAR ADMIRAL JOSEPH STRAUSS, U. S. NAVY, Commander of the American mining operations in the North Sea during the World War. e- ncivvv neaxfr &v\r NAVY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF NAVAL RECORDS AND LIBRARY HISTORICAL SECTION Publication Number 2 THE NORTHERN BARRAGE AND OTHER MINING ACTIVITIES Published under the direction of The Hon. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary of the Navy WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 THE NORTHERN BARRAGE AND OTHER MINING ACTIVITIES. ERRATA Page 1E5, after paragraph 2 add: The follow- ing submarines were sunk in the N&rthern Mine Barrage: Area Submarine Date B U-92 September 9, 1918 B U-10E September (Probable) A U-156 September 25, 1918 B UB-104 September 19, 1913 B UB-127 September (Probable) A UB-123 October 19, 1918 Sources: The Submarine Warfare by Micholscn and British Submarine Losses Re- turn 1919. Pago 124, paragraph 3, 1st lino: change last word to ono. 5th lino: striko out sentence begin- ning "Tho other, tho UB-22,otc." Pago 125, paragraph 1, 4th lino: change U-123 t<? read UB-123* WASHINGTON : fcOVERNMBNT FEINTING OFFICfc I 1921 THE NORTHERN BARRAGE AND OTHER MINING ACTIVITIES. Publication No. 2, Historical Section, Navy Department. ERRATA. t age 48, line 14: After the word "dimensions" strike out "34" and insert 33. v acing page 80, photographs: In captions for photographs of U. S. S. Baltimore and U. S. S. San Francisco, strike out "North Atlantic Fleet" and insert U. S. Mine Force. " " Page 87, line 8 : After the word miles insert the word in. Page 105, line 4: Strike out the word "proceed" and insert the word proceeded. " Page 140, line 43 : Strike out the word has," and after the word "issued" insert (Up to July 18, 1919). NOTE: These Mine Warnings to Mariners are still being issued. Up to February 3, 1921, 413 have been received by the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department. " " Page 141, line 2 : After the word date insert period. " Page 141, lines 2, 3, and 4 : Strike out the words and are pub- xislied herewith in explanation of the policy that was to be carried " ***' t and insert in lieu thereof The explanation of the policy to ~be u *ried out is illustrated in the two charts of a later date which ac- company this publication. 3474421 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIC* : l2i TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. List of illustrations 5 Preface 7 CHAPTER I. The conception and inception of the northern barrage project 9 CHAPTER II? British consideration 01 project 29 CHAPTER III. American consideration and adoption of project 35 CHAPTER IV. Status of barrage project on November 1, 1917 - 38 CHAPTER V. Coordination of preparations 40 CHAPTER VI. Design of the mine 42 CHAPTER VII. The manufacturing project 50 CHAPTER VIII. Mine loading plant, St. Juliens Creek, Va 55 CHAPTER IX. Assembly and shipment of mine material 58 CHAPTER X. Overseas mine bases Nos. 17 and 18 61 CHAPTER XI. Organization of mine squadron and selection of new minelayers 70 CHAPTER XII. Training the personnel and commissioning the ships of Mine Squadron One. 76 CHAPTER XIII. Completion and sailing of mine squadron 79 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. Page. Commander Mine Force Appointment, arrival in Europe, preparations for commencement of minelaying 86 CHAPTER XV. Changes in barrage plan 92 CHAPTER XVI. Mining operations 101 CHAPTER XVII. Final status of barrage and results obtained 121 CHAPTER XVIII. * Contemplated mining operations in the Mediterranean 128 CHARTS IN POCKET. No. 1. Chart of waters surrounding British Islands. Mined areas and safe channels. 2. Chart of Mediterranean with west coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal. Mined areas and safe channels. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss, U. S. Navy, commander of the American mining operations in the North Sea, during the World War Frontispiece. Facing page- Admiral Henry T. Mayo, U. S. Navy, commander in chief, U. S. Atlantic Fleet, and Rear Admiral Joseph Strausj =.. 16 Photostatic chart, showing plan of proposed mine barrage between Aberdeen, Scotland, and Ekersund, Norway 16 Mark VI mine with sinker, fitted with balsa floats for planting in shallow depths . 16 Mark VI mine fitted with D-4 float for planting at lower levels 16 Photostatic chart, showing location of U. S. Mine Bases in Scotland, Base 17 at Invergordon and Base 18 at Inverness 32 Photostatic chart showing Base No. 18 at Inverness, Scotland 32 Dumb lighter loaded with assembled mines at Base 18, Inverness, Scotland 32 Assembled mines in the ready issue store 32 Tug towing barges to minelayers in the harbor of Inverness, Scotland, Sep- tember, 1918 48 A fleet of mines, North Sea 48 Handling mine cases. Trucking mine spheres from the bulk stores to the assembly sheds 48 U. S. S. Shawmut, minelayer in the North Sea, camouflaged 48 U. S. S. Aroostook, minelayer, camouflaged 64 U. S. S. Black Hawk, flagship of Commander U. S. Mine Force, and force repair ship, camouflaged. Inverness, Scotland 64 Commanding officers of U. S. Minelaying Force on board the San Francisco .... 64 Photostatic chart, showing organization of U. S. Mine Force 64 Photostatic chart, North Sea barrage, showing first proposed location after shift- ing barrage from Aberdeen-Ekersund line 80 U. S. S. Baltimore of Mine Squadron 1, North Atlantic Fleet 80 Bringing mine lighters alongside the U. S. S. San Francisco, of Mine Squadron 1, North Atlantic Fleet, Inverness Firth 80 Photostatic chart, showing British mine field, laid by U. S. S. Baltimore, April 13 to May 2, 1918 80 U. S. Squadron in planting formation in the North Sea 96 Minelaying fleet proceeding to sea on a minelaying expedition 96 Minelaying fleet, North Sea, proceeding to sea 96 " " Squadron 1, starting on a minelaying excursion 96 Smoke screen made by destroyers to protect minelaying fleet 112 Minelayer, laying a mine barrage, protected by the guns of an accompanying battleship 112 Photostatic chart of North Sea barrage, showing positions of lines and depths of all American and British mines, and vertical projection showing relative density of mines 112 Photostatic chart, vertical projection, showing the growth of the North Sea barrage 112 Summary of U. S. mining operations in the North Sea barrage 121 5 6 LIST OP ILLUSTBATION8. Facing Members of the Allied Conference on minelaying in th6 Mediterranean, held at Malta, August 6 to 9, 1918 128 Photostatic chart, showing the proposed mining operations in the Mediterranean Sea 128 Photostatic chart, showing the proposed minelaying operations in the Adriatic Sea 128 Photostatic chart, showing the proposed minelaying in the ^Egean Sea 128 PREFACE. The mining operations herein described naturally involve two distinct functions : (a) The design and manufacture of the mines together with all the accompanying materials and their transportation to Scotland. (6) The most difficult and hazardous sea operation of building the barrage. The first of these functions was performed by the Bureau of Ordnance of which Rear Admiral Ralph Earle was the chief. The second of these operations was conducted by Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss. This report is a compilation from the exhaustive report made by Rear Admiral Strauss, together with that made by Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, the two with other data being combined by Com- mander Simon T. Fullinwider, and edited in the historical section of the Navy Department. Referring to the accompanying charts of the mine areas of the world, it is realized that the first impression is that very little of the sea was safe in the European waters and the Mediterranean. While this is more or less true, a careful reading of the meaning of the various forms of shading will give a more correct idea of the actual degree of danger that existed. C. C. MARSH, Captain, U. S. N. (Ret.), Officer in Charge, Historical Section, Navy Department. DECEMBER 12, 1919. 7 THE NORTHERN BARRAGE. CHAPTER I. CONCEPTION AND INCEPTION OF THE NORTHERN BARRAGE 1 PROJECT. The northern barrage was one of the most important naval projects carried out by the United States during the war. To appreciate the importance of the barrage as a factor in the prosecution and winning of the war, one must consider the general military situation as it existed in April, 1917, when the United States threw her weight into the scales with the Allies. There was every reason at that time for a pessimistic view of the situation. The military situation on the west front was practically a stalemate. The French and British forces appeared to have a slight advantage over the enemy, having made small gains here and there; but they plainly had little or no prospect of obtaining an early military decision. The Italians were holding their own, but with no prospect of decisive victory. On the east front the Russians were holding for the tune being, but there were ominous indications that the newly established revolution- ary government would be unable to overcome internal dissensions and that the Russian power might crumble at any time. In the Balkans the Allies had insufficient force, apparently, to pros- ecute an offensive campaign; and the growing submarine menace in the Mediterranean seriously threatened the lines of communication by which this force was sustained. In fact, there was grave danger, especially in view of the pro-German attitude of the then Greek Gov- ernment, that the allied force based on Saloniki would have to be withdrawn and the entire Balkan Peninsula given up to the Central Powers.
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