1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4069
Second Lieut. 1\farion Van Voorst, Coast Artillery Corps, from William Lascelles, Capron~ October 4, 1919. • l\Iary H. Hrdlicka, Cary Station. Second Lieut. Edwin B. Fitz.patrick_, Coast Artill-ery Corps, Jonn F. Bushmeyer, Cokhester. iram October 4, 191.9. John W. -Nelson, Donovan. Second Lieut. Dean R. Di-ckey, Coast Artillery Corps, from Florence A. Lilly, Durand. October 4, 1919. Cornelius D. Paulter1 ET.aru;ville. Second Lieut. William A. Sexton, Coast Artillery Corps, from Oscar E. Bantz, Fithian. October 5, 1919. . John S. Dea~ Gr.and RMge. Second Lieut. Hobart R. Yeager, Doast Artillery Corps, from John F. Wendt, Huntley. October u, 1919. , John E. Alaekin, Lockport. Second Lieut. Ger\ais W. Triche!, Coast Artillery Corps, from Edward F. Tedens, Lemont. October 6, 1919. Nellie C. Ebin:g&, 1\IcLean. Second Lieut. Thomas W. Munford, Coast Artillery Corps, Louis W. Richter, Melrose Par~ from October 6, 1919. Nora E. Moulton, Metamora. Second Lieut. James L. Whelchel, Coast Artillery Corps, from Arthur F. Sturgis, Middletown. October 6, 1919. Charles V. Gould, Moline. Second Lieut. John H. Fonvielle, Coast Artillery Corps, from James W. Scott, Monmouth. October 6, 1919. Thomas .J. Perks, Mound City. Second Lieut. Joe D. Moss, Coast Artillery Corps, from Octo Fred S. Smith, Mount Carroll. ber 7, 1919. Jesse H. Fuller, Murrayville. Second Lieut. Edward A. Dolph, Coast Artillery Corps~ from Roy R. Bernar~ New Canton. October 8, 1919. Robert Sherrard, Oak Park. Second Lieut. Felix M. Usls, Coast Artillery Corps, from Omah Kinsall, Omaha... October 9, 1919. Carl E. Lingwall, Oneida. · Second Lieut. Edward W- Hendrick, Coast Artillery Corps, Th-omas L. Wallace, Pinckneyville. from October 10, 1919. William C. Karber, Rosiclare. Second Lieut. Bernard W. Slifer, Coast Artillery Corps, :from Guy 1\I. Martin, Royalton. October 13, 1919. Sumner V. Hodge, Sparland. Second Lient. Auston M. Wilson, jr., Coast Artillery Corps, Mae 0. Hewes, Steger. from October .13, 1919. Alva 1\I. Clavin, Sterling. INJ!'ANTRY. Lewis H. llow~ Warren. To be colonels. John F. Shimkus, W.estville. Lieut. ·CoL .Tohn S. Switzer, Infantry (Adjutant General's IOWA. Department) , from February 1:6, 1920. Wallace F. L. Merrill, Hazl.eton. Lieut. Col. Herbert 0. Williams, Infantry (General Staff), 1\Iae Dougherty~ Sanborn. from February 16, 1920. F:rank El ·wood, Sh.ellrock. Lieut. Col. William F. Grote, Infantry (Quartermaster Corps), .MASSACHUSETTS. from February 16, 1920. . Roland 1\f. Baker, Boston. Lieut. CoL Isaac C. Jenks, Infantry (Quartermaster Corps), from Febru!ITy 16, 1920. _MISSOURI. Lieut. Col. Hanson E. Ely, Infantry, from F.ebruary 16, 1920. Fred H. Cordner, Auxvasse. Lieut. CoL Lewis S . .Sorley, Infantry (Adjutant General's 1\-rm'ADA. Department), from February -26, 1920. Owen H. Bott, :Mason. Lieut. CoL William 1\1. Morr-ow, Infantry {Ammunition Train), . subject to examination required by law, from February 26, 1920. TENNESSEE. Lieut. Col. Albert C. Dalton, Infantry, from February 26, 1920. .J-Ohn T. Clary~ Bellbuckle.
To b.e lieutenant colonels.' Addle D. -Bell1 Springfield. Maj. Lawrence B. Simonus, Infantry, from .J"anuary 20, ~920. 1\Iaj. Merch B. Stewart, Infantry {General Staff), from ..Jan- uary 27, 1920. • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 1\Iaj. Frederick W. Lewi~, Infantry (Adjutant General's De partment), from JJanuary 27, 192{). TuESDAY, March 9, 19~0. Maj. Dennis E. Nolan, Infantry, from January 27~ 1:920. The House met u.t 11 o'clock a. m. To 'be majors. The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the fol Capt. Collin H. Ball, Infantry, from January 20. 1920. lowing prnyer : Capt. A. Owen Seaman, Infantry (Gener.al Staff), from J"anu Our Father in heaven, in response to an urgent appeal from ary 27~ 1920~ our inner self w.e seek Thee, the rock of our faith, the in Capt. Clifford U. Leonorl, Infantry, from January 27, 1920. spiration of every laudable ambition, that we may bend our To be first lieutenant. ene1·gies to relieve the situation i.n which we find ourselves. in Second llimt. Hugh A. Murrill, jr., Infantry, fmm October the aftermath of the World War-the high cost of living, 9, 1919. prohibitory in its demands on the poor and middle dasses. _ Give us relief, we beseech Thee~ that we may live and pro ·CONFIR1\IATIONS. '\-ide for those dependent upon us. In the name of Christ our Executive no1ninatiot1,S confirmed by the Senate March 9 (legis Lord. .Amen. lative da'l} of March 8), 1920. The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and ap _ CoLLECTOR OF INTERNAL TIEVENUE. proved. John J. Mitchel to be collector of internal revenue for the third ADDITIONAL 'BONUS TO SQLDIERS AND .SAILORS. district of Massachusetts. 1\Ir. ASWELL. · Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to NAVAL OF.FlCER OF OuSTOM.S. extend my remarks in the RECORD by printing a letter from a
Albert W. Newlin to be naval offieer of customS1 .collections man who entered the Army as a pri\ate .and came out a major, district No. 20, at New Orleans. gi-ving reasons why the additional bonus to soldiers and sailors POSTMASTERS. should not be granted at this time. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Louisiana asks unani FLOEIDA. mous consent to extend his remarks in the RECORD in the man Robert L. Nall, Dade City. ner indicated. Is there objection? 'Villiam J. Carter, Homestead. Mr. GARD. Reserving the right to object, does the gentle ll.LIKOIB. man from Louisiana intend to send the letter to the Ways and I Annette G. Ferguson, Annaw.an. Means Committee? Rose S. Beard~ Arenznlle~ 1\Ir• .A.SWELL. I do. Dora Clifton, Argenta. The SPEAKER. Is there objection 1 William J. IDnze, Beecher. There was no objection. 4070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. ~lARCH 9,
The fo1lowing is the letter referred to : H. R. 11756. An act to extend the time for the con truction of a LEESVILLE, LA., Ma1·ch 6, 1920. bridge across the Connecticut River between Sprjngfield and West Hon. JAMES B. .AsWELL, Springfield, in Hampden County, Mass.; and Washington, D. 0. H. R. 12160. .An act authorizing- the construction of a bridge MY DEAR DR. ASWELL: I have been reading for several days the press and approaches thereto across Red River .at a point a little east ilispatches with reference to the demands being made upon Congress by the difff'rent soldiers' organizations for the enacting of legislation look of north of ~ocona, in 1\Iontague County, Tex. ing to the granting of additional bonuses to soldiers and sailors, and ARMY REORGANIZATION BILL. while I know you are a very busy man, with little time to listen to me, I want to enter my protest against any such legislation. Mr. KAHN. 1\lr. Speakeli, I move that the House· resolve itself I enlisted in the Army in April, 1917, shortly after the declaration into Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union of war, anu served until after its close, part of the tin1e in France. R. When I enlisted as a prh·ate soldier tile pay was $15 per month. for the further consideration of the bill H. 12775, the Army Shortly thereafter it was raised to $30 per month..,~ or 100 per cent reorganization bill. increase for the private. I served as a major of Infantry and as a Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of no major in the Judge Advocate G~neral's Department. I tried to give quorum. value received for every cent the Government paid me, anrl do not now consider that the Government is indebted to me nor that I am indebted The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Alabama makes the to it. It fulfilled its contract with me tu . the letter and did a little point of no quorum. Evidently there is no quorum present. more. At the time the first bonus was granted-the $60 bonus-there might M:r. KAHN. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House. have b~n some excuse for that. It might have been argued that men The motion was agreed to. were experiencing difficulty in reentering civil life and civil occupations The Clerk called the roll, and the following l\Iembers failed and needed a little money to tide them over until such time as they could relocate themselves, but now there i& no soldier who wants work who to answer to their names : can not find it and at good pay. Where, therefore, is the reason fo.r Ackerman Eagle Kettner Riordan voting this additional bonus that will mean but very little to the indi Anderson Edmonds Kleczka Rogers vidual soldier, but that will mean so much to the Nation. that is now Andrews, l\Id. Ellsworth Kraus Rowan sorely in need of every cent? Taxes are so high that they are, indeed, Anthony E ch Kreider Rowe burllcnsome. Business is being injured by this excessive burden. Dis Ayres Fairfield Lankford Rubey satisfaction is rampant all over the Nation and in all classes of people. Baer Ferris Layton · Rucker As I understand it, to grant the bonus another bond issue will have to Bell Fess Lee, Ga. Sa bath be tloa ted and taxes again increased. To give to the soldier this addi Benson Fields Lehlbach Sanders, N. Y. tional "money e:xpr~ssion" of the ~ood wil~ and appr~ciation of the Bland, i\Io. Flood Lesher Schall Nation only makes him feel that he IS an obJect of chanty. It argues Booher Focht Longworth Scully that these red-ulooded men that put the fear of God into the Huns at Britten Frear McAndrews Sears Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, St. l\lihiel, and the Argonne are unable to Browne Gallivan McArthur Sells compete with the civilian in making their own living, and this I do not Browning Garrett l\lcDuilie Sims believe to be the fact. My observation of those men makes me believe Sinnott absolutely that they want no charity; that they are ready to look the ~~~ill~kugh g~~~f~1;1e J~~H~~~;n lemp world squarely and fairly in the face, and say, "We did only our duty Burke Gould 1acCra te Smith, Mich. as we saw it and for you to attempt to pay us in money is but chealjl Burroughs Graham, Pa. Maher Smith, N.Y. ening your appreciation of our work." We fully appreciate the Nations Butler Graham, Ill. Major Smithwick good will and its expressions of appreciation of a work I believe to have Campbell, Kans. Green, Iowa Mann, S. C. Snyder been well done, and I want to always feel that the Nation will continue Campbell, Pa. Greene, Mass. Mason Steaga ll to appreciate and honor the soldier, but I do not want the country to Cannon Hamill Mead Stephens, Ohio have the feeling that the American soldier went to Europe, and many Cantrill Hamilton Monahan, Wis. Sullivan of them made the supreme sacrifice, simply for mercenary motives. I Carew Harrison Mooney Summ-ers, Wash. cto not want the American soldiers of our future wars to feel that they Chindblom Haugen Moore, Ohio Taylor, Colo. are offering their lives on the chanc~ that ~ongress will, af.ter it is !ill Christopherson Heflin Morin Taylor, Tf:>nn. over offer to pay in money for theu· serVIces. The Amencan soldier Clark, Fla. Hersman Newton, Minn. Thomas is receiving, and will continue to receive, compensation that money Classon Hill Nichols, Mich. Tillman ran not buy, but if the country attempts to place a mo~ey va~ue on that Connally Houghton Nolan Tinkham compensation it will ue cheapened! and future g~nerations wJll.have no Cooper Howard O'Connell Upshaw respect for the motives that prompted the Amencan to offer h1s all on Copley Huddleston O'Connor Vare the altar of civilization in the late war. Costello Hudspeth Osborne Venable 1f the act should be passed, practically every soldier, the writer in Cram-ton Husted Pell Voigt cluded will ask for the bonus, reasoning that thet·e is no reason for his Crowther Hutchinso.n Peters Ward not taking it when all the others are getting it, and that $100, ot· what Cullen Ireland Phelan Weaver ever t11e amount JURY be, will not count for anything in the vast total. Curry, Calif. J ames Porter Webster If there are those who were wounded or whose health was broken in Davey Johnson, S.Dak. Purnell Wilson, Ill. the service and are not now being properly cared for, I am strongly Dempsey Johnson, Wash. Rainey, Ala. Wilson, La. and wholly in favor of the Government taking every care of them; but Donovan Johnston, N.Y. Rainey, J. W. Winslow so Ion"' as a man is able to work and earn his own living I am abso Dooling Jones, Tex. Reber Wcod. Ind. iutely ,..,and entirely a~ainst his being made to feel that he is an object Doremus Kelley, Mich. Reed, N.Y. Young, Tex. of governmental charity. Dyer Kenned , Iowa Reed, W.Va. 1 have thought that the plan of the American Legion is ·good, and Eagan Kennedy, R. I. Riddick that it will have a wholesome effect in America, but if it is the father of this move and if such things ns this are to be its objects, I must say The SPEAKER. On this call 2611\.Iembers have answered to that not oniy do I believe it will not survive as an organization, but their names. A quorum is present. that it will be a liability to the ex·soldier instead of the benefit it Mr. KAHN. 1\fr. Speaker, I move to dispense with further coy~di~ilot believed that the great mass of ex·soldiers want any more proceedings under the call. bonus. It is helieved that they rather look at the proposition as a bid The motion was agreed to. by the politician for the soldier vote. Could anything be more humil iatin"' to the red-blooded American soldier than to believe that npon .The doors were opened. uis threat to vote against any person who voted against his demand for The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the gen this bonus that be was paid cash; in other words, that he had been tleman from California that the House resolve itself into paid for his political influence in cash? 1 feel very strongly about this matter, and am wholly and unequivo Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for cally agninst it. the further consideration of the Army reorganization bill. I do not believe that the patriotic men who compose the Congress are aoing to be bulldozed into saddling this additional burden upon the The motion was agreed to. ~ountry. Even if Congress was so spineless as to believe that all ex Accordingly the House resolve<.i itself into Committee of the soldiers would vote against them for refusing to do this thing, I hope Whole House on the state of the Union, with Mr. TILSON in the it will ha\"e i:be nerve of its convictions and refuse to do the thlng that would seem to me to be a crime against the whole Nation, including the chair. ex-soldier himself. The CHAIRMAN. The House is now in Committee of the 1 ha,·e spoken with absolute frankness as to how I feel on the propo Whole House on the state of the Union for the further con id sition. I believe I am in better position to do this than is the man who eration of the bill H. R. 12775, of which the Clerk will rend 1: not an ex-soldier, for in his case he might rather undertake tJ;le addi tional burden than have the soldier say that he does not appreciate the the title. solrlier. I nm an ex-s~ldier and can never be accused o.f not having the The Clerk read the title to the bill. intet·est of the ex- oldiei· at heart; therefore I feel at llberty to frankly 1\fr. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, may I be informed as to the express myself on the subject. Please pat·don this lengthy, and probably uninteresting to you, letter. state of the time for general debate? 1 have no other way of communicating to you my sentiments. I believe The CHA..IRl\1A.N. The gentleman from California has 2 you always want to vote the will of your constituents, and you can not do tbis unless they let you know what that will is. With this idea in hours and 45 minutes remaining and the gentleman from Ala view I have expressed my opinion for whatever it is worth, and now bam~ has 3 hours and 10 minutes. urg-e' you, in voting on these measures, to be guided .bY what you know l\f~ DEN'!'. 1\fr. Chairman, I desire to use some time myself. to be for the best interests of the whole Nation. I l:;incerely, your friend, would like to be notified at the end of 40 minutes. W. W. THO:UPSOX. l\Ir. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I have never believed that in preparing a bill relating strictly to military legis EXROLLED BILLS PRESE~TED TO THE PRESIDENT FOR HIS APPROVAL. lation either the House or the committe hould divide upon l\lr. RAMSEY, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported partisan lines. I started with the committee in the preparation that this clay they had presented to the President of the United of a bill with the idea in view of endeavoring to bring in one States, for his npproval, the following bills: that we could unanimously support. I regret that the bill was 1920. CONGRESSION A.L RECORD-HOUSE. 4071
finally so framed that I can not give it my support. I shall increase of something like 6,000 officers in the Army of the briefly undertake to give the reasons why I can not support the United States and an authorized increase of only 75,000 in the bill in its present form. line is entirely out of all proportion. Under the national- - 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4073 war. Now, there has been a good deal of contention as to why they made that change, so that they could not make it every 24 we were not prepared for war. Some men asserted it was all hours, as the bill would permit, as originally framed down in due to the fact that we did not have the system of compulsory the General Staff. universal military training and have the boys trained. Others Mr. KAHN. On page 8 of the bill, if the gentleman will allow say it was because we lacked trained officers. And I am one me, it says that the President may increase or diminish the num . member of the committee who felt in the preparation of this bill ber of officers or enlisted men assigned to any branch by not more that we could get men for the Army and train them much more than the total of 10 per cent. easily than we could officers, and the only justification for offi Mr. DENT. Yes; I noticed that. cers in this bill is for the preparedness of our country in case of .1\Ir. KAHN. So that he could not reduce the Infantry from emergency, rather than the fact that we will need every one 110,000 to 50,000, as suggested by the gentleman from Texas of these officers every day in peace times. Is that correct? [Mr. BEE). The question was replied to by the gentleman from · 1\fr. DENT. I agree with the general principle that we need a Alabama. sufficient number of officers for training purposes, but the gentle 1\lr. DENT. The gentleman from California, I think, mis man certainly will not contend that we want to increase the understood my position. I intended to state, in reply to the strength of the Army by 60 per cent of officers for that purpose. gentleman from Texas, that in organizing the Army the \Var Under this bill the detached officers' list, I believe, is about 2,000. Department could organize the Infantry by 50,000 as an original Under the present law it is about 1,000. You double it. I am organization. The War Department could organize the Infan not raising any specific objection to a sufficient number of offi try according to any number within the total limitation fixed by cers to go with the National Guard and with tl)e different schools this act, and if they wanted only 50,000 in the Infantry tlley and colleges of this country that have adopted the Reserve Offi could organize it accordingly. cers' Training Corps system, and I am willing to give you a 1\fr. BEE. As to the closing paragraph of section 17 and. all sufficient number of officers for that. I am willing to amend the the other sections, which state that they may be organized into bill to meet that particular purpose, but I do not propose to Cavalry and Infantry units, and so forth, as the President may have 600 colonels hanging around here when we need only 300. direct, is that the item in the law which gives the authority to 1\.fr. KAHN. Will my colleague yield? reduce at will the Infantry regiments or increase the Cavalry 1\fr. DEN'l'. Yes; I yield. regiments? 1\fr. K ....illN. Will the gentleman give me the time to show 1\fr. DENT. I may be misunderstood if I answer the gen him exactly where t]lese 599 colonels are needed, or would the tleman's question categorically. I repeat what I said a little gentleman prefer I should do it in my time? I have here a while ago, that under this bill, the President, through the 'Var list showing exactly where the entire 599 officers are needed. Department, might organize the Infantry into 50,000 men as an l\lr. DENT. I would be very glad if the chairman of the original proposition. After the organization is made, then the committee, my colleague, would gh·e that in his own time. I bill provides that there may be a reassignment of the organiza think perhaps that is in the report he submitted to the House. tion only by 10 per cent. In other words, the 'Var Department That is what the 'Var Department says it is going to do, but will fix the number of Infantry under this bill. They need not there is no legislation to compel them to do it. That is all necessarily fix it at 110,000; they might fix it at 100,000 or they there is in that. That is what the War Department says might fix it at 50,000. to-day they are willing to do, but there is no legislation to Mr. BEE. But in so doing they would not increase the say where they are going to be placed, and that is exactly allotted force, and therefore you could not have the same result what I am objecting to. in the year of having 50,000·Infanh·y and 20,000 Cavalry? l\1r. BEE. Has the gentleman time to answer a question? 1\Ir. DE:NT. You can not have any more men, of course· l\1r. DENT. I hope so. neither could you, under the General Staff bill, have more tha~ Mr. BEE. I am very much interested in the gentleman's ex 579,000 men and officers. But under that bill the 579,000 men position of this matter from his great knowledge and experi and officers were to be organized as the War Department saw ence in it, and, of course, we Members who are not on the fit, and ·then they would come to Congress and ask for a lump l\lilitary Affairs Committee must gather our knowledge from sum appropriation to carry it into effect. you gentlemen. I am struck with the statement about the Now, I was about to forget something that I wished to call organization. I notice on page 24 of the bill it says : the committee's special attention to. The Senate bill practi The Infantry shall consist of one Chief of Infantry, with the rank cally provides for the same number of officers that the House of major general ; 4,~00 officers in grades from colonel to second lieu bill does. There is a difference, to be accurate, of 348 officers. tenant, inclusive, and 110,000 enlisted men, organized in the In The Senate bill provides for exactly 348 more officers than the fantry units. House bill does. Now, everybody knows that the Senate bill What I want to ask the gentleman now is what the effect provides for compulsory military training, and everybody knows of that provision ·will be about fixing the number of Infantry that if you have that you have to have more officers. Every officers as stated in the bill and fixing the enlisted personnel of body knows that the committee struck that out of the House the Infantry at 110,000 men? Would that be subject to change bill, and t]lere is a difference of only 348 officers between the by the Chief of Staff in the face of the positive provision of Senate bill and the House bill as reported by the committee. tile law which says that there shall be 110,000 infantrymen The Senate bill contained a provision for compulsory military and so many cavalrymen and so many of field artillery? training, and the House bill eliminated that provision. · 1\fr. DENT. Of course the organizations could not exceed l\Ir. BEE. Will the gentleman yield to another question? the total number fixed. by the law. The gentleman is well aware 1\Ir. DENT. Yes. of that, and I so stated. The organizations can not exceed the 1\ir. BEE. Is it not true that before the war there was a total number of officers and the total number of enlisted men, paucity of officers of the United States Army, and in fact gradu but within that total the War Department can organize any ations at West Point were expedited in order to furnish the number of regiments it sees fit. different units with the necessary supply of officers, because in l\Ir. BEE. Then I understand the gentleman's position is many instances a battalion was commanded by a lieutenant that under this provision on page 24 they would not be required because they did not have the requisite number of officers? to have 110,000 infantrymen, but might reduce them to 50,000 1\lr. DENT. Well, the word "paucity" may be construed in instead of having 110,000? various ways. .Of course, wheq we had an Army of only 127,000 Mr. DENT. Why, certainly. officers and men when we declared war and decided to increase Mr. BEE. That is what I wanted to understand. the Army by about 4,000,000 men, we had a paucity of officers. 1\fr. DENT. And they could not go beyond that number, but [Laughter.) could use any number within that limitation. Mr. BEE. I do not think my friend from Alabama was 1\Ir. KAHN. There is the limit of 10 per cent. exactly fair in his answer. I could leave out the word "pau 1\Ir. DENT. I think the gentleman from California is mis city," which seems to have caused difficulty in his mind, and put taken about that 10 per cent proposition. I think I am familiar the question in practically the same form. Is it not a fact that with that. As the bill was originally presented to the com· before the war they were calling for more rapid graduations mittee it provided that the War Department at any time from West Point, because on the border of 1\Ie:x:ico, for instance," in 24 hours, every other day if it saw fit-could assign 20 per battalions were being commanded by lieutenants because they cent of one branch of t~e service to another branch of the did not have a sufficient number of officers to command them? service. You can answer that question without reference to the word To-day they might assign 20 per cent of the Infantry to the "paucity." Field Artillery. To-morrow they might assign 20 per cent to the l\1r. DENT. I never heard of calling for earlier graduations Cavalry. I fought that bill ns originally presented in the com from West Point until after we had declared war. The proposi mittee, and the committee finally adopted a suggestion of mine tion to graduate the third-year men or the second-year men only to limit it to 10 per cent and to stop the War Department when came on after we had declared war. - · 4074 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE. 1\f.A.ROH 9, Mr. DENISON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? colonel, and under the law you may send noncommissioned offi... Mr. DENT. Yes. cers as well as commissioned officers to these schools. So I do I. Mr. DENISON. The gentleman from Alabama called atten not think you will have any trouble in getting a sufficient num non just a moment ago to certain comparisons· between the ber in view of that fact. committee bill and the Senate bill, which contained provisions The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has used five additional for compulsory military training, and called attention particu minutes. larly to the fact that the same number of officers were provided Mr. DENT. I will take two additional minutes. for in each of the bills. Mr. TOWNER. I just want to make this suggestion to the The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Alabama gentleman, that in view of the fact that apparently universal has expired. military training is not advisable, it would be really in the Mr. DENT. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to pro interest of the view which he takes that all the necessary officers ceed for five minutes more. be supplied for meeting the requirements of the other training. The CHAIRMAN'. Is there objection to the gentleman's re Mr. DENT. I agree with the gentleman that we should have quest? a sufficient number, but we have not had any deficiency, and I There was no objection. repeat that you can take care of that situation, because you can Mr. DENISON. Does the gentleman think there is any inten use noncommissioned officers for those purposes, and in many tion on the part of the conferees or of anyone in the House to instances they are very much better to train tl1e young men than attempt to insert that provision back into the bill-the provision a colonel would be. for compulsory military training? Mr. KAHN. Will the gentleman yield? Mr.- DENT. I can not answer as to the intention of any Mr. DENT. Yes. Member of the House. I do not know. Probably some Member Mr. KAHN. The gentleman states that we bad sufficient may offer that as an amendment to this bill. I see no reason officers to train the boys at the schools . .why it should not be done if any Member so desires. Mr. DENT. One hundred thousand boys. 1\fr. DENISON. Of course, the gentleman will be one of the Mr. KAHN. The law provided that there should be one in conferees. structor for every 500 men at the universities, and yet large uni l\lr. DENT. I do not know. Usually I am. versities, like that of Illinois and like that of California, could Mr. DENISON. If he is, I hope the gentleman will do what not get the number of officers that were required to train their he can to prevent that. cadet corps. Mr. DEN"T. I am very glad to know that the gentleman Mr. DENT. That was during the war. agrees with me against universal compulsory military training Mr. KAHN. Oh, I beg the gentleman's pardon, it was before in any form. the war. Illinois University had 2,500 students in their cadet Mr. BANKHE.A.D. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? corps. They were entitled to five officers, but they never had 1\!r. DENT. Yes. them. Mr. BAl\TKHEAD. Is it the purpose of my colleague from The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has again ex :Alabama, before he is through, to make any .reference to the pired. bill in relation to the single lists for promotion? Mr. DENT. I will use one minute more, Mr. Chairman. I Mr. DENT. Yes. I am going to refer to it briefly; but I fear repeat what I said. I am willing to increase this bill so far as I shall not have time. officers are concerned in· order to meet the demands of the Re Mr. SHERWOOD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? serve Officers' Training Corps, but I am not willing to have 300 Mr. DENT. Yes; I yield to the gentleman from Ohio. colonels walking around here with nothing to do. [Applause.] Mr. SHERWOOD. How many officers were provided for in Mr. KAHN. The gentleman admits that he was in error when the Senate bill for this humbug idea of universal military he said that there were enough officers to meet the demand before training? the war. 1\fr. DEKT. There were about 18,000 officers provided for in Mr. DENT. No; I do not admit that I was in error, because the Sen:1te bill and about the same number in this bill. I just this is the first information I have had that we did not have called attention to the fact-that the Senate bill calls for only enough for the 100,000 young men who were provided for. 348 more officers than this bill does, and yet it has compulsory Mr. HULINGS. ·will the gentleman yield? training in it. Mr. DENT. I yield for a minute. Mr. ALMON. Mr. Chairman, will my colleague yield? Mr. HULINGS. Does not this bill provide that no active Mr. DENT. Yes. officer shall be detailed for duty in these universities and train Mr. ALMON. Have you an estimate of how many officers ing camps where a retired officer can take his place 7 would be required if we had the universal military training? Mr. DENT. It does. Mr. DENT. I had some estim~tes made. There was some Mr. HULINGS. Does it not give the Chief of Staff the right testimony before the committee to tbe effect that it would require to detail or to appoint all the reserve officer~ that he chooses at least 5,000 extra officers if we had universal compulsory mili without limit? tary training.· The ordinary Army officer who will make an Mr. DENT. It certainly does. estimate will tell you that it takes practically one officer for M.r. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I have con 'every 20 men. If you figure that on a basis of 750,000 young sumed more time than I intended, but there are two or three men· in training, you will see that it would take about 37,000 subjects in this bill that I have not touched upon. I propose extra officers for 750,000 young men in training. to put in the RECOim the statement of my reasons for opposi Mr." TOWNER. · Will the gentleman yield? tion to universal military training, and also to put·in the RECORD Mr. DENT. I yield to the gentleman from Iowa. a statement showing what the cost of the Army will be if you Mr. TOW~NER. As I understand it, the gentleman is very adopt any such provision. These figures have been prepared strongly opposed to compulsory universal military training? carefully for me by an officer of the Army who has been ac 1\fr. DENT. I am. customed to making these estimates for many, many years, and I 1\ir. TOWNER. I am in accord with the gentleman regarding think that they are practically as nearly accurate as can be that matter. ~ Seriously, however, it occurs to me-and I would obtained. [Applause.] like to have the gentleman discuss it, if he will"-that a system 1\Ir. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentle of training by sending officers to the colleges and even to the man from Oklahoma [1\fr. HARRELD}. high schools, and by sending them to the military training Mr. HARRELD. Mr. Chairman, that I was elected to this camps, and to assist in the education of the National Guard, Congress at a special election upon a platform pledged against would require certainly quite a · number of officers. Can the a large standing Army and universal compulsory military train gentleman really inform us as to how he arrives at the conclu ing is well known to many of the Members. [Applause.] That I sion tlia t there is· an excessive number of officers provided for am at the same time a strong advocate of adequate preparedness in the-bill, in consideration of that matter? for the national defense is not generally known to the l\Iembers: 1\fr. DENT. I can state to the gentleman, of course more or However paradoxical that may sound to you, it is nevertheless less in a general way, that during the present year and last true. At the time I was chosen· a Member of this House at a year, as I recall, we ha.d 100,000 young· men in the different special election four months ago it was proposed to have a schools and colleges of this country who were under training standing Army of 576,000. This bill proposes to have a standing uruler·the provisions of the Reserve Officers' Training COrps, and Army exclusive of officers and certain other special troops of under the law they were supplied with a sufficient number of 250,000. To my mind that should be still further reduced. Sev officers. The gentleman will recall that under the law it does enty-five thousand was adequate before the World War-the not necessarily take a commissioned officer to serve in the schools danger iS" no greater now. It has never been the policy of this for training purposes. As a matter of fact, a sergeant is some country under this dual system to keep a larger standing Army times a :very much better training 9fficer than a lieutenant or a than is necessary for immediate use. If in the opinion of Con- 1920. CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE. 4075 gress there is danger of wars, and that therefore it is necessary The method adopted by them is an efficacious one and one that to provide for a greater force to properly safeguard the national should not be abandoned lightly. defense, then we should provide for a greater and more efficient The proper and efficient organization of the militia in the National Guard rather than create a huge standing Army in time respective States not only makes a large standing Army un of peace. When we are in full view of war this rule might be necessary and renders universal compulsory military training varied, as has always been done in this country. unnecessary-and right here let me say in passing that I do The main objection I have to this bill is that it seeks to build not believe we can enforce universal military training under up the standing Army and minimize the National Guard system, the provisions of the Constitution just quoted-but is more while I would build up the Nation~l Guard system and minimize economical. lt is no trouble to get recruits for the National the standing Army. With a strong National Guard there would Guards. They will volunteer. They are trained at or near be no necessity for a large standing Army, and likewise no their homes, where they touch elbows with their neighbors, necessity for enforced military training. under officers who are their friends, who do not attempt to lord I hesitate to advance my judgment against that of the distin it over them. guished Military Affairs Committee, Gen. Wood, Secretary Baker, I do not believe that anyone in this House wants a military and others, and though I may be alone in my position in so far . caste established in this country, but there are those in high as this House is concerned, I have the framers of the Constitu places who do, and the insidious forces are at work. I make tion and the general public on my side. I belie\e a platform the prophecy that the next step in the program will be when pledge is something more than a scrap of paper. I therefore feel they fail to recruit the Army to the desired strength, which will it my duty to my constituency, myself, and my country to call happen, they will then demand universal training to bring about attention to what to my mind is a departure from our traditional the ends desired. I know that those who would build up a policy against maintaining a large standing Army in times of military caste in this country have ceaselessly traduced the peace. • National Guard. They say, "The National Guard is a joke." The bill does not particularly do that. I am calling attention Why should it be? Is it not possible that the soldiers could to the tendency of the times as evidenced by the fact that we be trained under that system to be as efficient as the Regulnr l1ave strong support for a larger standing Army. At the time I Army, by using well-trained officers in doing the training? And became a candidate and took the position opposing a large stand this bill provides for that. The facts are that in the World ing Army, the General Staff Army bill was being discussed pro War they held their own with the Regular Army; the famous viding for an Army of 576,000 soldiers. I say I am inveighing Rainbow Division was a National Guard division. The first more against the tendency to create a large standing Army than break tlli'ough the Hindenburg line was made by two American against the bill itself. National Guard divisions, ~cording to the statement of Field A standing army of 150,000 would be adequate for the present. Marshal Haig. Another National Guard division was dubbed It would not be adequate if we were at war, neither would the "Savior of Paris," because it sened to stop the German 250,000 be, for that matter. But this bill provides an efficient Army in its drive on Paris. In this connection I quote from method of enlarging and training the National Guard, and when an editorial of the Daily' Oklahoman, the leading nemspaper that is done, then, I repeat, there is no necessity of this large of my State, published at Oklahoma City, March 4, 1920: standing army. The achievements of the National Guard divisions were among the The Constitution provides as follows : great sul'prises of the war. For years many Regular Army officers and enlisted men had looked down upon the membel's of the National Congress shall have power: To raise and support armies, but no ap Guard. Even friends of the guardsmen in their own communities often propriation of money to that use shall be for a longer t erm than two joked about what they called the "tin soldiers." But in spite of these years; to make rules for the government and regulation ef the land and jibes the members of the guat:d-ali volunteers-gave up pleasures naval forces; to provide for calling forth the militia to execute .the laws again and again to drill during peace in order to be ready to defend of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; to provide their country if war should come. And when the war did come many for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing of these young men were among the first to go to France, and large such part of them as may be employed :ln the service of the United States, numbers of them took part in battle before many of the Regulars did. reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers and This is not intended to belittle the wonderful record of the Regular the authority of training the militia according to the discipline pre Army and of the National Army or drafted divisions, but it is meant scribed by Congress. to show the importance and the efficiency of the National Guard sys George Washington said in his farewell address, in speaking tem as a means of providing a line of defense and offense for the pro tection of the country. Since universal military training appears to of the Union of the States and the increased power derived have been shelved by Congress, th,.e reorganization and development of therefrom- the National Guard should be resumed with renewed vigor. Tbis will rrence likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown give the Nation a powerful auxiliary force to back up and reinforce the military establishments which under any form of government are in Regular Army in case of emergency. auspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly In conclusion allow me to repeat, I differ from the com bostilc to republican liberty. mittee only in the means to the end, but to my mind the course Alexander Hamilton, in discussing the matter of providing advocated by me is not only the most efficacious but the safest garrisons for the western forts, is quoted in the Federalist papers way to prevent the insidious encroachment of militarism in this as saying: country. [Applause.] These garrisons must either be furnished by occasional detachmPnts Mr. ANTHONY. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the from the militia or by permanent corps in the pay ~f the Government. '.rhe first is impracticable ; and if practicable, would be pernicious. The gentleman from Connecticut [l\Ir. FREEMAN]. militia would not long, if at all, submit to be dragged from their occupa 1\lr. FREEMAN. Mr. Chairman, I regret that this bill does not tions and families to perform that most disagreeable duty in times of provide for universal military training. It is conceded by all of profound peace. And if they could be prevailed upon or compelled to do it, the increased expenses of a frequent rotation of service, and the us that in time of war every able-bodied American owes his coun loss of labor and disconcertion of the industrious pursuits of individuals, try the duty of military service. It has been fully. demonstrated would form conclusive objections to the scheme. It wonld be as bur that armies can not be raised overnight, and that the ordinary densome and injurious to the public as ruinous to pl'ivate citizens. The latter resource of permanent corps in the pay of th!! Government amounts citizen without previous military training is absolutely worthless to a standing army in time of peace; a small one, indeed, but not the for immediate use as a st>ldier. Therefore it follows that in 1.ime less real for · being small. of peace it is the duty of every capable American to render him What a phillipic against the proposed system of universal self able to perform military service should the emergency compulsory training! ever require it. The more that are ready for immediately mili It will clearly appear from these quotations from the Coustitu tary service the easier will be the task of each individual, the tion .and the men who framed it that they intended to provide less will be the risk of failure, the more speedy, the more certain for a dual system of having an organized militia in each State the restoration of peace through victory. In the Sixty-fifth Con and a standing army, the same as is provided for by this bill, gress there was a sharp difference of opinion over the adoption t.nd the one which it amends. But it is equally clear that they of conscription. In view of the record there should be none now. intended that the standing Army in times of peace should be a The adoption of the minority report of the Committee ou Mili small orre, only large enough for immediate needs and that tary Affairs was the most just, the most effective, the mo t far reliance should be had upon the organized militia to fill the need reaching piece of legislation ever enacted by this democratic in case of war, invasion, or insurrection. Government of the people. [Applause.] It is also evident that (hey intended that this militia, whether 'Vhether the pending treaty with the essential reservations is organized as State guards or National Guards as proposed in finally adopted or rejected, the United States of America has this bill, should be trained by the respective States by officers more than ever become a world-wide power with ever-increas appointed by the States, but " according to the discipline pre ing responsibility. We are bound to be consulted and we ought scribed by Congress." to have a voice, and an influential voice, in the cl etermination of These words become significant in the light of the words of problems which may seriously affect our interests. If we at George Washington quoted above. This plan was deliberately tempt to speak without PO"'er, "·e run the ri ~ k of war or humilia adopted to avoid the growth of the militaristic spirit in this tion; if we speak with power, our voice will have adequate country-" overgrown military establishments," as he called it. weight and authority. 4076 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J\fARCH ~' Although for se\eral years I have seen 'Service in the Con- millionaire. .Only such an arm:y should be the .RegulaT ..Anny in necticut National Guard and as an .enlisted man in the Spanish this democr-atic goyernment of the people. [Applause.] 1Yar I must confess that I have deverted little time to the study EXTENSION OF llE:MABKS. of various plans for a proper military establishment in the United '1\IT. NOLAN. :M'r. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that t'he States. But in common with all of 'JOU I do know that we Uve gentleman from Delaware [MT. LAYTON] be granted. the pri¥ilege in a great and _prosperous country. Through tremendous past of extending his remarks in the llECORD on the glazed-kid. in sacrifices we to-day are citizens of a country rieh in all things, dustt:y. Dr. LAYTON was called .home by the serious illness of and in view of our -vast resources I ha%e always felt that in time 1\lrs. Layton. of peace we were not doing enough in the proper way to insure -The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman 'from California .asks unani protection to our free institutions and to our great national mous consent that the gentleman from 'Delaware [Mr. LAYTON] wealth, that we were not doing enough to pre\ent war 'Or to be permitted to ex.-tend his remarks in the REcor.n on the 'SUbject Jesnen the tremendous waste vf our resources in time of war. indicated. Is there objection? I have, of course, realized that the maintenance for many years There was no objection. of an army of·only 25,000 was a source of great apparent ·saving, .ret in the last two years we have expended billions upon bil- · ARMY ru:onGA.NIZATION m:u.,. lions of dollars; we have now a national debt -of ove1· twenty-fi-ve .l\1r. DENT. Mr. Ohah·man, 1 yield. :10 minutes to i:he gentle- billions, our y-oung men have suffered hundreds of thousands of man from Texas [l\1r. HAnnY]. casualties, an{! thousands of our boys now lie under the poppies .M:r. HARDY of Texas. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, I am in the fields of France. Perhaps this awful sacrifice was inevi- . not prepared to discuss the details of this bill or to present a table. We only know to-day that under the circumstances that technical analysis of it in any manner whatever.. .But I have we in part had permitted to prevail this sacrifice had become s?'me. thoug?ts and su?gestions that_seem important to me. This ab olutely necessary and unavoidable. b1ll, m my JUdgment, 1s the first frm.t of the defeat of the League If six years ago we had been prepared for war, if Germany had of Nations. It is a grea.t.Army program. It IJrovides for a peace onJy known that in a few days instead of over a year we would time Army of 299,000 enlisted men and 17,820 officers, besides the haYe been .able to raise and equip armies of over 4,000,000 men; National Guard :and military training ·system. It will be followed that in -a few weeks, instead of over a year, we wo.uld haTe by a great naval program, and the Secretary of the .Nav:y has been able to land millions ·upon the shores of France, perha-ps already laid before a committee of the Senate two different·propo this World's W.ar might never have been, and this awful waste sitions-one for adOl)tion 1n case the League of Nations is ac of millions <>f liYes and billions of dollars might have heen al- ee.pted and tbe other for adoption. in ,case it is def-eated. The together avoided. [Applause.] latter program, as I roughly sketch it, ·seems to me to about r recall in the reading of W-ashington's Farewell Address the doable the expense of the former. other day by the gentleman from Illinois these words: The world, Mr. Chttirm.an, is b11ougbt to its present condition Taking care a1wnys to keep ourselves by £Uitable establishments of industrial serf,dom by militarism ,and by war. A. war debt on a respectable defe~sive posture, ~e _may .safely trust to t€ID.porary of two hundred billions now Jrangs over the 'WDrking people of alliances for extraordmary emergencies. the worl~ and all the great nations confront the greatest mili· If a suitable establishment for defense was deemed necessary tary programs in their history, except Germany ·and her allies fo1· the -original States, with 4,000,000 population, and with who have been forbidden to increase theirs ·by the terms of th~ limited resources, how much more necess8}7 is a suitable est~b- Paris treacy. We had thought the world was so 'War weary lishment to-day for the defense -of a Nation of the yvodd mth that it was r.eady, if possible, to cease competitive preparations 110,000,000 po.Pnla.tion, with ri~-es unlimited and incalculable. for war and .begin -a policy of u.niv.ersal reduction of armaments. Our combined military and naval establishmen~s should be ' Our _young boys, when they were ·sent ..across the ocean in built and maintained solely f-or the _purpose of national -defense order to 1:'-ngage in w.ar in Europe, ""ere induced to belieye 1:hat and ne~r for the purpose of f<>reign aggression. Far the pur- 1t was a wax -against war that we were making, -and that H pose of adequate national defense I belie\e that we should have triumphant there would be an agreement mad-e by tbe great an "incomparable" NavY. .A Navy of superdreadnoughts and nations of the earth under which the possibility of \\ar in the battle .cruisers, of destroyers and torpedo boats, -Of .submarirres future would be .at least minimized and arma.:ments dinlin and hrdroplanes, sufficient to prevent any nation in the world ished. Republicans and Democrats allke proclaimed the policy from being able to transpoTt tl'oops across either the Atlantic of a concert of great, peace-loving nations in a league to maiu or the Pacific. If we make .our first line of defense of this tain peace and restrain the aggr.essions .of .lawless nations. And strength and power we need never maintain a standing aTmy yet we find :this ·Congress of the greatest Nation on ·earth, now of any great size. The pending bill a:uth high and the low, the son of the workingman, and .the son ·of the be expected to cost not less than $2,000. We1 have trebled the 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4077 number of men that we are proposing to put into the Army. and the centuries roll on we will find these chains binding We have doubled the cost per man and trebled: the number of harder and harder and stronger and stronger and these burdens men and that means that the Army of the United States under bearing heavier and heavier upon the bodies of the workingmen this,bill will cost six times what it did before the war, or $600,- not only of this country but of the world. [Applause on the Democratic side.} 000 000 a year 1 and the additional cost that we put into the train ing' of 150,9<)0 young men every year to fit them for the coming The CH.AIRMAN. The time of the gentleman fiom Texas wars willrun perhaps to another $200,()()(},000. You have $800,- has again expired. 000,000 !or the Army, not counting your coast fortifications, if Mr. HARDY. Mr. Chairman, under the permission given me I have ·it right. An equal sum will be needed for the greater to extend my remarks I will endeavor to reply to the argument Navy. When you add the Army and Navy together, you are made by the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. ~s] just after I going. to have, under the program of peace t~t is foreshadowed concluded my foregoing remarks. He tries to shift the blame by the conduct of the dominant party in thiS country, an ex for our stupendous military aad naval program to the President penditure for Army and Navy and for war purposes,. inde and Secretary of War. He says: pendently of pensions and of the interest we must pay on the While the President was in Europe in J"anuary, February, and llliuch, 1919, writing a constitution for the League of Nations that everybody debts we haYe incurred, of over a billion and a half dollars. at that time thought would be enacted, because at that time Repub That is twice what the whole expenditure of this Government, licans and Democrats alike were advocates of a League of Nations; leaving out the self-sustaining Department of the ~ost Office, while the President was absent during those months preparing this extraordinary document, llis Secretary of War was here in Washington cost on the day we entered this war. Why, Mr. Chairman, the helping prepare an Army reorganization bill which called for 576,000 gentleman from Alabama [Mr. DENT] says the average cost of enlisted men and necessary officers for such a force and carrying a the Army officer is $3,600. We are to have 18,000 of them. provision for the training of every boy 19 years old in the United States. That will make $64,000,000 per year for Army officers alone, or I thank the gentleman for that statement, which is entirely nearly two-thirds of the Army cost before the war. true and which, except one part of i~ had been stated in my re It is a vast Army machine to maintain in time of peace, but marks to which be was replying. The part I had not stated was we will perhaps never do with less, if we are to keep always that " at that time everybody thought the league would be en prepared to fight the whole world or any combination of nations. acted, because Republicans and Democrats alike were advocates Mr. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? of the League of Nations." I thank the gentleman for that part Mr. HARBY of Texas. I have very little time, and if the of his statement, particularly because it comes not from a de gentleman will yield me two minutes, I will be very glad to fender but from an opponent of the President, not from a Demo answer his question. · crat, but from a Republican. I believe the President at that time Mr. KAHN. But the gentleman has spoken of the enormous also believed all parties here would gladly acclaim a league to war cost because of the dominant party. I suppose the gentle enforce peace. In the beginning at least he knew that be had man means-- the overwhelming backing of public opinion at borne. What he Mr. HARDY of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I hope the gentleman thought be bad to overcome was the hostility and opposition of will permit m~ to answer that. I said ~e policy that seemed. to the Europe!l.D. nations, who were wedded, as he feared, to the be favored by the dominant party of reJecting every opportumty old ideas of secret treaties and maintaining the balance of power. there was to secure the peace of the world, by denouncing the He especially feared that France, under the lead of Clemenceau, League of Nations, was leading us to this increased prepared- would be hard to win to his ideas of no more secret treaties and ness for- war. [Applause on Democratic side.] . a covenant to enforce peace between all great nations. It was lli. KAHN. Does not the gentleman know that the dommant clear to the dullest mind that we could not lessen our own mili party~ as represented by the Secretary of War, has asked for an tary program, except under a common agreement, and that if he appropriation for the Army for the fiscal year of $989.000,000? . were to secure such an agreement it must be made clear thatl . Mr. HARDY of Texas. I am very glad the gentleman sa1d America would not be behind the foremost, in ca.se the old sys that. Let me answer. The Secretary of War ~as been so sur tem of competitive armament was to be continued by the na rounded by the cries for larger and larger arimes .that be su: tions. Under these circumstances the big Army bill was pre rendered to the militarists who have been demanding ~at ~s pared and submitted to Congress, but it was well understood it burden be put upon our people, and it may be that he 1s nght was not to be carried out if the League of Nations came into_ if we are to have no covenant of nations to keep the peace. being and we were a party to it. I do not doubt that the very, But ask the Secretary of War, and he will say that if you adopt submission of that bill helped· to secure the agreement to the· the League of Nations you will not need this great Army. The league by England, France, Italy,..and Japan, because it showed Secretary of War has said that. those nations what they would have to compete with on our The CHAIRl\lAN. The time of the gentleman from Texas part if international competitive armaments were to continue. has expired. He won his fight in Paris. And then a change came over things Mr. HARDY of Texas. Mr. Chairman, I ask for five min~tes in the United-States. Political exigency stepped in. The Presi , more. dent was still a power with the people notwithstanding the Re Mr. DEl\"'T. Mr. Chairman, I yield two minutes more to the publican victory of 1918. He had been wounded; he must be gentleman. Will he yield for a suggestion? killed or thoroughly discredited by 1920. The Democratic Party~ Mr. HARDY of Texas. Yes. had accomplished too much in its ama.zi.ng volume of wise con 1\Ir. DENT. I simply want to state in response to the sug structive legislation before the war and in its successful conduct gestion made by the gentleman from California. [Mr. KAHN] of the war. It would not do to let the President give to the that the estimates for Army appropriations which were sub world a treaty so beneficent and full of blessing that it would mitted t() Congress were based upon the War Department Gen stand foremost among all the great works of man. eral Staff bill and not on the law. And so a thousand guns were turned upon him and upon the :Mr. HARDY of Texas. And let me say further that before League of Nations. The country has been so covered with thls League of Nations was submitted, as I remember it, before hostile propaganda that thousands of good citizens now believe the peace council at Paris had agreed upo~ a covenant fo.r a that tlle very idea of a league of nations to enforce peace was League. of Nations to enforce peace the President of the Uruted conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity. States was responsible for a. tentative bill, at the request of the I know there are some Democrats that oppose the treaty, buf: General Staff, asking for 57~000 men; that would have cost over they are few, and. not strangely perhaps, many of them are. a. billion dollars; but that was contingent upon the fact that pers6hally hostile to the president The country is not fooled .. America and the world would undertake in no way to lessen The country knows that the great bulk and strength of the. the dangers of war. The SeCI·etary of the Navy bas also said opposition that bas blocked and is blocking the peace treaty, that without the League of Nations America ought to have the comes from the Republican Party. It is nearly all personal greatest Navy in the world. We have a greater coast and or political opposition to tbe President, backed by those interests' more coast cities, and I trust will have more commerce to that would have been affected by cutting down great military defend. I see the underlying motive for the fight upon the programs. League of Nations, not known perhaps to many Members of I might stop here with quoting and commenting on articles Congress or realized by them. There is a great combination of 8 and 10 of the covenant of the League of Nations. those who manufacture materials of war- and their allied in Article 8 reads as follows: terests supplemented by those who live by the trade of war, ARTICLE 8. who ale not burdened or bothered by the problems of tax paying The- members ot the league recognize that the maintenance of peace an.d tax gathering, that would saddle the burden upon the na requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point tions of the world of an eternal struggle in the preparedness for consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. war that would bind in chains the whole world groaning .under The council, taking account of the geographical situation and ci.r.; thls burden, until lo! the end of slavery, instead of coming cnmstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such lieduction nigh would be further off, and as the years and the decades for the consideration and action of' the several Governments. 4078 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-IIOUSE. M ...illCH 9, Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least ment. Mutual suspicion and distru t would rule the ·ecret conn- '1 f A t everyAfter 10 these years. plans shall have been adopted by the several Goverum<'nts, CL so e\ery na t'10n, anv. secre or open.endeavors of each nation the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without for its own ad"Vantages or superiority would continue as in the the concurrence of the council. past. The members of the league agree that the manufacture by private I enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objec- n answer to all this, we are told that by entering the league tions. Th~council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon we part with some of our sovereignty, and they tell us this such manumcture can be prevented, due regard being had to the neces· with hands lifted in holy horror. 'Ve do part with our sover sities of those members of the league which are not able to manufacture eign ri2:ht to make unJ·ust and cruel war, to measur·e O,.li' r·l·2:ht the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety. ~ ' ~ The members of the league undertake to interchange full and frank by our might, or to make war without first stating our cause information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval, for war before a council of the nations, and we bind our and air programs, and the condition of such of their industries as selves to2:ether for mutual protection against any lawless nation. are adaptable to war-like purposes. ~ Article lO reads as follows : ' After all, it is the old question-how much of our pride, our ARTICLE • separate sovereignty, if you will, we are "'1"\illing to sacrifice for 10 The members of the league undertake to respect and preserve as the ultimate welfare of ourselves. It is the old question that against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing individual answered when organized government began, that political independence of all members of the league. In case of any nations always answer in the formation of evety treaty. It was Ruch aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the 'question earnestly asked bu ou f th h th f ed the council shall advise upon the m~ans by which this obligation shall . · J r a ers W en ey orm be fulfilled. the Union and agreed that the States would stand together Now, it is perfectly e\ident even, I presume, to the gentleman against a foreign invader. The human race may well shudder from Ohio [.1\lr. KEARNS] that with these two articles agreed at the military menace · of the future. God Almighty with a to by the great nations, including the United States, every great strong arm brought the Hebre\YS out from Egyptian bondage, but war program of preparedness adopted by every great nation who will bring ull the children of men out from under the would be reduced, and it is perfectly apparent that neither Japan bondage of wars and preparing for \Yars? nor England nor Italy nor France will or can adopt a policy of 1\Ir. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentle- reduction if the United States is to ·increase her war prepara- man from PennsylYania [l\lr. HuLixGs]. tions. That is why I said this bill was the first fruits of the Mr. HULINGS. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of tl1e com policy of the Republican Party in defeating the League of mittee, I feel myself somewhat embarrassed in taking the posi Nations. tion that I feel bound to take upon this bill. There are many But, 1\Ir. Chairman, the most natural thing about the whole things in the bill that I most heartily approve, but there are propaganda against the League of Nations is that it says little some things in this bill that I think should be abolished. There or nothing about article 8, but directs its whole attack against should be amendments made, and I shall try to consider some of article 10, without which article 8 would be completely ineffec- them under the five-minute rule. I am thoroughly in favor of a tive m· even foolish. In keeping with the policy of the opponents highly traineu army of professional soldiers in the country, an of any worth-while League of Nations to confuse the public and army that shall be a pattern and a model to which the American shift the blame for failure to ratify the peace treaty they are citizen soldiery may a.·pire. In the e...-ent of war the Regular frequently proclain1ing that they, too, want a League of Nations, Army never will be large enough to defend the country, becau~e but not the one submitted by the Paris council. And they urge the country ·will not support a large standing Army. [Applause.] us to ratify the other parts of the treaty but let the "covenant The defense of the country must alway depend upon the citizen of the league" wait for a future convention. l\lr. Chairman, soldiers, the militia of the country. It is obvious, then, that we what evil may come from waiting? should have professional soldiers, trained to the minute, able to First, England, France, Italy, and Japan must, as we are now keep abrea t of or to surpass in the complex knowledge of war doing, prepare to meet the future. This morning's Post-March fare the . oldier of any other nation, who shall serve as models 11-shows Admiral Jellicoe urging a navy for Canada. He to which the citizen soldier may look for example and tuition. clearly wants a great navy for Uanada. In the same paper An- But the Army pt·oposed by this bill is not large enough to guard dre Tardieu admits that France has more soldier· in her army the country in time of war, and it is twice as large as it ought than before the war. In justifying this larger army he uses to be in time of peace. [At)plau e.] This bill purport· to b this significant language: an act to a~neml. the act of 1916, b~t the father of that act would Second, the United States promised u their ~uarantec in case of un- ! not recogntze hls amended offsprmg.. The act of 1916 \Vas en provoked attack, as well by the treat)· of Versailles as by the special i acted when the world was ablaze wtth wat:. For nearly two treaty between them and us. and neither of those treaties is ratified. 1 years Europe had been at \Yar, and it was perfectly well under- Defeat the treaty and the league, abandon disarmament now, 1. stood at that time by many people that we were in great danger postpone it to a future day, which may be 1 year or more likely of being drawn into that war in spite of the heralded as urance 10 ye.:'lrs or never, and we must all go back to the old competitive 1 that " the President would keep u · out of war." sy tern of big armies and navies and vast munitions, and the Yet under these circumstances a Regular Army of 175,000 nw.n private and Government manufa,cture of guns, battleship , forti- was considered sufficient. Now, when the world is \ml·-worn fications, and war machinery. The past tells us what a harvest and when for years to come we will probably 1l.aYe no need for . of golden wealth the private makers of these things would reap, soldiers, unless under a league of nations we should find our . while we wait and while the masses toil. Before the Great War selves obligated to send. American armies to fight in European statistics showed that over 72 per cent of the expenses of the quarrels not of our instigation or concern, now we find this bill GoYernment of the United States raised from taxation had been provides for 299,000 enlisted men and 17,8~0 officers. Gentle spent in war and preparing for war and the paying for past wars. men, you are 1i.~iug up a bigger load than the people of thi conn There was maintenance of the Army and Navy in peace and war, try are willing to carry. [Applau e.] You ought to cut the en fortifications and pensions and bounties and interest on 'war listed force iu two and trim out a lot of these major generals debts, and yet we were blessed among nations of the earth be- and brigadier generals and officers of high rank. [Applause.] cause our war burdens were lighter than those of any other According to the bill you have an officer for e>ery 17 enlisted great nation. Now we have piled up a fixed burden of debt men. But that is not the wor t feature of the bill. The bill and coming bounties and pensions which looms large in compari- creates a military autocrat. The President and the Secretary son with other national debts, and even with our incomparable of War are mere figureheads alongside of the Chief of Staff. It resources. Our debt will be some $30,000,000,000, and the in- looks to me as though the bill's principal purpose is to create this terest and sinking fund of 1 per cent on that alone will reaeh wonderful officer. In the language of the bill he recruits, he nearly $2,000,000,000 a year. Adding this to the other expenses equips, organizes, supplies, makes the plans, and executes and growing out of the war and our continuing the competitive sys- coordinates the work of the Military Establishment, and-I be tern of preparedness for war, we must spend annually from four lieYe he will do this according to his own whim. to five billions of dollars. By disarmament or a reduction of 1\fr. CALDWELL. 'Vill the gentleman yield? I wonder if armament w-e can cut this down by over a billion doll~us a year, the gentleman will not be satisfied ina much as he is a Repub- and yet men say, "Wait; not yet. Let us build our great Navy lican? ' and organize our great Army first." When we have done this 1\lr. HULINGS. I do not kno\v what lte is or might be. I who can say that the armies and navies and private interests understand he has recently got to be a Republican, he did not fattening on them will let the world disarm? I take no stock use to be so much of a Republican, like some fellows up there in the argument that there is nothing compulsory in articles 8 in New York they swap back and forth. [Applause.] Of com·se, and 10. If the nations obligate themselves to reduce their arma- everything will be done in the name of the President, but the ments to the lowest point consistent \vith national safety, it de- Chief of Staff does the organizing, appointing, and executing. volves on the League of Nations to enforce the obligation by com- He orders a board that arranges the officers in two classes, those mon action, and ·without some such action and concert not one to be retained and those to be discharged, and there is no appeal of the leagued nations would feel safe to reduce its own arma- from that board. He organizes-that is, he appoints-all the 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4079 There is not a combat plane there. There Js no protection given A majority of the Committee on Military Affairs voted n short to that canal from the air. Two or three aeroplanes from bat time ago to incorporate the compulsory feature in the bill, but tleships could drop bombs on those locks and absolutely tie up presumably this majority has yielded to a situation shaping that passageway to the Pacific. ·u seems to me that it is time Itself unfavorably toward this new venture in our military we had a united air service with a secretary of air service, as system. we have a Secretary of the Army and of the Navy. ·[Applause.] I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the sober judgment of the Ameri The CHAIR1\1AN. The time of the gentleman has expired. can people will not approve this large increase of the Army at Mr. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, I yield fi\e minutes to the gentle this time. man from Ohio [Mr. KEARNS]. The time is too short since .our entry into the World Wat· l\Ir. WHITE of Kansas. 1\lr. Chairman, a parliamentary in for the people to have forgotten that much of the spirit which quiry. nerved the arms of our boys in that gt·eat adventure and which The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will state it. i~pired the labors and sacrifices of- those at home was built l\lr. WHITE of Kansas. I see that the hands of the clock upon the proclaimed faith of our leaders that this war was above the Speaker's desk are still, and I wondered if it is the fought to end wars, and its winning would herald a long era of, purpose of the proponents of this bill that it shall stand there as if not perpetual, peace. the sun above the mountain at the command of Joshua, until they How disappointing must be the long debates in another body had slaughtered the enemies of Israel. Is it the purpose of the to those wlio thought they saw the near realization of Tenny proponents of this bill to stop the clock until the innocents who son's dream : oppose it are slaughtered? Otherw-ise, it distracts the atten Till the war drum throbbed no longer, and the battle flags were furled tion of the committee when the chairman has to look at this clock In the parliament of man, the federation of the world. in order to ascertain the time. [Laughter.] How surely must the thought of broken faith come to the minds l\fr. McARTHUR. I want to suggest to the gentleman that of the people when they shall learn that upon the heelc:; of a that is a da~ight-saving clock. victory which should usher in a long era of international good Mr. KAHN. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield five minutes to t11e gentle will there is brought out of committee a plan for a larger Mili man from Ohio [Mr. KEARNS]. tary Establishment and vaster appropriations for war prepara The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Ohio is recognized for tions than was ever contemplated even when the nations of five minutes. Europe wet·e taxing themselves to the utmost to prepare against l\lr. KEARNS. l\Ir. Chairman and gentlemen of the com the certain day of tremendous war. mittee. I had not intended to take any time in general C-ONGRESSIONAL RECOllD-HOUSE. 4081 . wlien grim \Yar must be resorted to the young untrained (for test the League o Nations-between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 the most part) men were called from farm and store and shop well-trained American boys, every one of whom is capable of and office-called to the drill ground and the _camp, and then, splendid service should the need arise. after brief training, to the active fields of war: It was the im · Two facts-either one of which is sufficient-will gUarantee a pact of- this "fresh, spirited body of Americmi boys, with scant long era of peace : · _ training, which saved the highly trained troops of the Allies First. The exhausted people of Europe, all of whose energies from rout and which pushed the efficient soldiers of Germany must be spent in rebuilding a ravaged world. back steadily to the border. Second. The existence in this country of a large trained body No more effective seryice \Yas rendered by any troops in the of men whose record overseas and here showed them to be the war than by the American boys in the Argonne Forest, with but world's best fighting men. a few months of train~ng behind them. - A second reason why at this time we slwuld not embark upon Did any American doubt the final result of-the war when our this policy of compulsory training is the large cost it would en citizen soldiery had landed in France? If so, he has read Amer tail. The chairman of the Military Affai.J.·s Committee of the ican history to little profit. There are qualities inherent in the Senate estimates that the cost of the Military Establishment American soldier, clearly noticeable from the early days of our proposed in the Senate bill will be $609,806,000 for the first year, country•s· history-qualities not so generally found in the sol there being a slight decrease each year thereafter for six years. .The .CHA.IRl\IAN, The gentleman _from New York is _reeog When the Hay -bill was in effect we had a recruiting service nizea for 20 minutes. which was -composed ..of ll. .colonel, 6 majors, 24 captains, 4 'first 'l\lr. CALDWELL. Mr. Chairman, this is a most interesting lieutenants :from the ·active list of the · R~~ar .Army, and 6 bill, and yet _I notice that there are so ·few Members :present. .retired colonels, 4 retired ·.Jieutennnt colonels, 16 retired majors, It is rather a ad commentary on om~'legislative - condttion tha.t.a 16 retired captains, .4 rretired first lieutenants, and 1,617 enlisted bill alleged .to be .for the reorganization of the Army -should men, ·sergeants, corpo:rals, and privates. That recruiting service be brought in here to the House IDld under ·suCh circumstances gat men to join rthe .Army, but it cost us $59.98 for ever_y marl discus ed in.genera.l debate by the .men who 'have studied it, ;not that we got into the Army. for three months. as ·the gentleman from Kansas [1\Ix. AN Mr. ..JOHNSON of ,South Dakota.. Will the .gentleman :ield? THO Y] 1nilicatea in 'his speech yesterday, .but .for -more thn.n J\.1r. 'CALDWELL. .Jn a moment I will. nine months, long .enough time to .hav.e produced a Tea.l ·some Now, what is the ·situation? What is the Tecruiting service thlng from -.the committee, wifh so .few Members to listen. It of the present day? What is tbe recruiting service that this bill may ·be t.hn.t .the lull is .of such a Character that the JllembersliU> is going to produce or continue? Let us see. In -plac~ of 1 of this .House would ·not even care to listen to its discussion. :.I colonel ·on the active list you will .have 56, or we ·have them now~ must coniess that there Ul'e .many things in the bill that .fill me Instead ·of no lieutenant ·colonels on :the .active li t, we will ·wieh so Tiluch dis,"Ust ·that 1 dislike very muCh to talk .about ..it. have 34; instead of 6 majors, we will have 76; instead of 24 ~lr. DE~ ITSON. J\:Ir. Chairman, \till the gentle.num yield? captalns, we will have 94 ; instead of 40 lieutenants, we will Jllr. CALDWELL. Yes. have 55 first .lieutenants; and instead ·of no second :Ueutenants, ~Ir. DEN! ON. .I want to offer this suggestion~ 1rbat lt is we will have ..24~ .or a total of 339 officers in the place of 35. On posSilile that the membership of -the Rouse have such a}}solute ihe .retired list, instead of 6 .colonels, we will have 3 ·colonels; of confidence in the judgment ana :patriotism of ihe committee lieutenant colonels, instead of 4 we will have 7; -instea~ ·of 16 that :they ru·e- willing to leave it .to them .largely. majors, ·we willll.ave 2; instead ·of 16 ·captains, we will have J:4; ·l\.Ir. CALDWELL. .Il'hat is rather.eomplirnentm·y :for the gen in the ·place of .the 4 fust lieuteDants, we will have 4; or 30 tleman .to suggest that, but l thlrik .perhaps the o:~ntleman :will retired men in :th£ pl-ace of 46, a -saving of 16 in one place and admit '!hat he is a little lfar afield when ne Tealizes that ·the an increase of 304 in the other. As I told you u few minutes committee is diviaed .into fthree groups on ±be .proposition and ago, the enlisted men in the recruiting service under the Hay that the bill is .reported out by ,only a bare ,partisan majority bill were J.,61.7, w'hil.e to-day tile enlisted men are 2,391. and tl1at it does not represent anything like the unanimou-s 1\Ir. .JOHNSON of Mississippi. W111 the gentleman yield? opinion of the committee. .1\I.r. 'CALDW.ELL 1 prom~ed -to yield first to the gentleman It is called a :reorganization l>ill. Wllat -does it reorganize? from South Dakota [Mr. JoHNSON]. What aoes it do? 'The very title of the bill .indicates that .it d.s Mr. JOHNSON of South Dakota. The gentleman has an~ an runendment of the national defense act, -commonly called swered .the question that I .desired to ask. tbc Hay bill, and they ::ha:ve wicked out some few -sections of 'Mr. CALDWEL"L. Then I yield to t11e gentleman from the 'Hay bill btit cut tlie yery life and fo-rce out of that grea:t 1\Iississippi . piece of legislation -which the members ·of -1the Committee on 1\Ir. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Does not the gentleman know Military Affairs .of this House 'have stood hare- for four years that one of the troubles in getting men to enlist was the Pl'US HTid defended as being ,the .gre~test piece of ·militm:y 1entsla sianized, tyrannical .conduct of :the officers .toward the mel} jn tion ever put on the statute books of any nation in the world in the last war? I .have talked to .a .number of them who expressed time of peace. ~.he ·;very 'things J.n that bill •thai :made it a a desire to reenlist, but who did not wa.nt to subject themselves great bill, the things .that made Jt possible :for men who 1o:v,e to such tyrannical, oppressive, and outrageous treatment, apd 1 the country and believe in its Army -and ha:ve believed ·in £he do not blame then1. force and ;power .of the .American !l)eo.Ple to upport tha..t bill Mr. CALDWELL. I can not entirely agree with the gentle· have been cut from it. rt ~ituls Jlave been taken a way. man, as I will explain later. After we 11eclu.red wn.r some ;people' uritictzea. ·the Oongress ·for Now, gentlemen, under the ssstem .of enlistment adopted not having wut this country in ,a better -state .of preparedness, il:Dd under the Hay bill it cost us $59.98 for every mt'ln who •was fhat criticism .cul:ne :in .great :volumes 'from the 'Republican -side ,af enlisted in the United States .Army. With ten time tlle pver· this House. :But .even ;the 'Republicans on the committee· stood head -charge, I ask ,you w-hat '\Vill it cost us ·for ·each n}:1n ·en here in the well of.thisHouse and defended.the;bill, and said 'that listed under this Army destruction ·bill, not an Army reorguniza fh..e"bill.lmdilot !had QpportunitiY to function, and that if the war fion bill? What will it cost us if they have ten-times the oyer had been long enough away, ,if the bill had been .pas ed a ~ew head expense.? And that does· .not include a nickel for trans y ars before, .so ;.that its provjsions -could have .been made opera portation to and from the rp1ace of en.listment. It ' lion tnen would spring to arms overnight, -and they· did." Yes; - Mr. CALDWELL. Now, Mr. Ghairman, what else besides and they sent those poor boys across to the other side, a great effective organization would universal training do for the boys? many of them without ever having told them how to load a gun. Everybody admits that the average man who went into the When .I was over there a captairi who had seen service in the Army under the draft gained from 4 to 10 pounds in 4 to 10 trenches told me of cases where men in the trenches, ready to go weeks. They got bigger, broader, and stronger, and those who over the top in a few minutes before the zero hour, said, " Cap know anything about the Army know that when a man arriv~d tain, I do not mind going over, but will you not please show m'e there and he could not speak our common language, that he was how to load the gun so that I can shoot when I get over there?" put into a school and taught to speak the language of the In my district there was a boy who was drafted and was sent United States. They know that if he could not read or write, to three camps and then shipped across, and was buried in the he was sent to school and taught to read and write. trenches in France within five weeks from· the day he was The stories told by Gen. Hahn and other men who went across drafted, and he neYcr had a gun in his hands· before he was the sea bear out the proposition that the Army continued as a ca lied by the draft. school,. because Gen. Hahn told me that while his men were / Figures from Foi·t Slocum, N. Y., show that out of 10 men actually in the trenches defending the line their schools con taken in the ordinary enlistment 7 of them never had a gun in tinued, and that the greatest joy of his life was to see those their hands before in their lives. . Yet here at this time when this men who had learned to read and write for the first time country is still technically at war, when all the world is a seeth writing their first letters home to their families. i.ng volcano, when no man kuows when the next outbreak will be, Are you going to say that the only means this counh·y has when no man knows what hour the clock will strike and the of teaching these people to speak the English language, who men of America will be sent again to defend the flag of our came here without having learned it before they came, or who country, you, under the tutelage of men who are against train were born in communities where they speak other than the ing and were against the war, come in here and destroy the English language, shall be denied them and that we shall not military bill Q.esigned before the war, paying no attention to take advantage of this opportunity to enable them to learn our the great lesson taught by this great holocaust. Shame on you own tongue? Are you going to say that you deny them an op men sent here to defend and protect the country, who will de portunity, which some sections of this country do not provide in stroy the only means of defense we have and give us nothing in their common schools, to learn to read and write the English its place, so to speak. language? Mr. McKENZIE. 'Vill the gentleman yield? Then, too, look at what it does for the physical side of the Mr. CALDWELL. I will yield to the gentleman. man. Out of the first 1,600,000 men called into the draft 69,000 Mr. McKENZIE. The gentleman from New York will un of them were found to be suffering from venereal disease. In doubtedly admit that if the case he cited is true that there was that proportion, more than 150,000 of the young men of this a boy from his district who did not know bow to load his gun, country who were called in that war had venereal disease. Of that such an incident was absolutely inexcusable in this last war, the 4,200,000 men discharged from the Army not one was suffering and that the officer who was called upon to furnish troops for re from a communicable form of venereal disease--not one: Go to placement and sent this young man should have been court France, where the boys were, where the 2,100,000 men were who martialed. defended our counh·y. In- every village and town and hamlet Mr. CALDWELL. Then you will have to court-martial your and city where these men were quartered there was on every Re.publican friend Peyton C. March, for he issued the order corner a signpost pointing to the prophylaxis station. Every that kept the units here and required untrained men to be sent man who went there filled out a ~ard, and in"'10 days from the o\~er as replacements to the other side. It did not happen in time he filled out that card his captain gave him a strong arm one case but in hundreds of cases, and any officer who served inspection. The records were kept that long and then destroyed. in the trenches in France will be able to point out repeated Be it said for the morals ef the American boy that out of a com instances. pany of 250 the average number of men who visited those sta I want to say that in nearly every instance when they found tions was less than 10, and that the highest in all units that it out the boys were sent to the rear, but in many instances went across to France in any one single month was 30. The the poor boy who had never been given an opportunity to train American Army was the most moral army that· ever went into himself was sent to his death because of the neglect of legis war at any time in the history of the world. They were cru lation of this country. saders, fighting for humanity and America, . clean of mind and Mr. CRAGO. Will the gentleman yield? clean of body ·m the midst of the greatest and most horrible ..Mr. CALDWELL. I will. temptations that ever surrounded any body of men in any con- .Mr. CRAGO. I have been trying religiously to follow the flict in the world. · line of logic of the gentleman from New York. We sent over there with them thousands of American women. Mr. CALDWELL. The gentleman will have time to criticize No woman was permitted to go who had a near relative in the my remarks after I get through. I do not care to have him Army. They went without protection, except the protection of interrupt me for that purpose now. the American soldier. 'Ve sent thousands of canteen worke~·s, 1\Ir. CRAGO. I was not criticizing the gentleman. of Red Cross girls, of Y. l\1. C. A. girls, telephone girls, typists, · Mr. CALDWELL. If the gentleman will confine his interrup stenographers; and be it said to the everlasting credit of the tion to a question and not to criticism, I will yield. American manhood that wore the uniform of the United States Mr. CRAGO. I want to know if the gentleman considers soldier and as proof of the virtue of American women there is the national-defense act of June 3, 1916, a more effective mili not on record in the War Department a single instance where tary code than the bill presented to the House now? ·an illegitimate child was born to one of those noble women." 1\fr. CALDWELL. I do in many respects. Ours are the most manly, the cleanest, the most virtuous peo Mr. CRAGO. But the gentleman has stated that we may ple who ever fought for any cause in the history of the world. not get us many men under this law as the old law. Yet with this demonstration of the strengthening of the physique, Mr. CALDWELL. It will destroy the· Army reserve. of the improvement of the morals and the protection of the coun Mr. CRAGO. Would the gentleman be willing to pledge his try. the pacifists of this House would deny to the people of this cornmittee-- country the privilege of training every young man in order that Mr. CALDWELL. I can not pledge anybody but myself. I he might be a gentleman and a soldier in every sense of the voted in committee, and the gentleman can state how he voted word ! ·It is a scandal and a shame that men should throw ! voted for the Kahn proposition for universal military train away an opportunity such as this. ing. I will say that if I can get in under the rules of the What would be your fear? Would you be afraid of that bug House, I propose to offer as an amendment word for word, aboo called militarism? Who are tll.ese militarists? Your son letter for letter, and punctuation for punctuation, the identical and my son. Am I afraid of my son because I give him n six proposition of the gentleman from California [Mr. KA.HN]. I shooter and put it into his pocket? Will be not protect me am going to gi\e the universal training advocates of this Con rather than oppress me? If it is everybody's son, is not every· gress an opportunity to vote on it, and those against it to body protected? Is it because some people are so afraid of the stand up and be counted, so that the people may know who negro? I lived in a neighborhood where the negroes outnum-, shall come back and who shall stay at home. bered the white people ten to one. I was not afraid, going about Mr. CRAGO. All I was trying· to do was to apply the logic singly, open-handed without any gun or ammunition. \Vh:r of the gentleman from New York to the two bills. should I b_e afraid of him if he had a gun and I had one, too? The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from New If I train him, I train him in a white man's camp; I give him a York has expired. white man's gun, and when he gets through with it I take it. Mr. FISHER. Mr. Chairman, by direction of the gentlem.an and put it in a white man's arsenal. And the white man is from Alabama, -I yield 10 additi9nal minutes to the gentleman getting trained· at the same time. Why should I be afraid of from New York. the- trained negro witho~t a -gun when I have a trained white 4084 ~lARCH 9, man with a gun to figlit him whenever fie is culled: uporr m do to the sofdlers in lhe trenclies. What do you db in this bill? it? It is an indictment of the- soutliern people of tlli&. counb:y . Do· you take advantage of that lesson? Have you any desire to say that you vefuse to train tne yauth of Ame:vica.. beeruseo t 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4085 Staff, and by the high and mighty l\Iembers of the House con Now, they say to begin with, and this gives their idea of the necte • 1920~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4087 say even more, I suppose, if he had ever been known to say Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our cwn to stand upon foreign ground! Why by interweaving our anything at alL of government. Nor is there any· doubt that dm;ing his second Again, he says in the· saufe uook :· -·~ 1 term, and particularly since we entered the war, there has been Some of our Presidents have delilx'rately held t\1emselves off f1·om established here a practical dictatorship. This has beE>n due to using the full power they might legitimately have used, because of two distinct causes-the necessities of war and the personal conscientious scruples, because they were mo1·c theorists than states men. They have held the stt·ict literary theory of the Constitution, views of President Wilson hiniself. We all" recognize the neces the Whig theory, the Newtonian theo1·y, and have acted as if they sity for the concentration of power in the Chief Executive during thought that Pennsylvania Avenue should hnve beeri even longer than war. He is the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy; and it is; that there should be no intimate communication of any kind between the Capitol and the White House; that the President as a being charged by law with the duty of prosecuting the war, and man was no more at liberty to lead the llouses of Congress by per being held responsible for the successful performance of that suasion than be was at liberty as President to dominate them by ·au duty, he must of necessity be given unusual powers while that thority, supposing that he bad, what he has not, authority enough to dominate them. But the makers of the Constitution were not enacting emergency exists. Whig theo1-y, they were not making laws with the expectation that not .But those who attribute tile present dictatorship of our Chief the laws themselves, but their opinions, known by future historians to Executive to the necessities of war alone but half understand the lie back of them, should govem the constitutional action of the col!ntry. They were statesmen, not pedn.nts, and their laws are suf situation. Those who have.read President Wilson's lectures, his ficient to keep us to the paths they set us upon. The President is at writings, :mel his speeches, and who are familiar with the politi librrty, both in law and conscience, to be as big a man as he can. IIis cal views he has always entertained, will well nooerstand the capacity will set the limit; ancl if Congress be overborne by him it will be no fault of the makers of the Constitution, it will be from no attitude of the President throughout his entire tenur~ of high luck of constitutional powers on its part, but .only because the President office in assuming a dominating and dictatorial power over Con bas the Nation behind him and Congress bas not. gress and all other branches of the Government. - I have had occasion recently to read again his Parliest writ l\lr. CANNON. What is the gentleman reading from? ing. and his later lectures delivered -before lle entered the politi l\1r. DENISON. · From the President's book on Constitutional Government. cal ar~ena. I must confess I was surpri eel to learn Ws views and get his estimates of Congress and the Presidency. Time and l\lr. CANNON. By this President? / again in his earlier writings he expresses a sort of contempt for Mr. DENISON. Yes; our President, Mr. Wilson. Congress. For instance, in one of his early essays, when he was 1\Ir. BLANTON. A point of order, l\fr. Chairman. still a young man, he used tpis expression: The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will state it. Only a single glance is necessary to discover how utterly committt>e Mr. BLANTON. I regret exceedingly to make a point of government must fail to give effect to public opinion. In the firl';t order against the gentleman from Illinois; he is always so place, the exclusion of debate prevents the intelligent formation of obliging and courteous; but what is the use of having a rule opinion on the part of the Nation at large i in the second place, public opinion, when once formed, finds it impossible to exercise any immedi with a provision in it in regard to debate unless we are going ate control oyer the action of its representatives. There is no one in to live up to it? Congre,·s to speak for the Nation. Congress is a conglomeration of in . The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Texas may have harmonious el€'ments; a collection of men representing each his neigh borhood, each his local interest : an alarmingly large proportion of its been out of the Hall temporarily or not listening when per Iegi!;;l!ltion is "special"; all of it is at best only a limping compromise mission was given by the committee for the gentleman from between the conflicting interests of the innumerable localities repre Illinois to proceed out of order. sented. There is no guiding or harmonizing power. Are the people in favor of a particular policy-what means have they of forcing it upon Mr. BLANTON. That permission can not be given in viola the sovereign legislature at Washington? None but the ~ost imperfect. tion of the rule that was adopted by the House, which controls If they return representatives who favor it (aml this is the most tbey this committee. I do not like to do it, but I will ask the gentle can do), these representatives being under no directing power will find a mutual agreement impracticable among so many and will finally settle man if there is much more politics in his remarks? upon some policy which satisfies nobody, removes no difficulty. and Mr. DENISON. I am onJy quoting historical statements of makes little definite or valuable provison for the future. the President. l\1r. CONN~I\LLY. Will the gentleman yield? 1\lr. BLAl~TON. Is the rest of the speech on the bill? l\lr. DENISON. I will. 1\Ir. DENISON. No. l\1r. CONNALLY. Does the gentleman from Illinois think it ~11·. BLANTON. Some other time, l\Ir. Chairman, I would be exactly fair to wait until everybody has exhausted his time on glad to hear the gentleman speak, but there is a rule passed by the Democratic side and then make a speech out of onler along the Hou ·e controlling this committee outside of which it can this line? not go even by unanimous consent, and I make the point of . · l\1r. DENISO~. I was not a\vare that everybody had ex ot·der. ham;ted his time on the Democratic side. The CHAIRl\-IAN. The committee has given consent for the l\1r. DENT. I will say to the gentleman from Texas that I gentleman from Illinois tv speak out of order for a portion of the have 71 minutes remaining. time allotted to him. • l\fr. CONNALLY. Then I beg pardon of the gentleman from 1\lr. BLANTON. With 25 or 30 men here, when the House lllinois. I was misinformed, as I understood all the time had adopted the rule with 150. been consumed. 1\Ir. CARAWAY. Mr. Chairman, I do not like to see the· Mr. DENISON. On the other hanel, the Presiclent has always Chair make a ruling of that kind. I do not object to the gentle had an exaggerated and imperial idea of the office of President. man from Illinois proceeding, but the committee is controlled He has belie,~ed that the President is the only real representa by the rule. We can not change the conditions under which tive of the people in our Government. Let me quote from his we sit, nnd I do not think the Chair wants to make a ruling of book on "Constitutional Government in the United States." He th t kind. · ::;ays: The CHAIRMAN. The general rules of the House prescribe Members of the House and Senate are representatives of localities, that when an amendment is offered debate shall be confined to are voted for only by sections. of voters or by local bodies of electors, that amendment, and yet it has become the confirmed practice like the members of the State legislatures. ~'here is no national party choice except that of President. No one else represents the people as of the Committee of the Whole by unanimous consent to allow a whole, exercising a national choice; and inasmuch as his strictly Members to proceed out of order. executive duties are in fact subordinated, so far at any rate as all detail is concerned, the President represents not so much the party's Mt·. CARAWAY. With all . l920 .~ . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. 4089 has a veto on the action of the Senate, and in appointments and treaties assumption ()f authority to tell Congress what it must and must the Senate has a veto en the action of the President. He has no more not do. right to tell .me how I shall vote on his appointments than· I have to I ha_ve spo_ken of 3; comparison between President Wilson and tell him whether he shall veto or approve ,a bill.,that the Senate has pasS-ed. Whe.never_you recogni~e the· right of the Executive .to say to a .Wa~hington _ and Lincoln. _ .Let .me s_how briefly how some_of Senator, "Do this or I will take off the heads of your :fnends," you our great - statesmen considered their relations toward ·the convert this Government from a ·Republic into a despotism. Whenever Congress as. compared with the views entertained by President y·ou recognize the right of a President to say to a Member of Congress, "Vote as :I tell you or I will bring a power to bear .against you. at home ,Wilson. .· . " . · which will crush Y.OU," . you destroy the independence of the Repte~ · ·In his Farewell Address to the Nation, Washingt~n u_sed sentative and convert him into a tool of Executive power. these significant words, warning th~se ~ho were to follow him To these eXpressions, Mr: Chairman, from our greatest Presi of the dangers of encroachment by the Presid~nt upon the proper dents and from some of our greatest statesmen; might be added powers of Congress: many more ·of like character from others whom we .have been It is important likewise that the habits of thinking in a free country taught to honor and respect, all showing that from our first Presi r:;hould inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within. their respective constitutional spheres, avoid dent until our' last one, with the possible exception of Andrew ing in the 'exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon Jackson, rio President has asserted this predominating power of another. . The spirit of enct:oachment tends to consolidate the powers the President under our Constitution, nor has any, with the excep of all the ~departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government; a real· despotism. A just estimate of that love of tion above named, ·claimed and exercised the right to interfere power and proneness to abuse -it which predominate in the human with the deliberations of Congress and dictate what ·legislation heart is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The should or should not be considered or passed. , . necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, · by 1 dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting It remained for.Mr. Wilson to throw these views of our former each the guardian of t:Le public weal against invasions of the others, has statesmen into the discard, to proclaim with a sort of pride his , been evinced by experiments - ancient and modern, some of them in contempt for the precedents of his predecessors; to disregard our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the the checks ·and balances. between the constitutional functions distribution or. modification of the constitutional . powers be in any of the executive and .legislative departments of our Govern particular wrong, let it- be corrected- by an amendment- in the way ment, and ·to encroach upon the constitutional rights and privi which the Constitution designates. But .let there ·be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument. leges of the Corigr~ss by using his personal and political ·infiu4 of good, it is the customary weapon by which free gov~r,n~e~ts are ence and tlie prestige of his high office to control, coerce, or destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance m perma intimidate Members in the discliarge of their duties. nent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any . But President 'Vilso·n has only· been putting into practice the time yield. views he expressed iii his book qn " Constitutional Government." · Jefferson,- the great Democrat, once wrote to Washington as He stated then and he believes now that- follows: The· Nation a.S a whole · has chosen the· President and is conscious As I never· had the desire to influence the Members (of Congress)-. that-it has no other political spokesman. His is the only national choice so neither had I any other means than my friendships, which I valued in affairs. Let him once win the admiration and confidence of the too highly. to risk by usurpations on their freedom of judgment and country_ and no single force can withstand him; no combination of the conscientious pursuit of their own sense of duty. forces will easily overpower him. . There has been saved to us at least one expression of Lincoln's He stated then and he endently believes now that- views on the proper attitude ·of the _President toward ·con-gress. The President whom the Nation trusts ~~n not-only lead it but form _ In a paper written to Gen. Taylor in 1848, when Lincoln was it to his own views. • · • * He may be both the leader of his party and the leader of the Nation, or he may be one or the other. . If he supporting Taylor as a candidate for President, he said: · lead the Nation, his party can hardly resist him. His office is anything Finally, were I President, I should desire the · legislation of the he has the sagacity and the force to make it. • . . .· country to rest with Congress, uninfluenced by the Executive, in its origin or progress, and undisturbed by the veto except in very special Now, I think the tiine has come when the American people and clear cases. · ought to know the facts. They ought to be fully informed as In his great speech delivered in the Senate on "The Presi- to how this new doctrine of the President, this doctrine by dential Protest," Web.:ter said: ; which he believes himself and not the Congress to rein~esent Through all this history of the ·contest for liberty, Executive power the people, this doctrine by ·which he believes he has the right has been regarded as a lion which must be caged. So far from being to interfere with the constitutional prerogatives of the Congress the object of enlightened popular trust, so far from· being considered the natural protector of popular right, it has been dreaded, uniformly, and tell them what they should or should not do, has led to always dreaded, as the great source of its danger. unfortunate results and has cost the people fabulous millions • • l • • • • • in waste and ineffective· expenditures of the public funds dur- • Our security is in our watchfulness of Executive power. It was the ing the prosecution of the war. . Constitution of this department which was infinitely the most difficult part in the great work of creating our present Government. To give Early in 1917, after our country entered the war, many of us to the Executive department such power as should make it useful and knew· that the expenditures necessary for the prosecution of yet not such as should render it dangerous; to make it efficient, inde the war would run into many billions of dollars, but few of us pendent, and strong, and yet to prevent it from sweeping away every thing by its union of military and civil authority, by the influence of realized that there would be required the staggering amounts patronage, and office, and favor-this, indeed, was difficult. They who that were afterwards appropriated. Wisdom and common had the work to do saw the difficulty, and we see it; and if we would sense suggested that Congress· should be kept informed and maintain our system, we shall act wisely to that end, by preserving every restraint and every guard which the Constitution has provided. should have at least some supervision ~ver this vast expendi- And when - we, and those who come after us; have done all that we ture of money. . can do, and all that they can do, it will be well for us and for them, On April 9, 1917, Senator Weeks, of Massachusetts, introduced if some popular Executive, by the power of patronage and party, and the power, too, of that very popularity, shall not hereafter prove an in the Senate, and my colleague, Mr. MADDEN, introduc~d in overmatch for all other branches of the Government. the. House a joint resolution providing for the appointment of In harmony with President Wilson's. yiews as to. the power a joint committee of the House and Senate on war ex:Penditures. of his office and his right to. control the delibe-rations. of Con At that time both the House and the Senate were in control gress, he has even attempted by the use of his personal and of the Democratic Party. .This committee on war expenditures official influence to interfere in elections and dictate who should was to be wholly nonpartisan and to consist of a majority of and should not be elected to the House and Senate in several Democrats to be appointed by the Vice President and the instances whicll, o:I course, are· well known to us alL Speaker of. the House, ..and was to advise and counsel with the No greater danger can threaten our Republic than for the President, if their advice and counsel was desired by him, and President to \USe the great· power _of his office to fill Congress with the· heads of the departments that were to expend the with his fawning favorites or to destroy those who dare to "\rast appropriations. But the Democratic majority in· the differ with him. • Senate would not allow the Weeks resolution to come to a · , President" Buchanan tried to· do the same thing. He was vote in the Senate, nor would the majority in the House allow dissatisfied with the way Senator Stephen A. Douglas had voted the Madden· resolution to come to a vote in the House. on some measure in the Senate, and in 1848, when Douglas was On July 21, 1917, Senator Weeks offered his resolution as a:· candidate ·for reelection, -the President interposed and tried an amendment to the Lever food-control act, then under con to defeat him. In one of his great debates with Lincoln, deliv-: sideration in the Senate, ·and Senator OWEN, of Oklahoma, ered at Alton, Ill., Senator Douglas made the following forceful offered a substitute in the follow~ng language : _ SEc. 23. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Representa statement, which ought to commend itself forcefully to us all: tives shall be appointed,· composed of five Members of the Senate, in And now this warfare is· made on me because I would not sUrrender cluding three ." Democrats and two . Republicans and five Members of my ·convictton of ·duty; because I would not abandon my constituency, the House of Representatives, including three Democrats and two Re and receive the ordeN> of the executive authorities how I should vote in publicans, .to be known ·as "the joint committee on expenditures in the Senate of the United Statet~. _ . - . . . the conduct of the war.'' I hold that an attempt to control the Senate on ·the part of_ the It shall .be the duty of said committee to keep itself advised witb :Jj1xecu t1ve is subv.ersive "of .the principles- of our Constitution. The regard to the exi>~!liture of all appropriations beating _on the conduct executiv_e department-is independent of the S~ate. and the Senate is· ef. the w.ar made by Con~ress 1lnd the contracts relating thereto made J.ndependen~ of _the ],>resident. In matters of legislation the "President by otncers elf th~ exec~tive departments, and it shall be the duty of· 4090 CONGRESSIONAL RECO~HOUSE. ~fARCH . 9, the executive d!!1Jartments, on' request, to keep said committee fully · the gentleman from Ohfo [Ur. LoNGWORTH] and otbers,. en advised · as to- such expenditurru> and eontt:acts. Such committee shall ronfer nn.d advise with the President of the deavored in every way known to parliamentary practice- to get United: States.. and tlie heads of the- various executive departments'p a s-eparate vote upon the Senate amendment providing fer the eommissions~ volUiltary boards, or other organimtiOil& connected with appointment of. this committee. But tlie De~pocratic majority, the conduct of the war. with ·a view to safe-guarding eXQenditures. and shall report to Congre from time: to time in its own discretion, or under the leadership of Mr. Lever, and aided by the best parUa when requested to do so by eiib.er- branch of Congress. mentarians on that side of the House, prevented the question The membership of such committee· shall be designated by the- re from being submitted to the House for a separate vote, and the spective committees· of the Senate and House which select the members of the regular standing committees. _ House was compelled to bow to the will' of the President ·and Such committee shall have power to act by subcommittee- or- other his followers in the House and p.n.ss. the bill With the- prevision wise, and to send for persons and Qa{lers, a,nd. administet"" oa~ .. to for the appointment of tlli£ joint committee on war expendi summon and compel the attendance of witnesses, and ta employ s.uch elericai. expert; and s ten1>graphic assistance as shan be necessary; tures omitted from it. ~d to pay :the necessary expenses of_ such committee there is hereby Afterwards~ · as the appropriations- fozr ar expendftures ~ppropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not Qtherwise: appro mounted higher and Lfgher and rumors of waste:ful:ness and pr.ifiteO:, the sum of $50,000.. . to be paid out upon the a.udlt· and order of the chairma:n 01r acting- cn.airman. of said committee. graft and improvident expenditures of the public funds began This substitute ·offered by a Democratic Senator was entirely to be reported in the pul:llic press. and known to all of us, the satis-factory to Senator Weekst and was acrepted by hfm. The Republicans in the- House on numerous occasions otrered amend ments to various bond bills and revenue billS reported by tlle in by question came· to a vote the Senate-. and was carried a. Ways and Means- Committee providing: foE the. appointment af vote of 53 to 31. The food-eontroi act- with this amendment a joint committee on. war expenditures. to.'i't' then an{ll in went to- conference,. while conference the Pres I find. in. looking tD:rou:gh the Co.NGBESSIDNAL REcoRD of those ident decided: that it was time· to exert his influence on the pro days that on one occasion such an. amendment was. offered by posed Iegisla tion and' prevent the- appointment of this- · joint the> gentleman from Iowa: [1\fr. GREEN]. committee on war expenditures. On another occasion, on. September 5~ 1917, a similar -amend~ · He- accordingly addressed a letter to tlie gentleman from ment was offered by the present Speaker- [Mr. GILLE'I"':l. And Soutll C'arolina, Mr: Lever, chairman of the conferees on the on the same day still an.othe:rr similar amendment was offered by part of the House, in which he said among other thin-gs: the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Mr. Moore.. Seetion 23, i~ enacted into law; would render my task in conducting the war practi.CJ1.ll3 impossible. * • • The constant supervision of On each occasion. points of order on technical grounds were eneutive action which it admits. amounts to nothing less than an made a~t the amendment by Democratic Members: of the assumption on the part of the legislativ.e body of tha executive work House and sustained. of the administration. *' • • I sincerely hope that upon_ considera tion of this matter both Houses of' Congress will see·that my objections Very able arguments for the appoin.tmE',llt of such a. committee rest upon indisputable grQu.nds, and I could only interpret the- final in the interest of the Pub.l_ic Treasury were made on these oc adoption of. section 23 as arising from. lack of C'Onfidence in myself. casions by l\1r~ GILLETT, Mr. Moore, by the gentleman from This letter was that day published in aU of the papers Iowa [1\ir; GnEEN}, by my colleague from Dlinois [Mr. 1\fAnnENT, throughout the ·country, and all of the power and prestig-e of the by tbe gentleman from Iowa (Mr. ToWNER.]~ and. by the gen President was brought to bear to infiuence and CQmpel the con tleman from l\fichigan [Mr. FORDNEY], and by others. ferees to strike that provision from the bill and- to prevent Con The House and the country were warned time and again gress·from enacting- it into· law. · that the public funds were being wasted; that the money ap The provision for the appointment of this eommittee was ac propriated for the urgent necessities of the war was being eordingly stnCken out of the bill in. conference~ And. when the invested in wild and visionary schemes- which would accomplish bill was returned to the Senate a number of Senators opposed no results in the prosecution of. tliis war. its- final passage because the provision for the appointment of Bnt the gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. KiTCHIN] and the joint committee on w~ exyenditnres had been stricken the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. GARRETT], and others on from it the Democratic- side, skilled parliamentarians all of them, were Ameng those who spoke on this subject on that occasion was ever on hand to prevent the question from being submitted to Sena.ton· Hardwick, of Georgia... In his speech,. delivered on the House. for a vote-by making points of order on every such August 6,. 1917, the Senato:rr from Georgia rose to· the stature proposal.. of the gr~at statesmen. oi om: earlier days... .Among other things, So that, Mr. Chairman.,. every effort made by the Republican he said : side of the House to secme the appointment of n joint com But how ODJ earth anybody c-oul'd object to Congress appointing a mittee on. war expenditures was skillfully defeated by our joint committee to go over the expenditures. to see as far as. we can: how Demoeratic colleagues acting under the whip :md the dominat the .money that we appropriate is spent, and to see that it. should be spent ing power of the- President, and we were- never even allowed in-no· other way except as the la.w provides, and economically spent-I say, how. anyone anywhere eQuld: Ol!POSe: any such proposition is beyond an opportunity- to go on record with a vote upon the propo my comprehension. . sition. It seems to me that any PreS:ide:Q.t of the ITnited States would be more than glad to share responsibility of this kind with a joiJrt- com I do not think anyone doubts that if the President had not mittee of Congress-._ It seems to me that any ex-ecutive of any country interfered, if he had not used the power and prestige of his on this earth, carrying the awful load of responsibility in respect to high office as well as his personal influence to prevent the ap matt(,'lrs of this kind that the Executive must carry, and carrying it as he must, with the aid of hundreds and thousands of men whom he pointment of this committee. it would have heen appointed with must appoint to help exercise the Executive authority, would be glad to little, if any, opposition in either House of Congress; and, being bavc. -<:ongres look into 'these expenditures and do all it can to keep composed of the majority of the President's own party, it everything right and straight. . _ · · So I can not understand the opposition to the appointment- of a joint would ha\"'e cooperated with the President and with the heads eongressional committee, whose functions shall be limited entirely and ot the departments in the vast expenditures appropriated by solely to the expenditu.r:es of the money that Congress has appropriated. Congress, and billions of dollars of the people's money might I can not see why the conferees should have found it necessary to a&'ain abandon the position that the Senate had taken by an over have been saved. wnelmlng vote. Now, what was the result of this encroachment of the Presi· And aouam; upon being interrupted by Senator GonE with a dent upon the prerogatives of the House? Of the Democratic statement of certain fads, the Senator- from Georgia said: Senators who voted for the appointment of this Joint Co-mmit Mr. President, the Senator from Oklahoma might specify, I presume, tee on Expenditures, but two, as I am informed-the Senator to even a greater extent than be bas done. His- specification is but an from Georgia, 1\Ir. Hardwick, and the Senator from Mississippi, Ulul)tratio~ and a very brilliant Well, war expenditure~' mounted higher and higher as time And what has been the result? The very thing that was pre passPd and the country does not yet realize the staggering dieted by Senator Weeks and by Senator Hardwick and by amounts that Congress has appropriated for the prosecution of various Members of the House has happened. There has been the war. .Still less does tile country realize the immense sums ·an orgy of waste, of extravagance, of dishonesty, of fraud in the. that have been wasted and fraudulently and ineffectively ex- disbursement of these billions taken by taxes and borrowed from pended through mismanagement and incompetency and dishon- the people, that not only urpas~es anything ever recorded in the esty on the part of those charged with that responsibility. history of any Government, but exceeds the wildest ~tretches The total appropriations by Congress for the fiscal years 1917 of the imagination. to 1!>20 were as follows: Since the war has ended and Congress has passed under the 1917 ______:. ____ $1, 628, 411, G44. 81 control of the Republicas Party, of course special committees on 1918------18, 881, 940, 243. 79 war expenditures have been appointed and, since the beginning 191!>------27• 092, 094• 720. 75 of this Congress last spring, have been engaged in investigating 1020 345 ------·------7• • 017• 283· 58 this waste and the looting of the Public Treasury. And when Total ------G4, 948, OG3, 892. 93 their investigations are completed and the results are fully The above amount of appropriations for the year 1920 must be disclosed to the American people thert- will be a political, if not increased by ~125,000,000, which have been appropriated in two an actual, revolution. deficiency bills that have been passed since the present session 1\'Ir. Chairman, I am advised by the members of these investi· of Congress began1 and by $200,000,000, which was c.arried in the gating committees that there has been expended during the war railroad bill recently passed. These amounts added to the period by the 'Var Department alone approximately $18,000,· total nppropriation of $54,948,063,892.93 makes total appropria- 000,000. And of this amount practically $9,000,000,000 has been tions for the years 1917 to 1920, up to this time, amount to wasted, lost, or foolishly expended on projects that 'Yere· wholly_ $55,273,063,892.93. It is almost impossible to comprehend these useless and ineffective in the prosecution of the war. figures. When we remember that the total amount appropriated For instance,_ the w·ar Department expended approximately and spent by our Government from the beginning of Washing- $1GO,OOO,OOO in the construction of port terminals at Charleston, ton's administration in 1789 up to our entry i•1 the World War Norfolk, Boston, and other places, and not one dollar of this on April 6, 1917, was approximately only $40,000,000,000, we expenditure aided us in the prosecution of the war, because not can appreciate the staggering amounts that have had to be ap- one ship sailed from the terminals that were constructed ft'Olll propriated by Congress and disbursed by the Yarious executive these funds. branches of the Government since we entered the war. The investigation has disclosed that $20,000,000 was expended.. Of course, we have not expended all of the amount that has in the construction of a port terminal in a bog and swamp 10 been appropriated. I am advised ~by the Treasury Department miles up the river from Charleston, S. C., and after that amount that from April 6, 1917, to February 29, 1920, there has been was expended in the construction of the terminal it could not be actually paid out of the Treasury by the various executive reached by ships until the river was dredged for that purpose. branches of the Government the sum of $36,918,000,000. The War Department expended approximately $120,000,000 Secretary GLASS has stated in a- letter addressed to the House in the construction of nitrate plants, and yet not a pound of Committee on Ways and Means that the amount of expenditures nitrate from these plants was used in the prosecution of the wal·. that may properly be attributed to the. wa~· can be properly Practically $100,000,000 of this amount was expended at Muscle ascertained by deducting from the total expenditures made dur- Shoals and Sheffield, Ala., and every dollar of that amount was ing the period of the war the approximate amount that would lost so far as the prosecution of this war was concerned, and now have been required to pay the legitimate Government expendi- the 'Var Department wants additional appropriations in order tures if we had not been in war. The Yery best estimate of to complete those plants to be used for the manufacture of fer· normal Government expenditures during this period, if we had tilizer. not been in the war, is $1,000,000,000 a year, or eighty-three and '.Che War Department expended approximately $160,000,000 one-third million dollars per month. Deducting, therefore, from on the construction of powder plants, and not a pound of powder the $36,918,000,000, the amount that has been actually disbursed manufactured by the Government at these plants was use(l in from the Public Treasury since we entered the war a sum equal the war. 0\·er $70,000,000 was expended on the powder plant at to eighty-three and one-third million dollars per month, which Nitro, W. Va., and recently the entire·plant was sold for some· would have been required for Government expenditures had we thing over $8,000,000, and the probability is that the GoYemment not been engaged in war, there is left the total sum of approxi- will never get -very much of the $8,000,000. mately $34;000,000,000, which represents the actual expenditures w·e expended approximately $1,000,000,000 on shells, and yet from the Public Treasury for actual war purposes between April only 17,000 American shells were fired by the American forces G, 1917, when we entered the war, and January 29, 1920. during the war. The insignificance of 17,000 shells is realized From Apri16, 1917, up to February 29, 1920, we have collected when we are informed that ft·equently the American force~ fi.relL by taxes from the people the sum of $13,099,000,000 and we have a half million shells on a single morning barrage. borrowed from the people the sum of approximately $24,000,- 'Ve expended approximately $1,051,000,000 in preparation for 000,000 by the issuance and sale of bonds. the manufacture of aeroplanes, and yet we did not produce a When we stop to think that the making of war contracts, the single fighting plane. 'Ve did not produce a purely bombing purchasing of supplies, and the execution· of all other necessary plane. We only produced and sent to the front in France 213 transactions required for the expenditure of this vast sum of observation planes, which might be used for light day bombing. $34,000,000,000 has been in the hands of men many of whom We spent approximately $100,000,000 in the manufacture of have been educated and trained for military and naval service Amel"ican tanks, and yet the first American tank did not reach and haYe had no business experience whatever, many of whom France until the 20th of November, aftet· the armistice was have been working all their lives on salaries .and are inexperi- signed. ' enced in the transaction of large affairs, it is inconceivable, it We spent approximately $117,000,000 in the manufacture or is appalling, to think that the President could have been un- gas, and there was never a pound of gas fired on the battle front willing for a committt-e of Congress, composed of able and ex- in American shells. perienced public men elected by the people, and a majority of We expended approximately $478,000,000 in tile manufacture whom would have been of the President's own political party, to of guns, and we only succeeded in getting forty-eight 4.7-inch advise and counsel with those who were to expend these vast guns and twenty-four 8-inch howitzers, or a total of 72 American amounts of the public funds and keep them elves informed and guns, to the hattie front. · report to the Congress from time to time the manner in which Similar illustrations of waste and ineffective expenditures such funds were being expended. Instead of objecting to the could be recited ad nauseam if one but had the time. appointment of such a committee, the President should have 'Vhen these investigations have been completed, when the welcomed it. Had he been a man less impressed with his own light of truth has been turned on them, it will be found that at place and power, less swayed by what he thought to be his own least half of the $18,000,000,000 expended by the War Depart de-stiny, he would have welcomed the opportunity of having an ment has been either wasted or unwisely and ineffectiYely ex· able committee Gf Congress share with him this great responsi- pended. bility. And the same is true at least to some extent in the Navy De- But the President said that he could only interpret the ap- partment. · I am informed that the War and Navy Departments pointment of such a comm1ttee as arising from a lack of confi- have expended nearly $250,000,000 within a radius of 25 miles of dence in himself. And the Democratic majority of Congt·ess, Norfolk, Va., in the construction of cantonments, warehouses, under the dictation and personal influence of the President, j;_tnd training stations; and it is now ascertained that -it is im· showed its confidence in the President by allowing him to have -possible to get sufficient water there to-supply the necessities of absolutely his own way and letting his appointees spend the . those plants. The- N 40.92 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 9, ~tic.e "X>.as signed and the war was t>Ver; and every dollar of it with Germany .and su_e for a .separate !l}ea-ce. Bot it did not will be lost. .. do it. lt is inconeeiYable that such an orgy of wasteful and unwise Later the President issued from the White Honse the so--called expenditures coulu ha ...~e rb.een possible if there had .been a com- ' 14 commandments as a code for the settlement -of all the eon mlttee of Congr·eSEmen and Senators ~tively engaged during the fllcting claims and turbulent troubles of the world, a.u Sima Steenerson Tinkham White, Kans. Th 2. CHAIRl\1AJ.~. The genel"al rules of the House provide Slemp Stephens. Miss. Vare Wilson, Ill. that also. Small Stephens, Ohio Venable Winslow l\Ir. POU. And it has been held time and again that ·by un~i Smith. :Utch. Sullivan Voigt Young, Tex. Smith, N.Y. Taylor, Col<>. Ward mous consent the special order of the House can not be set aside Steagall Taylor, Tenn. Weaver in Committee of the ':Yhole. If the Committee of'the Whole can Steele Timberlake Wheeler give permission to speak out of order, likewise the 1.0 hours The committee rose; and the Speaker having resumed the could be extended to 15 or 20 hours. Of course, that can not be chair, Mr. TILsoN, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole done under the rules. House on the state of the Union, reported that th!lt committee The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is of the opinion that if the had had under consideration the bill (H. R. 12775) to amend committee is willing to sit and hear debate not on the bill dur an act entitled 11An act for making further and more effectual in...; the time that has been allotted by the House, and no one provision for the national defense, and for other purposes," and ob!ects to it, the committee would have that right. finding itself without a quorum he had directed the roll to be l\1:·. WINGO. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman_hear ~e on called whereupon 270 Members answered to their names, a that point? quoru~ and he handed in the list of the absentees. The CHAIRMAN. Certainly. The ~ommittee resumed its session. . 1\fr. 'VINGO. That is the very basis of the rule. The House 1\fr. DENISON. 1\lr. Chairman, I yield back the remainder has the right to fix the rules under which a committee shall of my time. consider the bilL From the parliamentary point of view the l\1r. WINGO rose. House is absent. It is in committee. And under the interpreta The CHAIRMAN. For wbat purpose does the gentleman from tion of the Chair, the House being absent, having said that the Arkansas rise? , committee can go ahead and consider a certain bill, under cer 1\Ir. WINGO. Do I understand the gentleman from North tain limitations then it would require all Members of the House Carolina withdraws his point of order? to be present in order to protect itself. Members go away, The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Illinois [Mr. DENI understanding that nothing except this ~ill -is going t~ b~ con soN] has withdrawn his request to proceed and has yielded back sidered by the committee, and if the rulmg of the Chair IS fol the remainder of his time. Does the gentleman from North lowed to its logical conclusion, the committee by unanimous co.n Carolina withdraw his point of order? sent, without rising, could absolutely take up some other .btU 1\lr. POU. I do. and not consider the pending bill. That would be the logical Mr. WINGO. l\ly understanding was that it :would be with conclusion of the Chair's suggestion. drawn and the point remain undecided. I am willing to have The CHAIRMAN. The Chair has not so ruled. The com the matter dropped, but in view of the fact that . dur.ing this mittee upon request, submitted in the regular way, gave the Congress at the extra session, when the gentleman from Massa gentleman from Illinois [~r. DENISON] permission to p~oceed chusetts [Mr. WALSH] was in the ·chair, the Chair ruled t11at out of order during a portion of the time allotted to him by it was not in order to submit a request for unanimous consent to the O'entleman from California [1\fr. KAHN]. He was proceed speak out of order during general debate. I recall that de ing to do so when the point of order was made, and under the cision because I was the Member overruled. The question hav practice of the House unbroken, so far as the present occupant ing b~n raised I do not want the statement .of the Chair to go of the chair now recalls-- . unchallenged that the precedents support his suggested ruling. l\1r. WINGO. Oh, I would state to the Chair that it is not The precedents are to the contrary, and on reflection I am sure unbroken. This question has arisen before, and I happen to the Chair will rule to the contrary. . have been the offending Member at the ti~e. I did not .con: 1\Ir. QUIN. l\1r. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentle plain then but if that is going to be the ruling of the Chrur, if man from California [1\lr. RAKER]. the House' can not be protected by its own rules and can not 1\Ir, RAKER. 1\fr. Chairman an.d gentlemen of the commit limit debate in Committee of the Whole to the subject matter, I am going to make the point of order of no quorum and bring tbe tee-- House here. I make the point of order that there is no quorum Mr. QUIN. Will the gentleman allow me to make a statement present. before he starts? The gentleman from California {Mr. KAHN) The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman had his right, of course, at is goin Military Committee bas ·made it relative rank, with which_they Mr. GREENE. I only used that as an illustration. We all have to come to the -dentist sooner or later, and the Army finds it out as soon are satisfied, to the end that the service might be improved. The as anybody else. nurses are in charge of the hospital, of course under the doctor, Gen. PERSHING. I know certain colonels in the Dental Corps who do but those in the lwspital-the orderlies and others-assume ~ot hesitate to draw teeth. Mr. GREENE. Are those exceptions that prove the rule, General? command over the nm•ses and in many instances fail to obey Gen. PERSHING. Well, this whole question is a very interesting one, their orders. That has been demonstrated, and letter after but if you require certain things. to be done by a military individual letter cou;d be placed before the House showing wherein they which compels him to exercise authority over others he must have, or he is better off if he has, the rank to do it. If he actually speaks ha-ve neglected, failed, and even refused to obey the nurses. It for his superior and by his authority, rank does not matter so much. has been shown that even men left that line for a failure to Mr. GREENE. Then if you apply that logically, the sentry on post comply with the request and direction Qf. the nurses. No. 2 should have the same rank, and yet-everybody knows it is death to anyone to disobey his orders. No one is better qualified, no one is better equipped to know Gen. PERSHING. That is the reason we gi-.e him a gun. \vbat the patients should have and the care and treatment that Mr. GREENE. But he is a private. should be given them than the nurses. Instead of requiring the Gen. PERSHING. If we would give nurses guns, we would not need to give them rank. patients to work under the direction of an orderly and the others Mr. GREENE. I dare say. This question is interesting in this sense, it shouLd be up to the nurse. She should have full direction that when we try to establish military l?rades of gt·eater numbers and command of tho e under her to the end that proper and effi than we have now we are confronted wrth the popular misunder standing of the subject which makes them fail to distinguish between cient service should be rendered or maintained. I think the mPn 6f different rank. - 'following is conclusive upon that subject. Gen. Pershing, in Gen. PERSHING. I quite appreciate your point in the matter, and appearing before the committee, made the following statement, the same criticism is very frequently made by the Army people them selves ; but as I said with reference to this question of giving rank to found on page 1438 of the hearings : nurses, the only point I would make is to place them in a position The Army Nurse Corps has performed most excellent service abroad. wh<.'re they might not be embarrassed so much in the performance of It contained many women of superior ability, and it seems to me, as a their duties. recognition of the splendid service of the Am~rican women in that Senator WAnswonTH. As I understand it, General, they request a corps, they should be given some rank, or, at least, assimilated status. little sign of rank, an insignia, something to indicate the authority The bestowal of authority upon them would give the Nurse Corps a they have, to meet an emergency, which does not come up very often, military status necessary to carry out the instructions of the medical but sometimes is very important. officers and would also have the effect of attracting to the corps the Gen. PERSHING. Yes. best class of women. This question was asked the general, and I think it is quite Further speaking upon this subject we find . another state conclusive on the question of rank, as t11is bill provides for the ment from Gen. Pershing, page 1470 to page 1472, in which he nurse service: recapitulates that statement and goes further in detail, and I Mr. GREENE. I only used that as an illu tration. We all have to come ask to have that inserted in the REcoRD, as follows: to the dentist sooner or later, and the Army finds it out as soon as any Gen. PERSHDW. I can s~ no serious objection to placing it as a part body else. of that department in time of peace, but in war time it would have to Gen. PERSHING. I know certain colonels in the Dental Corps who be an independent organization. do not hesitate to draw teeth. Senator WADSWORTH. The next topic, as I remember it, that the Mr. GREENE. Are those exceptions that prove the rule, General? ~neral took up this morning, was that of granting commissions in a Gen. PERSHING. Well, this whole question is a very interesting one, limited way to nurses in the Army Nursing Corps. but if you require certain things to be done by a military individual Mr. KAHN. This morning you said you would recommend the giving which compels him to e.xercise _authority over others, he must have, of the rank to the Army nurses. Was not the custom among the other or he is better off if he has, the rank to do it. If he actually speaks countries that participated in the war to give nurses the relative rank for his superior and by his authority, rank does not matter so much. and pay of some officer in the Army, but not to designate them as lieu Mr·. GREENE. Then, if you apply that logically, the sentry on post tenants or captains, and so forth? No. 2 should have the same rank, and yet everybody knows it is death Gen. PERSHING. I think that is the practice in the British service. to anyone to disobey his orders. Mr. KAHN. In the British service? Gen. PERSHING. That is the reason·we give him a gun. Gen. PERSHING. Yes. Mr. GREEN». But he is a private. Mr. KAHN. Did it work out satisfactorily? Gen. PERSHING. If we would 'give nurses guns, we would not neell to Gen. PERSHING. As far as I know, it has been very satisfactory to give them rank. the British. That shows the necessity of authority to exercise that juctg4 Mr. KAHN. Do you think it would be better to create some special rank for the Nurse Corps rather than the ranks that prevail in the ment and carry out what is desired. I~ addition to that, the combat troops of the Army? _ entire work has shown that where rank has been extended to Gen. PERSHING. Well, I have thou~ht about it a good deal, and it is nurses better results have been obtained. The Canadian Gov rather a puzzling question, Mr. Charrman. Whatever would give the nurses a position by which they could enforce compliance with their ernment extended rank to their nurses. The Australian Gov instructions is what should be done. You find a good many men in the ernment extended rank to their nurses. While England did not hospitals who are· not inclined to obey the orders of a nurse, fellows extend rank, it gave them• a better status. No one who has who are perhaps not any too well disciplined under any circumstances, talked with these English, Canadian, or Australian nurses and the nurses have had in many cases a rather hard time in getting along with some of those men. I am only interested in getting them a but can help realize the advantages that obtained to the service standing that will enable them to carry out their duties efficiently. and the good that followed and the justice to the nur es by Mr. KAHN. In favor of giving them some rank, but you have no preference as to what it will be? • giving them this rank. The same will apply to their set·vice. are, nurses neeil something more than the fact that they are women ~~~irij~."to secure that efficiency which the importance of the worl{ to give them sufficient authority and standing to insure our sick and wounded proper care at all times. A mass of testimony in the pos Dr. Henry Noble MacCrackcn, president of Vassar College: session of the committee proves · this beyond the shadow of a doubt. . "I believe in raD;k as a neces ·ary nieans to the 'nurse·s highest effi This testimony shows with painful clearness that in this war our ClE'ncy. She needs It as a safeguard and a protection. Nurse Corps had to endure almost unbelievable hardships in tryin_g, ·."As an educator I also believe that the granting of rank to nurses without the possession of the proper authority, efficiently to care for Will have a reflex influence; th'at it will greatly lift and dignify the its patients, and has often been unsuccessful in spite of the most heroic whole nursing profession; that it will markedly change the attitude of self-sacrifice. physicians toward nurses, and that it will·have a strong influence upon SUPPORTERS OF REL.~TIVE RANK FOR NURSES. ~~~ol'o~s~~~~e move~nt to put w.oman in her natural position by The committee on rank for nurses has discovered that, though the re: War p epartment is opposed, there is much popula-t support for a "The arrival of peace brings with it no- perma'nent assurance of a re movement that is of such vital national importance. · · · turn in size disorganization where we should have organization. I believe every their profession and their sex have the right to expect and demand at physician who has practiced in hospitals and every reserve officer in the this very moment. Army and in the Navy feel that this rank should be granted to the "A definite status must be established as to the definite duties and nurses.u . th~ definite standing of the professionally trained nurses, and unless Col. Richard C, Cabot, Boston, Mass., Medical Corps, United States this is done I feel that we can not expect their whole-hearted co Army: operation in the future as they gave it so willingly in the past." " I am heartily in favor of rank for nurses. They did more than we, the doctors, did, and as we were officers, they should be." WHAT SOME LEADING NURSES SAY. Col. llugh M. Flint, McCloud, Calif., late colonel, Medical Corps, The lat~ Jane A. Delano, director. of the department of nursing of United States Army, commanding officer Mobile· Hospital No. 39, the American ·Red Cross and one time superintendent of the Army American Expeditionary Forces: Nurse Corps : "May I express my enthusiastic support of the Jones-Raker bill for "1. E~cient organization in any hospital, civilian or military, is relative rank for Army nurses? The training of the nurses, the contri in my opmion to be secured only by placing definite responsibility upon bution which they make to the sick and wounded and their position in one person. in the ward. In th~ matter of the Army Nurse Corps, I the hospital machine give them responsibilities and duties which are do not beheve. that any regulation wlll effect the purpose we desire. equivalent to those of officers. It is therefore wise that their position First, because we ha,ve back of us the traditions of years. We have be recognized and that they be given a rank which will enable them to the corps m ~ n, we have ev£>n the officers themselves, and perhaps have the necessary authority over the enlisted men in and about mili- the nu.r:ses, ~th the tradition~ of divided responsibility, and we tary hospitals." · have this tradition o~ the Hospital Corps man, who in the past has Col. H. W. Loeb, ·St. Louis, Mo.,· late colonel, Medical Corps, United not been placed de.timtely under the nurse. Now a new regulation is States Army: . made, but the interpretation of that regulation depends entirely upon " I wish to announce through you my conviction that it is absolutely the temperament of the commanding officer or of the person to whom essential for nurses to be given rank in the Army if they are to exert he delegates the duties regarding it. I do not know of a first-class the proper influence in connection with the medical work in the Army. hospital in the United States that bas the arrangement which obtains 'l'he arguments for this I can substantiate by both judgment and expe in the military hospitals. The person '\"\'ho gives an order in a hospital rience." ou~h t to be perfectly certain that the order will be obeyed. Lieut. Col. l\Iarshall Clinton, Buffalo, N. Y., late lieutenant colonel, ' Col. Jones, the surgeon general of the Canadian Army, talked with Medical Corps, American Expeditionary Forces : m~ when I was in the Surgeon General's office. He said, 'The only "My experience with the American Expeditionary Forces as directo;r thmg any soldier really recognizes as giving one the right to issue an of Base Hospital No. 23 and then during seven months' service at the order is rank.' · We do not ask for increased pay. The Red Cross has front in the evacuation hospitals in France as surgical consultant of the selected and turned over to the Army more than 8,000 graduate nurses. Second Army, leads me to believe that the passage of the Jones-Raker LThis number had in November, 1918, been increased to 18,000.] These bill for r.ank for nurses will unquestionably help the administration and nurses have been chosen by my department and I feel a tremendous discipline of any military hospital." - interest in their-work. They are trained, skilled, able women, but I Lieut. Col. William Gillespie, Cincinnati. Ohio, late lieutenant colonel, do not be:ieve that we can get efficient, prompt, and obedient service Medical Corps, American ;Expeditionary Forces: · '!Jnless we give them both the right to issue orders concerning the nurs •· My observation in France convinces me that if nurses are to be mg care of the sick and the insignia of rank to show that they have that required for our base hospitals, they should have some protection from right. We ask for nothing else." (Excerpt from the statement made the petty whims of commanding officers. Nurses, lilre enlisted men, are by Miss Delano on April 16, 1918, before the Ilouse Committee on Mili supposed to belong to an inferior order, and commissions would, in my tary Affairs at the hearing on rank for nurses.) judgment, not only be a recognition of their special qualifications but 2. " The signing of the armistice should not halt the work now going JVould be some protection." forward to obtain rank for our Army nurses. The Army Nurse Corps . Lieut. Col. P. D. MacNaughton, Calumet, Mi<;h., late lieutenant is a permanent service which should be so attractive that it will re colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army: tain the interest of the high type of woman that came into it in the "I was in command of a base hospital in the American Expeditionary war emergency. It should be made so dignified that membership in it - Forces in France, and fully realize the handicap nurses are under with as a governmental service would be regarded as one of the highest out rank. Their education and training entitle them to this considera honors open to the nursing profession. A recognition by the Army tion without considering their responsibilities." and by Congress of the defects in its present organization, a willing Lieut. Col. H. N. Torrey, Detroit, Mich, late lieutenant colonel, ness to correct them by thorough reorganization on a sound and logical Medical Corps, American Expeditionary Forces: !>asis, an~ a generous admis~ion. of the fact that the granting of rank " I served 21 months in the American Expeditionary Forces in France, IS ~ssentlal. to such reorganiZation are the means, in my opinlon, by both in the field and in a base hospital. I feel very strongly that an which the mterest of the best type of nurses can be retained to the Army nurse should have a commissioned rank. In her work, traveling, Government for the maintenance of the Nurse Corps on that high plane of etc., she has great need of the privileges and authority such a rank efficiency which it should occupy. Let the work therefore go forward in would give to her." order that it may come to a speedy accomplishment for the greater . Maj. James D. Bruce, Saginaw, Mich., late Medical Corps, United efficiency of the Nurse Corps in the future." (Statement made by Miss States Army: Delano on Kovember 12, 1918, in. answer to the question whether the " Fifteen months in the Medical Corps of the American Army and armistice should halt the effort to obtain rank for nurses.) · six months in the Canadian Medical Corps lead me to conclude that the p:r~a E. Thompson, superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps• since suggestion of conferring military rank on the Nurse Corps of the 19 Army would, through its effect on discipline, add greatly to the effi " The Army Nurse Corps will continue to exist even though peace ciency of the entire- medical organization." has come. For many years to come it will be a larger corps than has Maj. Charles W. Comfort, jr., New Ilaven, Conn., late Medical Corps, ever before been necessary in times of peace, numbering probably into several thousands. The problems of the nurse in the military hospital U~!t.rgi~tfett1~/f~~~itten ~n sim·ere indorsement of the proposed Fed will be the same in peace that they were in war. There will be time for eral legislation to secure rank for nurses. The e}..'J)erience of other better training of the hospital orderlies, but to insure the respect for armies in granting rank to members of the nurse corps should be Sl?-ffi the Army nurse that she should always have accorded to her, rank is an cient indorsement; the experience of those who have been in service, essential which she should not be asked to do without. The work to domestic or foreign, would most emphatically approve such procedure." obtain rank for Army nurses should go forward and continue until it Maj. J. G. Matthews, Spokane, Wash., late Medical Corps, United meets with success.'' States Army : Annie W. Goodrich, chief Federal inspector of military hospitals and " My attention has been called to the discussion regarding the giv dean of the Army School of Nursing until July 15, 1919 ; assistant pro ing of commissions to Army nurses. This I consider very necessary, fessor of nursing and health, Teachers' College, Columbia University : for it will eliminate any dispute or ground for trouble regarding the " War has intensified rather than lessened my belief in the necessity issuing of orders in wards. It has been the experience in all hospitals of rank as a means of efficiency for the nurses. As long as rank con that unpleasantnesses arose at times rega:tding the corps men taking tinues to ~e a part of the military system and necessary to the exercise orders from nur es." of authority by members of other groups in the Army, it is correspond Maj. Charles M. Paul, Cincinnati, Ohio, late Medical Corps, United ingly necessary to the proper exercise of authority' by the members of States A.r!ny, chief surgeon Base Hospital 25, American Expeditionary that professional group who serve as members of the At·my Nurse Corps. Forces: " The Army Nurse Corps is a permanent institution, and its memb'ers' "I am heartily in favor of the nurses having proper rank in the need of rank therefore will continue as long as there are problems of Army game." sickness and wounds to be dealt with. The military hospitals will · 1\laj. Henry Lynde Woodward, Cincinnati, Ohio, late Medical Corps, nHet· be thoroughly efficiently administered until the system of rank Base Hospital No. 25, American Expeditionary Forces: prevailing elsewhe1·e in the Army shall have been extended to the Army "I favor the giving of rank to nurses in the Army Nurse Corps. In Nurse Corps. The Jones-Raker bill for rank for nurses should be the .first place, 'they deserve the recognition of their invaluable serv pushed to passage as speedily as possible.'' ices. In the second place, they have at present no standing which in Clara D. Noyes, president of the American Nurses' Association and and of itself gives them authority over the enlisted men in the wards, director of the department of nursing of the American Red Cross : over whom they must exercise control in the medical care of the pa " Every nurse who has been in the Army service should long ago have tients. They should have the rank of an officer to back up their per received rank, because she needed it to do her work. Her country sonal powers." should long ago have provided her with this tool so essential to her Dr. James F. Cobey, late Medical Corps; American Expeditionary best service. Forces: ·• But though the day of desperate drives is over, though the armi "A year and a half in France with the Medical Corps of the United stice has been followed by p~ace, and nurses, like soldiers, have been States Army have made me directly acquainted with the difficulties the demobilized by thousands, it is not too late for America to do her duty. nurses meet in their work with an army organized on rank as a means We shall continue to have a Regular Army and an Army Nurse Corps, of discipline when they are without rank." and every Army nurse will continue to need rank. As an efficiency Dr. Paul Correll, Easton, Pa., late Medical Corps, United States measure for both the present and the future, and incidentall~ as a mark :Army: of tbe Nation's respect tor the work of its war nurses, the Jones-Raker " It has long been my impression that the method of handling the bill for rank should be passed with all possible speed." highly educated professional nurse in the service was entirely unbe Prof. M. Adelaide Nutting, director department of nursing and coming and unsatisfactory to all fair-minded medical men. health, Teachers' College, Columbia University: "I, however, came in contact with the situation upon entering "It is the very essence of military organization that responsibility active service, and I feel that there has been a lack of appreciation shall carry with it commensurate authority and that no one depending among the leading Army spirits as well as in our written regulations on other agendes for necessary service shall be without power to com and a lack of a proper and just consideration of both the ability and mand those agencies. The Army Nurse Corps is a body of trained and the dignity of the nurses entering the corps. skilled professional women with well recognized duties and responsi " They should by all means be brought up to a suitable plane where bilities in directing and maintaining an adequate nursing system in they may intelligently and with proper dignity command respect military hospitals. Yet its members have been left to carry on their ancl consideration in the performance of their most vital duties. I important work without any real power to insure control of the re feel certain that few nurses '\"\'ho have gone from the service feel sources and agencies needed or tn guarantee courteous and respectful that they ha•e been treated with anything like the consideration that behavior from those with whom they had to associate in work. If LIX:--258 . 4098 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE . MARcH 9, we had striven to weaken the efficiency and undermine the morale of still boiled merrily. • I told you to boil them five minutes only,' said the members of our nursing service we could hardly have devised a the nurse. 'Oh,' said the orderly, '1 decided that if ~ minutes were better way of doing it than by leaving them helpless in the midst of good, 15 were better.'" (An overseas nurse.) a military world. Nothing but the fineness of our women and the "A hospital orderly delirious with influenza spent most o! his time soundness of their training has saved the day for them in an inherently calling out to his nurse, ' I . don't have to obey you-you're not a lieu false situation. Hardships, danger, and death they were prepared for, t~,ant; you're only a nurse.' " (A. chief nurse in an American camp.) and these they have met with unfaltering courage. They were not . Wh~ prepared to do a surgical dressing, the nurse had often to prepared to have the Army authorities and the medical men fail them. wmt until .the orderly was ready to help, al~hough many times he was The Jones-Raker bill for rank recently introduced must pass. Other doing nothing at all. Such delays made efficient work almost impossible wise it shoitld be difficult to induce self-respecting women to remain in in large wards filled with the recently wounded. The ward master the Army Nurse Corps or to enter it." would take men away from the necessary ward duties and assign them R. Inde Albaugh, chief division of assignment, bureau of informa to other work. The nurse could do nothing." (Overseas nurse.) tion for nurses, American Red Cross, New York City: "It has been my privilege during my association with the Bureau of Information of the Nursing Service of the American Red Cross to inter APPE~DI::t. view between 1,000 and 1,500 overseas nurses. The subject of military ARliY REGULATION GRANTING GRADE OF u NURSE" TO ARMY NURSES, rank for nurses is one that they discuss very freely and frankly with WAR DEPARTMENT, the personnel of this bureau. I find that some of these women have not thought very seriously or definitely on this subject nor have they Washington, July, 1918. analyzed or tried to visualize what nillitary rank would have meant to Paragraph 9, Army Regulations. 1913, is changed as follows: them in their work and relations with the American Expeditionary !J. (Changed by C. A. R. No. 46, W. D., 1916, and No. 73, W. D.1 1918.) Forces ; but they are suffering the 10ame internal pressure, caused by sup The following are the grades of rank of officers and noncommissioned pre sed indignation over the indefinite and irr~ar strata that profes officers: sional women were forced to oecupy in a foreign country. They felt 1. General. not only the lack of protection but the lack of recognition which they 2. Lieutenant general were accustomed to enjoy in civil life at home. From this fact ema 3. Major general. nates a great feeling of disappointment in and lack of respect for our 4. Brigadier general. military organization. These nurses as well as the majority who have 5. ColoneL thought on the subject of military rank, are solidly for something, anY: 6. Lieutenant colonel. thing, that will prevent a repetition of their experiences while trying 7. MajQr. to serve their country at home and abroad, and during their return voy 8. Captain. age. The majority of these women believe that relative rank is the only 9. First lieutenant. solution of this problem.'"" 10. Second lieutenant. Amy l\L Hilliard, general superintendent of training school, Belle 11. Aviator. vue and allied hospitals, New York City: 12. Cadet. "The United States Army has granted rank to every professional 13. Nurse. group except nurses. For nurses they have made regulations. Wben 14. (a) Sergeant major, etc. time is limited or authority needed,· regulations by no means take the place of insignia on the shoulder. No other country called for nor was JONES'-RAKEB. BILL (S. 1737, H. R. 2492). able to put in the field promptly such a large group ot graduate nurses A bill to grant rank to the Army Nurse Corps, and for other purposes. for military service. No other country has shown such an utter lack of appreciation of the needs of its nurses in military service nor have Be it enacted, etc., That the members of the Army Nmse Corps shall the nurses of any other country been subjected to such humiliation as have relative rank as follows: The superintendent shall have the rela have ours. They responded promptly to the call of their country and tive rank of major; the assistant superintendents, director, and assist everybody aeknowled~es that they have rendered a vital national service. ant directors the relative rank of captain ; chief nurses the relative rank Sbould they not receive recognition at least equal to that so freely ac of first lieutenant; and nurses the relative rank of second lieutenant; corded their Canadian, English, and Australian sisters?" and as regards medical and sanitary matters and all other work within 1\1. ~L Riddle, ex-chief nurse, Camp Devens, Mass. : the line of their professional duties shall have and shall be regarded as " In seeking rll.llk for nurses, it seems wen to consider only that phase having authority in and about military hospitals next after the medical of the subject which refers to the more effident care of the sick. The officers of the Army, and shall wear the insignia of the rank in the limitations placed upon the nurse in charge of a ward in a military Army to which their rank corresponds. hospital are many. If she is tactful. amiable, and winning, she may have carried out orders for the nursing care, dependent upon orderlies Important facts about the Army Nurtte Oorps, relative and actuaZ rank. and Hospital Corps men. If she is strictly businesslike in giving her instructions, she is likely to find them indifferently executed. Much of the success of the ward is due to the attitude of the officer (doctor) in Existing positions in the Superin- Assis~nt Di· Assistant Chief charge of it. If his chief interest is in the welfare of the patients, he Army _ urse Corps. tendent. ~~j~t. rector.l director.l nurse. Nurse. will aid the nurse by insisting that her instructions be carried out. If he is lax, knowledge of the details may escape him, and the nurse is then powerless to secure for the patient that care which he should have. At present authority regarding the care of the patients in the wards Nnmber of incumbents, exclusive of that of the doctor-is divided, and the best interests of the August, 1919 .. _...... __ 1 2 J3 50 2 5,000 sick are thus menaced. For safety, there must be a responsible head; Grades of relative rank and it is evident the position should be taken by the nurse, who, by sought without commis- training, is best fitted for it. Though rank should, in justice, be given sions or regular pay.--... Major. capt. Capt. Capt. 1st Lieut 2d.Lieut the nurse as her due, yet it is not in the name of justice that we would Base pay of these positions insist upcn it, but for the higher reason that as a ranking officer she now and with relative can ecure better nursing care for the patients in military hospitals." rank~ ..••.•...... _.••... _ $2,400.00$1, 800.00~1,800. 00~1, 500.00$1,080.00 $720.00 Base pay of these Army WHAT A FEW ARliY NURSES SAY. grades with actual rank · " Some of our orderlies were men of education, some of means ; most and commissions. ___ .... _ 3,000.00 2,400.00 2,400.00 2,400.00 2,1DO.OC 1, 700.00 of them had never worked onder the direction of a woman before and Detached service li pay and objected to receiving instruction from them. They were quite willing allowances:& to do dressings or other respon.sible work, but resented doing the clean· a. For relative rank._ .. 3,297.35 2,697.35 2,697.35 2,397.35 l,ooo.251,61i.3s ing, scrubbing floors, emptying waste. The con.sequenee was this work b. For actual, commis was not done. The nurse, being in charge of the men, was blamed un sioned rank. .. __ .. _ 3, 7.75. 65 3, 200. 50 3,200.50 3,200.50 2,524.002,141.10 less she reported to the officer that the men refused to do the work. U Difference drawn by actual she reported the men, they became antagonistic and made her work rank...... ••..... 678.60 503. 15 503.15 803.15 563. 75 523. 75 harder than ever. In either case the patients suffered, for no head nurse can see that her patients are having the best possible care if she has to spend the best part of her time getting routine cleaning done. 1 This position will be discontinued on the withdrawal of our armies from Europe. " It certainly adds nothing to good discipline, good morale, or spirit s These numbers are decreasing steadily as demobilization proceeds. to have eve:ry order or request-it was usually the latter--questioned a One to a hospital. and argued about." (A nurse with the Harvard unit.) • "Base" pay is the initial pay of the position. After 3 years' service there is an "We might be greatly handicapped by not having rank in working increase of S5 per month every 3 years for nurses and chief nurses. Nurses serving with officers who do not greatly appreciate our responsibilities. But abroad receives $10 a month additionaL here my one great need of rank is with the enlisted personnel of the 5 "Detached serviee" is service away from a base, camp or post. hospital. These are largely made up of men who have had no experi 6 ~'.Allowances" are for quarters, heat and light, and in the case of nurses for rations ence in hospital work and must all be trained by the nurses and should also. The amounts vary with the station and with the season. The figures given be under their authority. This is a serious problem and would have ~;;~;O::~i;rv.~~h~dcanf:r~ ~::ii:r:Smp, or a post these charges are part o! the been so much easier to handle if we had had some rank." (.A. chie:t nurse in France.) "An orderly dispatched for sandbags with which to stabilize a newly The- CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. set leg in a compound-fracture case was gone so long that he had to be Mr. KAHN. Mr. Chair:man, how much time have I re- sent for. He had gone to the post office to look for mail at the request maining? of a captain he had met in the ball! ' Why didn't you bring me the sandbags first and go for the mail afterwards? ' asked the nurse who The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has 80 minutes remaining. bad stood holding tlle leg all the time the orderly was gone. ' Oh, I had Mr. KAHN. I yield 60 minutes to myself. [Applause.] to go. He was an officer,' was the reply." (An overseas nurse.) The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from California is recog " I wish to call your attention to the inefficiency of a system which requires such a waste of time. It takes considerable time for a nurse nized for one hour. · to lool< up one person to report another's delinquencies. It is much 1\Ir. KAHN. ·Mr. Chairman, the question of national defense, quicker to say to A, 'Do this,' than to go to B and ask B to try to get as has been well said this afternoon, is not a partisan question. A to do his work or to have to go through B to ask C to report A and have him punished for his disobedience or neglect." (An overseas. All Americans are equally concerned for the national defense. nurse.) It was in that spirit that the Congress of the United States " The sergeant came into the diphtheria ward and took four men who Wf:re just ont of bed after diphtheria and had them carry heavy trays for the first time in its history passed a real democratic con a quarter of a mile. although I objected.'' (An overseas nurse.) scription law. During the Civil War there had been passed a "Surgical instruments must be treated with great care and boiled draft law, but I contend that that was not a real democratic law, only a few minutes.· · because it excused a IIUlil who paid two or three hundred dollars "A head nurse told an orderly to boil certain valuable instruments for five minutes only and return them to her. When he failed to come for his exemption or :who could furnish a substitute in his baek. she went to look for him. He was talking while the instruments place. 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4099 The sole purpose of the Army of the Republic is to function Practically 3;800,000 of American soldiers that were called into in time of war. Every dollar expended on an army is a waste the Army during the war had never had a particle of training. of money unless that object be constantly in view before the They had to learn everything from A to Z in military tactics Congress of the United States. The policy of this country is and science. It took us, in consequence, 13 months to get ready not apt to bring us into war. 'Ve do not seek territorial acquisi before the first division was able to go into the battle line. tions, and heretofore at least we have never desired to inter During that time•the Allies were holding the line, while we were fere with the internal affairs of any nation on earth outside getting ready. Perhaps never again in our history will such a of the United States. [Applause.] So that we can generally fortuitous circumstance confront us. look forward to a period of peace. It may happen in the future that some combination of nations The last war we had prior to the 'Vorld War was in 1898. may attack us, and if we were so unprepared as we were at the We got into this 'Vorld War in 1917, just 19 years later. And beginning of this war, our Nation would be humiliated and I want to say that world wars come very rarely in the history defeated before it could possibly hope to get ready. It is against of the world. They seem to come in cycles of about 100 or 150 that kind of a condition that I protest with all the vigor at my years. It is, therefore, exceedingly doubtful whether there will command. be another great world war in a less period of time. And yet Our position may be described somewhat in this manner: no man can tell when the battle flags will be unfurled. The The captain of a ship, a passenger-carrying ship, and the corpora ·people of this country were not for war. We are a people who tion that owns it, might be foolish enough to send it out across believe in peace. But we were dragged into the war against the ocean without a proper complement of lifeboats or life pre our will, and nobody can tell when again we witl have to face servers. Later this ship encounters a storm in mid-ocean, a a condition of that sort. terrific storm, and is wrecked. And because the ship has not Mr. MADDEN. Will the gentleman yield? the necessary safety appliances, hundreds of lives are lost. Mr. KAHN. In one moment. I for one believe in having my Our Nation is in the same situation as that ship if we are not country prepared to meet any emergency that may confront prepared in the hour of stress to call our men to the colors so as us. [Applause.] to defend American rights. Mr. MADDEN. The gentleman from California does not The bill that is before us is not altogether what I would have agree with the President of the United States that our men written had I had the writing of the measure; but you gentlemen went to the other side as crusaders, does he? know that in these matters it is necessary to make compromises. Mr. KAHN. We went to the other side to protect and defend Our whole system of government is founded on compromise. .American rights. [Applause.] And when the Imperial Ger We have grown great as a Nation because we have been willing man Government challenged those rights and.. carried out her to get together and thrash out our differences and ultimately get threats of ruthless submarine warfare against our ships, there as near a unanimous agreement as possible under existing cir was nothing to do but surrender our rights or fight. And, cumstances and conditions. [Applause.] And so this bill comes thank God, we chose to fight. [Applause.] before the House with a majority of the committee in favor of Mr. W'"ELTY. Will the gentleman yield? it. I presume there is not a single member of the committee who Mr. KA.Hl~. Yes. would not have changed some feature of it if he alone had Mr. WELTY. And those people who do not fight for their been consulted. And so, on the whole, the bill is the expression own rights ar.e not crusaders? of the opinion of a majority of the Committee on Military Mr. KAHN. Well, the term "crusader" is one that has been Affairs, reached after extensive bearings, reached after a great used for many centuries. The word in om· day, I fear, has deal of patient discussion in the committee itself. It expresses, fallen from its high estate. Almost everybody nowadays claims therefore, the opinion of a majority of the committee. to be a crusader, even the fellows who believe in prohibition. Now, the most notable change in the bill from the national [Laughter.] So the word, in my opinion, has become very defense act is the flexibility that it gives to the organization of cheap. [Laughter.] the line of the Army. The gentleman from Alabama [Mr. DENT] Mr. UPSHAW. Will the gentleman yield? criticized at some length this particular provision of the bill. I Mr. KAHN. I regret I can not yield. have here a chart which is very interesting. It gives particulars In the future I am afraid we are apt to get into trouble as to a regiment of Infantry. You will notice that one regiment before we know it. We are trying to expand our trade and of Infantry is composed of 3 battalions; the 3 battalions are our commerce. Every man in public life speaks of the wonder again divided into 15 companies ; 3 companies are headquarters ful opportunities that lie before us in that direction. Now, companies. There is one headquarters company with each bat there is nothing that is so apt to bring about international dis talion of the regiment. turbances as seeking the trade of some other country and get The headquarters companies were first authorized in the na ting it. It causes trouble. No nation on earth wants to give tional defense act. . The 15 companies again are divided into up its trade if it can help it. It causes bad feeling between 61 platoons. A platoon is composed of anywhere from 32 to 56 the peoples, between the nations, and that bad feeling unfor officers and men. Before we entered the war an infanh·y regi tunately is frequently fanned into a flame that brings about ment was composed of about 1,200 men. After e entered the war. I believe that the only salvation of this Nation is in war the President was given authority, under the Overman being measm·ably prepared at all times to defend the rights of Act, to change the formation, and our Infantry regiments were our country and its citizens. [Applause.] then made up to 3,700 men, three times the number of men that Mr. 1\IADDEN. Will the gentleman yield there? were in an Infantry regiment before we went into the war. I Mr. KAHN. Yes. believe every officer, not only of our-own Army but of the other l\lr~ MADDEN. In doing that, of course, we will be prepar armies, contended that our formation was the best that was ing to defend the rights of the citizens, as you say, but we found on the battle fields of .Europe. would not be organizing an army to follow a vision, would we? Now, the gentleman from Alabama [l\lr. DENT] says that this Mr. KAHN. Of course, I believe that this country ought to is a new departure and that therefore he is against it. Well, as ha-ve · a measurably small Regular Army. I believe that we I pointed out a while ago, the selective draft was a new de should have a very large body of citizens who are trained, so parture, and yet the country found it necessary, in order to that upon the call of the President at any time, and the vote of raise the troops that were required to win the war. [Applause.] Congress, they could immediately go into the various organiza We ought at least, in my humble opinion, learn some lessons tions and give the Nation its first line of defense until addi from the war. To fix the exact number of men that we could tional forces could be prepared. have in every unit of the Army would compel Congress to legis Mr. THOMAS. Will the gentleman yield? late constantly upon the subject. If you simply wanted one Mr. KAHN. I can not yield just now. I will later on. I additional bugler in a company, it would, under the plan of the want to make some progress. gentleman from Alabama [1\fr. DENT] require an act of Congress · In my opinion, it would be criminal carelessness to drift back to get him. into a condition of unpreparedness such as we were in at the After all, the plan of organization of the units of the fighting time of our entrance into the great ·world War. The number line of the Army is a soldier's problem. In my opinion it is not of men that we had in the Regular Army was about 120,000. the duty of the legislative branch. The soldier has his experience Probably 20,000 of those had enlisted only after the emergency to guide h~m. It is his life work. He wants to know what is arose which seemed to indicate that we would ultimately be best for his country, for his men, and for his cause. drawn into the war. We had about 100,000 National Guardsmen Mr. DENT. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? who had had more or less training. So we had practically 200,000 Mr. KAHN. I will yield in a moment. And as new conditions men who had been reasonably trained. War immediately com arise the soldier ought to be permitted to change the organiza pelled the expansion of the military force of the country enor tions- if he finds that this change will be for the betterment of mously. In this war we expanded to 4,000,000 .men in the Army the Military Establishment. alone. In the Army and Navy together we had 4,864,000 men. Now, I yield to my friend, ' .4100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE . l\fARCH 9, Mr. DENT. Does the gentleman from California mean to say It is against those conditions, as I said before, that I earnestly, to the House that he is willing to fix the total of the enlisted protest. Something has been said here about the cost of war. and commissioned strength of the Army by act of Congress and This war cost us in 19 months, with our loans to the Allies, provide a lump-sum appropriation and turn it over to the Gen $33,000,000,000, a sum that is simply staggering. The gentleman eral Staff? from 1\Iississippi [Mr. Qurn] and other gentlemen on this floor Ur. KAHN. The gentleman bas made that statement hereto have called attention to the great burden that is placed upon the fore, but as I proceed I will show that he is entirely in error taxpayers of this country. That burden is placed there because when he asserts that it would result in a lump-sum appropria we were unprepared. If we had been prepared, we would have tion. In the Army to-day the Quartermaster General and the avoided the burden. [Applause.] And it is a strange thing Stnff Corps have their units fixed by the Commander in Chief that in war the burden falls heaviest upon the masses. They, of the Army, the President of the United States. Congress does are the men and women who furnish the soldiers. They are the not fix the strength nor the size of those units, and yet they have men and women who ultimately pay the taxes. They are the never come to us and asked for lump-sum appropriations for people who suffer most of the hardships. The rich man can those organizations. After all, in regard to lump-sum appropria generally make provisions so that the burdens fall less heavily on tions, I am free to admit that we appropriate, money for the his shoulders; therefore it is for the poor people of the attention. I am satisfied that if the Congress of the United Mr. RAMSEYER. Will the gentleman yield? States, learning a lesson from this war through- which we have Mr. KAHN. I wiU. just passed, will train our young men we will not have any Mr. RA.l\fSEYER. Can the gentleman state how many occasion to fear for the future. soldiers we have in the enlisted Army, exclusive of those in I think the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. CRAGO] spoke the foreign service? yesterday about sending young men to the trenches or to the Mr. KAHN. Yes; and I am glad the gentleman asked the advance lines who had had only three weeks' training. I be question. The law allowing voluntary enlistments in our lieve Col. Donovan testified before the S€nate committee that Army was passed February 28, 1919. It went into effect on some of those men who came to his organization as replacement the following day, the 1st of March, and the number of enlist _h·oops had even a less period of training than that. Such a ments we. had up to March 1, this year, is approximately condition of affairs in a great Republic like ours is indefensible. 171,000. People speak of the cost of universal training. I have figures Mr. RAMSEYER. All the new enlistments went in for three from the War Department showing that it will cost $130,000,000 years? a year. It will take us 200 years to expend in universal train Mr. KAHN. Some for one year and some for three years. As ing a sum equal to the great total of $33,000,000,000 that we spent I recall, 89,000 went in for one year and 82,000 for three years. in 19 months of war. [Applause.] Mr. RAMSEYER. One hundred and seventy-one thousand, I 1\Ir. BANKHEAD. ·wm the gentleman yield? understand, represents the number of e:olisted men in this 1\Ir. KAHN. Yes. country? • 1\Ir. BANKHEAD. The gentleman suggested that it was his l\fr. KAHN. That is correct. hope, before the adjournment of the present Congress, to bring l\Ir. RAMSEYER. A moment ago the gentleman stated that in a bill providing for universal military training. I ask the when war was declared we had something like 120,000 men in gentleman, from his knowledge of the personnel of the. Com the Army. If the gentleman remembers, we had several months mitte_e on l\1ilitary Affairs as now composed, if he thinks it at all of war excitement which induced men to get into the service. probable that he will be able to secure the adoption of a bill of 1\fr. KAHN. We had border troubles which filled up our tha t character by that committee? Kational Guard to practically its full strength. · l\Ir. KAHN. I think it will be possible to bring a bill into the Mr. RAl\ISEYER. And several months before war was de House and get a vote on it. I do not know whether I can secure clared it was realized that we were going to get into the war. its adoption by the House~ but the gentleman from New York Young men enlisted in order to get into the fight. With that indicated that the people of this country are studying this ques experience can the committee give us the reason why they tion, and I propose, if I can, to bring a great many facts, on both thought we could get an Army in profound peace of 299,000 sides of the proposition, because I intend to get both sides of it men? in order that the Members of the House shall have the necessary 1\fr. KAHN. I want to say to the gentleman that when an information upon which to vote intelligently. emergency becomes imminent our National Guard and Regular l\1r. BEE. Will the gentleman permit a suggestion? Army begins to fill up. There was many a young American who 1\Ir. KAHN. I will. enlisted in one of the foreign armies, so that the figure that l\Ir. BEE. I think the gentleman from California did not un you have about the condition of our own Army do not fully ex derstand the gentleman from Alabama. He referred to univer plain the situation as to the attitude of these young men who sal military service. are ready for a fight. l\Ir. KAHN. Oh, no; I thought he said universal training. l\Ir. R.Al\ISEYER. We got 120,0()9, partly due to war excite There is quite a difference between universal service and uni ment, in the Regular Army. In this bill you have written the versal training. Universal service means that the young man figures at 299,000. At the time we entered the war we had in is taken into the Army and becomes a part of the Army while he creased it to 175,000. Simply writing figures in the bill does not is being trained. That is not my purpose at all. There is no make an army. How are you going to raise the number to subcommittee of the Military Affairs Committee au,thorized for 299,000 after the war is over and no inducement is offered these the purpose of considering the subject of universal service. young men in the Regular Establishment? Will it not go back to 1\Ir. BANKHEAD. If the gentleman will permit, I think it is a Regular. Army of 150,000? proper for me to say that that is the idea I sought to convey by 1\fr. KAHN. I am afraid that ultimately we will have to go my question. back to that sized army. But this bill prescribes only the l\lr. KAHN. I am sure the gentleman intended to ask that. aggregate size of these various units. If we should ever again I believe he did ask it, To my mind uniyersal training is our meet an emergency which would require our getting 1 fighting greatest insurance for peace. young men, it is a good thing to have the law on the statute books, The bill provides for an aggregate force of 280,000 men, because the adventurous and patriotic young men will be able im exclusive of the Philippine Scouts, who number 12,000 enlisted mediately to enlist without any additional legislation. men and 7,000 unassigned recruits, in the aggTegate a force of l\Ir. RAMSEYER. Then, does the committee here have in mind enlisted men of 299,000. a bill to take care of war and also for the establishment of a Some doubt bas been expressed on this floor as to whether we peace-time army? will be able by voluntary enlistment to raise such a large force. 1\fr. KAHN. As I told the House at the start, the only excuse I will say frankly that unless the situation changes materially for spending a dollar for our Military Establishment is to enable with respect to voluntary enlistment, we will probably not be our Army to function if we get into war. If we were to authorize able at any time, except in imminence- of an emergency, to raise only a small number of men for a standing army and emergencies that gr at ~rce of enlisted men. should come, during which the President might be negotiating The \Var Department started out on an intensive drive to with some foreign country with which we had some serious mis secure, from January 19 to l\Iarch 31, 1920, 84,000 volunteers for understanding, I do not think we should be in the position where the Regulru· Army. 1\Iy latest information is that they have not we would have to pas,s positive legislation in time of such stress reached mare than 12,000 enlistments, so that the percentage of to enable our Army to be filled up. I think it is the part of men who have gone into the. Army compared with the number wisdom to do that in time of peace, so that we can use. our forces that it was hoped to get is comparatively small. accordingly. · 1\lr. UPSHAW. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. RAl\iSEYER. I agree with the gentleman fully; but the l\1r. KAHN. Certainly. . question I would like to have settled in my mind is how big an Mr. UPSHAW. Does not the gentleman believe that if the army it is proposed to have in time of peace? private soldier was paid more than $30 a month the voluntary 1\Ir. KAHN. We will have such an army as Congress will respon e would be much better? provide the appropriations for, and we will have on the statute l\Ir. KAHN. I can only say thi to the gentleman: I think books a law which will enable us to go to the full limit of his premises are absolutely correct, but I should very much 299,000 men. dislike to think that we had to hire men to go into the Army of l\Ir. RAMSEYER~ But that does not answer my question. the United States. l\Ir. 'VELTY. 1\fr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? 1\lr. UPSHAW. Not in a time of emergency, they go in for l\11'! KAHN. Certainly. patriotism, but when it is a lifetime business I think we ought 1.\fr. WELTY. How many officers <;}oes this bill provide for? to make it so attractive that they will be glad to go in. l\Ir. KAHN. The number of officers provided for under the l\Ir. KAHN. Under this bill-and I will come to that in a proposed legislation is 17,832. The number of enlisted men, as few moments-the private soldier can get such allowances so stated, outside of the Philippine Scouts and the unassigned that his pay will be something like $90 per month, besides, of recruits, is 280,000. I have here a chart which shows how these course, his shelter, his clothing, his food, and everything else, men are to be divided under the provisioD;s of the bill-the num which will amount to as mu~h, possibly, as he can procw·e in ber of officers and the number of men; but the flexibility that I many civilian employments. spoke of a while ago is carried out so that the President may J , .. 4102 CON(iR.ESSION \._L R.ECORD-- HOUSE. increase or diminish any brunch of the :.:enice as the exigencies l\lr. KAHN. On the actual streugth of olticers and enli. 'ted of tlJe situation may require, IJy not to· exceed 10 per cent of the men. total of the forces authorizec.l IJy law. For instance, in the l\lr. CONNALLY. I understand; but a.· to thi::; bill tllat is Infantry we have, under the !Jill, 4,201 officers and 110,000 men. only the authorized trengtll? It may de-velop that it is Yery desiraiJle to increa e the number Mr. KAHN. This is the authorized treugth also. of men in the Engineers. Under this bill the President will, l\lr. CONNALLY. That is what I wanted to get at. It is only without further act of Congress, transfer from the Infantry the authorized strength and not nece · nrily the actual strength'? and put into the Enginee~· · such a number of men, not to exceed l\fr. KAHN. It is the authorized 'trength. The pending 10 per cent of tlle total strength of tlie Infantry, as the situa House bill provides 6 officers to 100 men. That percentage, you tion might require. So with every other organization of the will-see, is smaller than what it has been in many years of our Ann~·. That is the fiexiiJility that the conditions of this war country's history in the past. Here is a chart that is likewise. determined should be absolutely gin•n to the Commander in T"ery intere ting. It shows the number of field officers authorized Uhief of the Army, and to my mind it is one of the best features by existing law as compared with the number authorized in of the proposed legislation. the pending House bill. The field officers, as the gentlemen are l\lr. KINCHELOE. l\lr. Cl1airman, will the gentleman yield' aware, are the majors, lieutenant colonels, and the colonels. for· a question for i.nformati9n? · Under the existing law tlte field officer· of the line are: l\lajors l\Ir. KAHN. Certainly. 7.7 per cent, lieutenant colonels 2.0 per cent, and colonels 2.6 per 1\lr. KINCHELOE. I under. tood the ~entleman to agree that cent. 'Ihose are the numbers in the combatant forces of the the probability is that there would not IJe as- many as 299,000 Army. Now, in the l\ledical Corps we haYe 23.7 per cent of men enlist T"Oluntarily, but hearing a part of the speech of the mnjors, lieutenant colonels 5.4 per cent, and colonels 3.2 per gentleman from Alabama [1\lr. DENT] tllis morning, the ques cent. In the Engineers the majors number 1-!.3 per cent, lieu· tiem I want answered is, "\'\'ould it be possible in ca ·e, say, tenaut colonels 6 per cent, and colonels 4.6 per cent. In the Navy, 115,000 men were in the Army, for the Army to be top heavy officers holding .corre ponding ranks to major· are 14 per· cent, because of haYing a full quota of offieers to the number of to Jientenant colonel 7 per cent, and to colonels 4 per cent. Now, 17,832? in the bill that is pending before the Hou e, notwithstanding this Mr. KAHN. I can not conceive of the total number of officers talk on the floor of n. superabundance of officer , there are only being appointed, unle. s we had the men, and I as ume that the 15 per cent of majors, 4.5 per cent of lieutenant colonels, and 4 - adminiRtratiT"e branch of the G-overnment will act accordingly; per cent of colonel·. So that the pending House bill practically but I would call to the attention of the gentleman from Ken puts the Army and the Navy on a similar plane as to the number tucky [1.\lr. KINCHELOE] the fact tllat it is absolutely essential of officers of high command. tllat we have the proper complement of officers in peace time, :Mr. PLATT. Will the gentleman yield? even if we have not the men. l\lr. KAHN. I will. l\lr. GREENE of Vermont. 1.\Ir. Chairman, will the gentle l\Ir. PLATT. I th~re not going to he a great deal of trouble man yield? in getting officers at the rate of pay that is paid them now? 1\Ir. KAHN. Certainly. l\Ir. KAHX. Well, there have been many resignations, hut I 1\Ir. GREE)\E of Vermont. I think it will be apparent, if still have hope that enough men are imbued with the ae::;ire to anyone makes a study of tactical military organization, as it serve their country in the Army. I imagine that we will be able is to- Mr. DONOVAN. · Will the gentleman please explain .if that is man continues in the Army. It will not be necessary for him about the same thing as a warrant officer in the Navy1 to bother about the subject. The bill provides how it shall be Mr. KAHN. They say it is. done. Mr. 1\fOl\TTAGUE. If it does not divert the gentleman from Ultimately there will be a weeding out, if the provision be the continuity of his argument, I would like to ask if he has carried, of those who experience has determined ought not to examined' the relative proportions of resignations as between be further continued on the active list of the Army. There will West Point officers and officers of the Army who have not come be two lists, A and B. The officers on the A list will continue into the Army through thht institution? right along and reach their promotion as vacancies in the Army l\lr. KAHN. 1 have not examined the matter, but I want to arise. Those in class B will be eliminated. Those in that class call to the attention of the gentleman this fact: In studying who have had 10 years' service in the Army will be allowed to the table of resignations I find many of those who resigned were resign. Those who have had over 10 years' service will be put men who held provisional commissions. They were not really on the retired list, with 2-i per cent of the pay for every year of fully confirmed as officers in the Army, although I regret to say the years they have been in the -service. many officers who have resigned were members of the Regular l\lr. NEWTON of Minnesota. l\1r. Chairman, will the gentle Army Yrho had performed signal service for their country. But man yield there? they felt they could not continue in the Army with the small 1\ft. KAHN. Certainly. rate of pay, and when they found better opportunities in pri l\fr. NEWTON of Minnesota. How is this list compiled? vate fields they reluctantly resigned. That is, who is it who decides whether the officer shall go on Mr. MONTAGUE. Did those considerations actuate many of the A list or on the B list? the men who were West Point graduates and who went into the Mr. KAHN. The bill proyides that a commission of officers Army from 'Vest Point? shall arrange those lists. Mr. KAHN. I hav:e not heard. Mr. NE.WTON of Minnesota. Does not that really mean that 1\fr. MONTAGUE. I think it would be very interesting if the personal acquaintance will affect promotion-? House could know that. Mr. KAHN. I understand not. I understand that in every l\lr. KAHN. I will try to get the information, and when we case the officer's record in the Army will be the basis of the consider the measure under the five-minute rule I will be glad action for the commission. [Applause.] In other words, dur to inform the gentleman, if I have been able to secure the data. ing all the years th-at a man has been in the Army his efficiency l\Ir. PLATT. Only about 50 per cent of our officers were West reports have been sent to The Adjutant General's Office, and Point graduates before the war, or a little less. those eff~ciency reports will be taken as the basis for determining 1\fr. KAHN. It was considerably less. I think at the present the final standing of the· officer. · time about one-third of the officers of the Army are West Point 1\f.r. GREENE of Vermont. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman graduates. yield? Mr. BEE. If the gentleman will permit in that connection a 1\Ir. KAHN. Yes. suggestion, I '"ill say that in recent years there has been a very l\lr. GREENE of Vermont. With the gentleman's consent, I large increase in the commissioned force from the enlisted men was going to suggest that the question which the gentleman of the Army, which was not the case in the years that had from l\iinnesota proposed does not relate to promotion at all. passed, and for that reason the majority of them are not West It is a question whether or not a man stays in the Army. If he Point graduates. finds himself in class A. because of his meritorious record, then Mr. KAHN. Now, in this matter of flexibility, the best illus he gets the promotion automatically by reason of seniority. tration I could give you as to the desirability of such a provision 1\lr. KAHN. Yes. I thank my colleague. is what happened during this war. The national-defense act Mr. BANKHEAD. .l\fr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? provided for 25 regiments of Cavalry. In this war there was Mr. KAHN. Certainly. ' not much u ·e for cavalry, and so the War Department cut the l\lr. BANKHEAD. 1: am fully in accord with the gentleman's Cavalry regiments down from 25 to 17. But we were woefully position as to promotion from the single list, as I · pointed out lacking in field artillery, and this war was one in which field yesterday, but I would like to ask the chairman of the com artillery played a very essential part. So the War Depart mittee why, after the Committee on Military Affairs had come ment increased largely the Field Artillery to meet the exigencies to the conclusion that that was the proper basic principle upon of the situation. which -to make up this list for promotion, they should provide The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from_California has con- that in arranging this list officers shall retain their present sumed the additional 15 minutes. order on the lineal list without changing the present order of l\lr. KAHN. May :I ha-ve five minutes ·more? officers on the lineal list, and then it goes on further and sets 1\fr. DENT. I yield to the gentleman 10 minutes. out five different ~lasses or groups as exceptions to that rule? Mr. KAHN. I thank you very much. 1\lr. KAHN. I do not remember the precise provisions of the l\fr. l\fiLLER. Will the gentleman yield ior just a moment? bill in that regard, and I have not the time to go into that Mr. KAHN. Certainly., fully now; but I will say to the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. 1\lr. MILLER. I think the chairman of our committee over BANKHEAD] that my colleagues on the committee told me of looked the matter of the single list of the Army. I believe it the gentleman's position, and I hope that when we reach that would be of interest to every Member of the House. section of the bill we can explain the matter to the entire satis 1\Ir. KAHN. I shall try to reach that in the, time so kindly faction of the gentleman. I have only two or three minutes re· yielded to me by the distinguished gentleman n·om Alabama maining, and I would therefore beg the gentleman to allow me I [l\fr. DENT]. to take up that matter when we reach that portion of the bill Heretofore it has challenged the"attention of every member under the five-minute rule. of the Committee on Military Affairs that as soon as his chair l\fr. BANKHEAD. Of course, I do not want to trespass on in the committee room ..had been warmed practically every bill the gentleman's courtesy. that was considered by the committee involved the matter of Mr. KA.H...."N". I want to say that there are many features of promotion. Gen. Pershing stated before the joint committee the bill that I have been unable to discuss-- of the two Houses that practically every Army officer went Mr. DENT. 1\lr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield for this around with a little reorganization bill in his own· pocket, statement? which he would try to have considered and which involved pro Mr. KAHN. Yes. motion in his branch of the Army. That is a natural thing, l\1r. DENT. I have some time left, and I will yield to the probably, to do, because after all it is only human for a man gentleman, if he desires. · to desire to better his condition in life. But the provision l\1r. KAHN. I want to say in all frankness to my courteous which the committee has inserted in the bill and which the friend from Alabama. that "the gentleman from California" committee hopes will be adopted by the House will remove the feels rather tired and would like to conclude in a few moments. temptation to secure individual promotions, because the single There are many provisions of the bill, of course, that we have list as it appears in the bill will make unnecessary all efforts not been able to touch upon, but when the bill is up under the to secure advances for any·particular branch of the service. I five-minute rule my colleagues and myself on the committee may add that it has practically the unanimous -support of the who favor the bill will be glad to explain every proposi officers of the Army. tion contained in the bill to the best of our ability. [Ap Under that provision the officers will be placed upon a list plause.] prepared by a board of officers who will study the length of This morning I told the gentleman from Alabama [l\fr. DENTl service in all the various branches that each officer has had, I had a list which showed the distribution of field officers pro and then place him in his proper place on the single list. Pro vided for in the pending bill which I would insert in the REOORD motion under those circumstances will come regularly if the in my time. 4104 OONGRESSION AL REOORD--HOUSE. ~lARCH 9, Tile list is as follows : Di8tribtttion of field o/Tic&rs provided tor in H. -R. 12175-Continued. Distribution of fielcl officer·s provideti/or in H. R. 127'15. Lieuten ant Lieuten Branch of service. Colonels. colonels ant and Branch or service. Colonels. colonels majors. and majors. Quartermaster Corps-Continued: ------1------·------Supply depots and remounts .... -.... ______... ·--.-·_.,.__ 3 20 Infantry: Army posts ______---·.·--_--··--·- ... ·---- __ .-·-. -·_._·-· -- 2 19 260 5 ~t~~::ciuari&s::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~ 9 ~~~T~~~~f~a:r~c;;~G,- -reci-iiit- iiei>Ots,' ·ienarai · iiospitals~- -· · · · · · · · - 31 etc ...... ____ ...... ______. 7 ili~~:-r:i::J~ah~dqua~te;s ciD.iiWfii offirei-S-oniy):: :::::::::: 32 22 tank brigades ____ . ______. _. ____ . __ . _____ . __ ... __ .. - 2 G 4.0 184 Office chief of Infantry (1 colonel as chief)_ . _. _. _...... _. __ 5 10 Infantry school (not on D. 0. L.)_. _. _...... _... _..... _. . - 2 30 FinMce Department: War Department (1 colonel as Chief of Finance) .. : . . _. _. . 5 83 378 9 departments and 12 zones-- ...... _._·- .-- · .-·-.. __ .. . 17 Cavalry: 22 7 1 ~ ;:~:~~U8i:ier8:::: ::~::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i ~ Ordnance Department: 4machine-gun squadrons ______., __ ·-·-·- ____ .... ~--- .. __ . .,______4 War Departmt>nt (1 colonel as Chief of Ordnance and 1 Division and brigade headquarters (Cavalry officers only)_. _. _. _... __ 4 assistant)-- ...... -·---·-·-.. ·-·--··· .. ·-·---·---· .. ··-- 6 20 Office Chief of Cavalry (1 colonel as Chief of Cavalry)-.----- 51 8 9 departments __ . _..... ______. __ •••... __ ... _.. __ . _. _... _.. _ 9 Cavalry school (not on D. 0. L.) ...... _...... ______2_____ s 10 divisions .. _____ ._ . . __ __. _____ ..... _. ___ ..•. __ . ___ . ___ .. _ .. __ ..... _ 10 .Arsenals, depots, and ordnance schools. ____ . . . . . • . . . • • • . . . . 4 50 25 ~ -======: 19 so Field .Artillery: _ 38regiments ______...... 38 130 Chemical Warfare ~ervice (1 colonel as Chief or the Chemical Brigade headquarters_. ___ ·- __ ._ ... _.. ______.. ______... _-· ..•.... 13 Warfare Service) ... ·------·-- ___ __ ·-· ._ .. ·-- __ ------... -... 6 19 Office Chief of Field Artillery (1 colonel as Chief of Field Artillery) ...... -· ____ -··.·--·-·-----...... -...... -- 5 2 1 Field Artillery schools (not on D. 0. L.) ...... _. 6 Judge Advocate General's Department: 49 183 War nepartment (1 colonel as Judge Advocate General)___ 7 30 21 Coast Artillery Corps: iod~~~~r:;~:~::: ::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::::::::::::::: .._____ .~- - 10 Coast defense_ ...... • _... _...... _.. _...... 18 79 2 8 16 61 ~~~~~r~~~~~ihei;r::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 15 Office CWef of Coast Artillery Corps (1 colonel as Chief of Philippine Scouts ...... , ______··- ...... --· .... _.. -·--···-_ 6 30 Coast Artillery Corps) .. _.... _. _....•.... _. _..•.•.• : __ • _. 5 10 Coa tArtillery school (not on D_ 0. L.) .... ,_._., ...... 2 15 Detached officers' list: Reserve Officers' Training Corps (di ·trint inspectors and 29 j 127 militaryschools) ______instructors . ______in about350 universities, colleges, and . __ _ 35 581 Recntiting (fl recruit depots, 2 recruit depot posts, 25 re- cruit companies, 56 distric.ts, and 582 stations) ______16 100 D lsciplinary barracks ______. ______. ______3 12 M.ilitta duty (office of Militia Bureau; 7 department head-" quarters; inspectors and instmctors with States). ______40 213 Co1Y~~~~~~i0LE.iLE!Dii :li2JHi ·······:t· ~ j Facu!ties and s~ior instructors at service schools, aud ~ antChiefofEngi.neers)_, ______.,,_,_,_...... 8 15 assiStants to m1htary attache>- _. ______60 190 Engineer school (not on D. 0. L.) ...... -.... 1 __ 7 Miscellaneous (Alaska Road Commission ; Philippine Con------stabulary; District of Columbia commissioner, etc.) . _.. __ 10 19 ~ 48 128 At We-t Point_._ ·-·-·-----·---·-·---··--·------·--· 1 25 Signal Corps: • 165 1, 170 14 field signal battalions __ -··- __ ·-·-·-_-·-_ ..... , ______.... ----- ... __ H ioddr:s~~~~dquarters~~:: :~:::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- -.... ·~- ---· ·· "io Office chief signal officer and supply depots (1 colonel as Tile CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Cali· chief signal officer)--_ .. ______. ____ ... __ ... ___ .... _.. _ 5 15 fornia has again expired. Is there further general debate? GignalCorpsschools (not on D. 0. L.).·-·-·---·-·------· 1 10 Mr. DENT. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentle· _ 15 49 man from Massachusettes [Mr. FULLER]. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from 1\Ias~ achusett:::; is Air ScrYice: Ht>avier-than-air organizations--- .. _._._. __ . . -..... --- .- ... -.--. __ _ _ _ 75 recognized for 10 minutes. Lighter-than-air organizations--._._. __ .-- ______._._---- __ . ___ . __ _ _ 8 Mr. FULLEB. of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman. I am goin~ 9 departments- ______-- ---_- _- --_------_------9 9 to vote in favor of this military bill, becau e the lesson of the Office CbiefofAirService (1colonelasCbiefof Air Service) __ 8 25 Training detachments and schools (not on D. 0. L.)-. __ _ _ _ 5 50 war i. that we should be prepared. Theodore Roose-velt ummeu Manufacturing and supply depots_.--.---·-·_ ... ·----··--- 4. 40 up a safe and sound policy for our Nation when he said that a man should speak softly but carry a big stick. It trikes 261 207 me a right and proper thllt we should be legislating for an General Staff Corps: . enlarged Army at the very moment when the peace trec'lty is War Department--·-·····--·. ____ ...... ·-· ---- ..... ______10 50 9 departments ______. ______. ___ -- __ ... ______.__ 9 36 being done to death in ·the Senate. It is because the treaty is 10 divisions ______... _... __ . __ ._ ...... ---_._·- ... ___ .____ 10 30 being done to death that I believe that it is es ential that we Military attaches ______..... ___ .. _...... ---._ ..... _. 7 8 should spend so many millions for the Army and the Navy. If the United States is going to stay on the out. ·we, if tb 361 124 United States is going to go it alone, we mu. t equip ourselves Adjutant General's Department: to do it. If we are to cast away the opporhmity offered in the War Department (1 colonel as Adjutant General and 1 League of Nations, wemustprepareourselve for the alternatiYe. assistant) ______-- __ -- ...... _--. __ --_ ._._-- __ . ___ .. ___ 10 19 9 departments ... --·-· ... -.--...... ·-----· -·-· ...... _.__ 9 18 The United States can elect a course of academic isolation 10 di\isions .. _...... -···- .. _...... __ ·······--. 20 if the Senate so wills. The Senate can not guarantee or . ecure actual isolation. When Francis Ferdinand was shot at Sera· 19 51 jevo in 1914 the United State was entangleu, though it toolc Inspertor General's Department: us a long time to find out the fact. No boiling of the European \Var Department (1 colonel as Inspector General) .. _._ ... __ 5 ~ pot can happen henceforth without threatening to entangle tile 9 departments .. ·-·_-·-·_·--·---- ___ ----·---·----·-··· .. ··_ 9 1 10 di\·isions ...... _;,, .. _...... -·-.. ····· 10 United States. There is no isolation possible. We can cnt off all facilities for peace. 14 36 We can repudiate every offer of arbrtrution. Qnartt>rmnster Corps: We can refuse to entertain any plan for mutual adjustment. We can deny every chance for lessening the need for mili wf~~~f:~~~~~ _<~_ ~~~~~~~ -~~ ~~~~~-t~~~~~~~~ -~-e-~~~~: ~~~. 14 9 departments ...... ·--.--·_ ...... --_.- -. _·-·-. --·..... 9 ~ tnry and nayal equipment. 12zones ___ .,,,, ____ ...... _... ,, ______,, ...... _..... 12 59 But we can not build a wall about the United States and 10 divisions ...... -._ ...... 30 ignore the rest of tile world. , ' 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4105 lf we reject the chance to enter the League of Nations, we champion of a new era of humanity, enlightenment, and progress, have got to be ready to fight. and rumors of war will be instantly laid. [Applause.] From 1\Ir. SUMMERS of Washington. Mr. Chairman, will the gen east to west the nations wnuld breathe freely and the federation tleman yield? of the world for peace would no longer be a dream. Every l\fr. FULLER of Massachusetts. l\ly time is very short. If thoughtful American knows as well as Secretary Daniels that, the gentleman will permit me to finish my speech, then I will the covenant once and forever rejected by the United States, it yield. will fall to pieces and the old order of suspicion, distrust, and Mr. BLANTO:N. That is such a remarkable speech from the preparation for the wars that can not be averted will return. Republican side that I think the gentleman ought to yield. The first American line of defense, the Navy, will have to be Mr. SUMMERS of Washington. I wondered if the Secre made so strong that not only no enemy but no combination of tary of War did not ask for about a half million men in the hostile powers will be feared. Army a year ago, when we presumably had a League of Nations. The passions and prejudices of various classes in our popula 1\Ir. FULLER of Massachusetts. I do not think we will have tion are being appealed to and one nationality set against an a League of Nations with the United States in it. other for political advantage. These junkers, I believe, are I am in favor, practically SlJeaking, of every plan and every creating a creature like Frankenstein of old, that e\entually will method making for preparedness advocated by this bill. I would get out of their control and cause all kinds of misery and dis go en'n further. I think we ought to recognize the efforts that aster. Do you not hear that sound which is constantly growing our blood-drinking junker Senators are putting forth in the Sen louder, which is becoming so loud that it even begins to drown ate to such a degree_that we arm the women, and then the next out the roar of oratory, the sound of voice which ask for peace, step is u perfectly logical one, of instructing the children in mili which desire tile olive branch of love rather than the laurels of tary tactics. Every child should be able to handle a dirk in a hatred? · clinch. Have them carry their books and luncheons to school on After these treaty busters have defeated the treaty the next their baeks like the German children by way of preparing them thing on the schedule is universal military training. Then - for knapsacks later. Because not only are the opponents of the should come war with Mexico. In fact, I believe that when a treaty outraging every sense of justice of our allies but they are representative of another body, -whose name can not be men stining up internal sh·ife which will call, sooner or later, for a tioned here, wer;tt to visit the President about a month ago to standing A.rmy to keep peace at home. For, as the Secretary of look into his physical conditi'On, that had they found him in the Navy said: capacitated they would then have rushed us into intervention in We must have a League of Nations by which every nation will help Mexico. There surely is a junker element in this country, just preserve the peace of the world without competitive naval building, or as surely as there was in Germany before the war-a gang of we must have incomparably the biggest Navy in the world. With the pirates who believe that might makes right. This junker ele league in operation, composed at first of all the nations allied or asso ciated in the World War, and with provision for admittance of all other ment has a liberal support from some newspapers. nations opposed to conquest and militarism, it would not be necessary to The CHAIRl\fA..."N". The time of the gentleman has expired, 1 impose on the taxpayers of America the assessments necessary for build Mr. DEN'l • I yield to the gentleman five minutes more. ing more capital ships. Mr. FULLER of Massachusetts. I thank the gentleman very When he appeared before the House Naval Affairs Committee much. Due to the marvelous prosperity and rapid growth of on Saturday Secretary Daniels said that the question for Con this country, there is an element in it that has made money ~eRs to decide was whether the United States shotild complete rapidly. They have made it so rapidly that they are a.rrogant, the three years' program of construction ~nd add units needed by and in order to further advance their interests and influence the Navy, such as more light cruisers and submarines, or expand they buy newspapers, thereby to a large degree coloring the news the fleet until this country "·ould have nothing to fear from and disseminating their own political views. Surely most any any other sea power. ~If the United States failed to ratify the body in this House will agree with me that, take a given ques peace treaty and accept the covenant of the League of Nations, tion, you can pretty surely tell which side of the question cer which, as planned, was to prevent' war on a large and costly scale tain newspapers will take. Some of the newspapers-a fairly and lead to an era of peaceful industry, each nation would have good number-are honest and square. God bless 'em ! But the to look to its owll defenses and depend upon its resotu'ces. majority of big newspapers in this country, in my humble opin It '"as not necessary for the Seereta.ry of the Navy to tell his ion, are owned directly or indirectly by big business, and the countr:rmen that the alternative to staying out of the League of influence of those newspapers goes to reward those men who hold Nations would be naval expansion. Nothing could be more ob political office and do in the office what is- for the interests of vious, although Senators, besides those composing the so-called big business. [Applause.] Battalion of Death, have been blind to the isolated and detached Mr. SUl\11\-IERS of Washington. Will the-gentleman yield? position that the United States would occupy if the treaty and l\1r. FULLER of Massachusetts. I have not time to finish now. cownant were rejected. [Applause.] Furthermore, supporters l\fr. BLAl~TON. 'Ve will give you more time. of the covenant realize that it would be a rope of sand for the 1\Ir. FULLER of Massachusetts. The next thing the junkers lute allies of the United States if this country refused to join will have to propose will be consumption taxes. As if the con them in the peace compact. Competition in armaments would sumers did not pay the tax now, and the taxes were not added to begin all over again, however the European nations and Japan the cost of production! No, my friends, this bill is not large might dedicate themselves to economy by lip service. enough in its military preparations to take care of the enemies Great Britain, which is expanding her merchant fleet to ob the foes to the peace treaty are creating. . tain the lion's share of the trade of the world, would follow her It has caused me considerable amusement to observe the wild traditional policy of keeping up her navy ·with the ingenuity in solicitations of certain men for the Monroe doctrine. In one construction for which she is justly famous. . Economy in naval breath they ctu·se the treaty because we pledge ourselves to pro-· n.rmaments "'ould fly out of the window us profits in trade teet all countries from land grabbers and territorial encroach increased. ment, and in the next breath they demand that we stand for the It is true that Great Britain bas reduced the number of her Monroe doctrine so that no nation can seek advantage in this warships in commission, but she continues to build great :fighting hemisphere. These mischievous advocates of the Monroe doc dreadnoughts like the Hood and the Renown, always striving to trine knew perfectly well that if they could make America de keep in the 'an of in\ention and military prowess. Her na\y mand certain ad\antages in this hemisphere, Japan would be is still the most powerful on the .seas, counting her dreadnoughts warranted in making claim for special advantages over there, in reserve which could be· mobilized on call. Japan's program is and so on, like the dog who had a flea upon his back to bite him, not as ambitious as the uncompleted three years' program of the and that flea had an_other flea, . and so on ad infinitum. Two United States, but Japan is planning to be as strong in the Pacific years ago America was the moral leader of the world, and Lenin as her resources permit. The Japanese are an intensely prac and Trotski were despised. To-day the junkers have com tical people. Only if the United States were to ratify the peace pelled America to fitmk and reverse itself to such a degree treaty and agree to join the League of Nations would Great that in every country on the face of the globe America is de Britain and Japan practice the economy in na,al expenditure spised, and they are about reconciled to greet Lenin and Trotski they preach ·with mental reservations. N:or are they to be with open arms. - • blamed for not abandoning naval eA.'})ansion altogether when I went into a little barber shop the other day up in New Ramp· almosf a year has elap8ed since the document of the peace treaty shire and saw a young chap there that I had not seen for a was finished, and the United States still remains obstructive and year or two. I asJred him where he had been, and he said he apparently indifferent. . . bad been in the Army, he had been to Europe, he had been fight Never had a nation a more golden opportunity to bestow the ing in the war to end all wars, but he said the next time the band boon of peace upon the world than has come to the United States played and they asked him to enlist he was going to tell them to because of its moral influence and its \ast resources. It has but go to hell. The fruits of the war which our doughboys won in to approve of the covenant and stand forth as the most powerful Europe have been pretty well dissipated. Personally I admire I 4106 OONGRESSION AL· RECORD-HOUSE. 1\l.ARCH 9, \Vilson's courage in going over to 'Europe to participate in nego They could ascend from a -small field. The two engines with tiating the treaty. [Applause.] He had everything .to lose and the two propellers would enable them to reach a given altitude nothing to gain in a way, as far as his personal fortunes went. in a shorter time than the 12-cylinder engine with a single pro I believe he risked everything in going over there in an effort to peller. clinch the victory that the American boys had fought and died Second. They could land in a small field because with the for. [Applause.] two engines they had a larger wing surface. This made for We have paid in lives for winning the Great War. We have greater resistance and therefore slowed the airplane up suf spent our trensure in keeping these countries from bankruptcyt ficiently so they could land in a small area. but there are those amongst us who would not have us partici Third. They found that with the two separate engines they pate in the terms of peace, the object of which is to pre\ent had two chances of staying in the air as against one, because another just such war. Must the world go through another if one engine went back on them they could still run the other, convulsion before these men vm come to their senses! whereas with a 12-cylinder engine if 6 cylinders went back on I believe if the American Senate had cooperated With the them they could not stay in the the air with the other 6. President that we could have laid the foundation for a league I am very enthusiastic aboutthe·single listfor promotions-which to enforce peace that would prevent future war. ·I believe the is being substituted for the lineal list. The present system of lineal reactionaries who have loSt sight of the promises made to the promotion is detrimental to the morale of an efficient military es people during the war have lost sight of the obligation they owe tablishment. The personal equation is too strong a factor in the to the men who fought the wart and will yet rue the day they problem. Under the present plan an officer's promotion depended indulged their partisanship and petty animosity to a Democratic in a large measure on the expansion of that branch of the Army to President to the e::rtent of defeating the treaty. The explanation which he was attached. As a resUlt every officer had an eye for the animosity to the treaty I ·find as disgusting as the tactir.:s to the expansion of the organization to which he belonged, that are employed to defeat it. Imagine as a reason for de usually to the detriment of some other branch of the service. feating this great instrument to prevent future wars the fact The effect of this condition has been to create jealousy in the that the President did not ask so-and-so or so-and-so over as a various branches and to bring pressu_re to bear upon Congress peace delegate! Personally, I wish he had invited soine Re to expand certain milit~ry units out of all proportion to their publicans to go with him, although I can well appreciate that be importance. Under the proposed plan no officer can derive per was fearful that after he had given them his confidence they sonal benefit from the expansion of any particular branch as would reward it with the same gratitude and lQyalty as that all promotions will come equally to all branches or arms of' the exhibited by Sims on a recent oc-casion. [Laughter.] service. [A-pplause.] With a deficit or $4,000,000,000 staring us in the face for this Mr. DENT. Mr. Chairman, I believe I have some time left, year, with the knowledge that the initial first year cost of train but I will not use any further time in the general debate on ing the 800,000 eligible young men would be very close to this bill. $1;000,000t000, in addition to the cost of our Regular Army and Mr. lLffiN. Then, I understand from the gentleman that in National Guard, which under this bill .is estimated from $480,- the morning we can proceed with the reading of the bill under 000,000 to $600,000,000, I am convinced that our committee has the five-minute rule? acted wisely in postponing consideration of compulsory train Mr. DENT. Yes. ing until another session of Congress, when we can have the 1\fr. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, I move that the committee do benefit of more careful and detailed information on the subject. now rise. I am in favor of ratifying the treatyt and that instead of being "The motion was agreed to. the last nation on earth to join in with the other nations in Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having re working out a plan of disarmament that America take the lead sumed the chair, Mr. TILsoN, C~rman of the Committee of and win this great victory for peace and righteousness just as the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that that our boys won the war in France. committee, having had under consideration the bill (H. R. President Taft once told me of a visit he made to Tokyo on 12775) to amend an act entitled "An act for making further his way to the Philippines. He said he \\as given a marvelous and more effectual provision for the national defense, and for reception-hundreds of thousands of people jammed the streets other purposes," approved June 3, 1916, had come to no resolu· and nothlng was too good for them. A few months after that tion thereon. his boat came into the harbor of Tokyo, and during the interval ENROLLED BILLS AND .TOrNT RESOLUTION SIGNED. of his visits President Roosevelt had brought Russia and Japan toget;her at Portsmouth. Word was sent out to President Taft lUr. RAMSEY, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, re that he had better not land. ·The opinion of the populace had ported that they had examined and found truly enrolled bills veered about in the opposite direction. And so 1 warn these and a joint resolution of the following titles, when the Speaker men who are indulging their partisanship at this time at the signed the same:. expense of the treaty to beware. H. R. 12213. An act authorizing F. R. Beals to construct, main 1 voted for universal military training. In my own mind it tain, and operate a bridge across the Nestucca River, in Tilla· will ever stand as the Republican substitute for the League of mook County, Oreg. ; Nations, but I warn you, my friends, when you have put through H. R. 12164. An act to authorize the construction of a bridge this junker program and the blight of war does fall upon us once and approaches thereto across the Columbia River, between the again, God have mercy on your souls! [Appln.use.] towns of Pasco and Kennewick, in the State of Washington; and The CHAillMAN. The time of the .gentleman has again H. J. Res. 305. Joint resolution to amend a certain paragraph • of the act entitled "An act making appropriations for the current .expired. Mr. DENT. I yield to the gentleman five minutes more. [Ap- and contingent expenses of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, and for I:Hause.] 1\fr. FULLElR of ·'Massachusetts. I wish to say a word about other purposes, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921," ap a united air service. I was on the subcommittee that con proved February 14, 1920. sidered this question, and as a member of the subcommittee I The SPEAKER announced his signature to enrolled bill of the voted to favorably report it to the main committee. Since following title : that time I have come to believe that perhaps the advocates of S. 3037. An act to authorize the Secretary of War to transfer a united air service were a little more zealous in their cause certain surplus motor-propelled vehicles and motor equipment tb.an those opposed to it, because a later study of the question and road-making material to various services and departments of had led me to believe a united air service would be a mistake. the Government and for the use of the States. I do not believe a united air senice can build an airplane bet LEAVE OF ABSENCE. ter adapted to the needs of the Navy than the Navy Depart By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted as fol ment can build it. I believe we should preserve for the Navy lows: the right to experiment, develop, and build along such lines as To l\Ir. GREEN of Iowa, "indefinitely, on account of serious they approve machines for their own particular service. I illness in .his family. believe that applies equally to the Army and to the Post Office. To 1\ir. O'CoN~ELL, indefinitely, on account of the illness of his I believe the principle of allowing these different branches of wife. ., the service to specialize on the machine to suit their own re- DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR WEDNESDAY. quirements is sound. · For example, the Army turned over to the Post Office De 1\fr. 1\IONDELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that partment a 12-cylinder De Haviland airplane. The Post Office the House dispense with the proceedings of the ·calendar found that they could take off the 12-cylinder engine and by Wednesday call to-morrow. making it into two 6-cylinder engines place one on each wing. The SPEAKER. The gentleman asks unanimous consent to It· was mu~h better adapted to their service and would do the dispense with the business of Calendar Wednesday to-morrow. following things that the other airplane would not do: Is there objection 1. 1920. CONGRESS! ON AL -RECORD=.HOUSEc 4107.t 1\Ir. GARRETT. 1\Ir. Speaker, reserving the right to object, Also, resolution {H. Res. 492) providing for a shipping clerk I wish to ask the gentleman from W~·oming if the steering com in the folding room of the House in lieu of a folder; to the Com· mittee has beeu monke;\·ing with the clock above the Speaker's mittee on Accounts. chair? The hands have been pointing to the same place ever since this morning. [Laughter.] PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIO~S. 1\Ir. 1\fONDELL. I understand that the man ""ho is supposed Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills and re.:olutions to take care of the clock is a Democratic hold over. [Laughter.] were inh·oduced and severally referred as follows: 1\fr. KITCHll~. Reserving the right to object-and I shall By l\lr. BENHAl\1: A bill (H. R. 12998) granting a veusion to not object-I presume the purpose of the gentleman in dispens Evaline Wilson; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ing with Calendar 'Vednesday is to get through with the military Also, a bill (H. R. 12999) granting a pension to ~lyron H. Mc- bill sooner, so tha ~ we can-take up the foreign-relief bill, which Mullen; to the Commit~ee on Invalid Pensions. . the steering committee have promised to bring out. [Laughter.] By l\1r. BROOKS of Pennsylvania: A bill (H. R. 13000) to cor I will not object. rect the military record of Nathaniel Staub; to the Commitfee 1\lr. BLANTON. 1\Ir. Speaker, reserving the right to object, on 1\fili tary A1'fa irs. · the gentleman from ·wyoming [~lr. MoNDELL] was partly correct. By Mr. CRAGO: A bill (H. R. 13001) for the relief of the The clock on tile gallery railing in front of the Speaker, which Rock of the Marne Post, No. 138, composed of men who served in is running, is kept by a Democrat, and the one be_hind the the Thirty-eighth Infantry; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Speaker, whi<:h has stopped, is kept by a Republican. [Laugh By 1\Ir. DARROW: A bill (H. R. 13002) to reinstate George H. ter.] McConnon in the Navy as a surgeon; to the Committee on Naval l\Ir. WALSH. Hegular order, 1\Ir. Speaker. Affairs. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the By l\Ir. DRA..~E: A bill (H. R 13003) granting a pension to gentleman from Wyoming [1\Ir. l\IoNDELL]? Barthoid Hinsdorff; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. There wns no objection. By Mr. FRENCH: A bill (H. R. 13004) granting an increase ADJOURNMENT. of pension to l\1artha A. Brown; to the Committee on Pensions_ By 1\fi·. GARD: A bill (H. R. 13005) granting a pensiou to Mr. l\IONDELL. I move tllat the House do now adjourn. Cevilla Wise; to the Committee on Pensions. The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 22 By l\Ir. GOULD: A bill (H. R. 13006) for the relief of Fre(l S. minutes p. m.) the Hou e, unuer the previous oruer, adjoumed Johnston; to the Committee on Claims. until Wednesday, 1\Iarch 10, 1920, at 11 o'clock a. m. By l\1r. McLAUGHLIN of Nebraska: A bill (H. R. 13007) granting a pension to William H. Knowle ·; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. BXECUTIYE COl\IMUNICATIO~S, ETC. By Mr. l\IURPHY: A bill (H. R. 13008) granting an incTease of ruder clan e 2 of Hule XXIY, a letter from the Secretary of pension to Caroline Strobel; to the Committee on Invalid Pen~ions. "·ar, transmitting-, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, By l\1t·. O'CONNELL: A bill (H. R. 13009) fo1· the relief of rew>rts on preliminary examination and survey of Noyo River, Frank Karl; to the Committee on Claims. Calif., including an entrance channel across the bar at the By 1\fr. STOLL: A bill (H. R. 13010) for the relief of J. l\l. mouth (H. Doc. No. G79), was taken from the Speaker's table, Holladay ; to the Committee on Claims. refene PETITIONS, ETC. HEL'ORT~ OF C0:\11\IITTEES OX PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIO~S. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII. petitions and papers were laid Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: 1\Ir. K.UIN, from the Committee on l\lilitary Affairs, to which 2182. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the American Institute wa~ 1·eferred the resolution (H. Res. 491) calling for informa of l\1ining and l\1etallurgical Engineers of New York, relative to tiou f rom the 'Var Department concerning motor trucks or the adoption of foreign policy as regards the oil inu us try ; to the tractor~. reported the same without amendment, accompanied Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. by a re110rt (~o. 731), which said resolution and report were 2183. Also (by request), petition of the board of estim.tte and referred to the House Calendar. apportionment, of New York City, relative to certain provisions in the rivers and harbors bill, etc.; to the Committee on Rivers CHANGE OF REFERENCE. and Harbors. 2184. Also (by request), petition of American Association Qf Under clau e 2 of Rule XXII, committees were discharged State Highway Officials, Richmond, Va., regarding the highwayi'l from the consideration of the following bills, which were re of the United States; to the Committee on Roads. ferr<:d as follow : 2185. By Mr. BLAND of Virginia: Petition of Ella N. Guthrie, A bill (H. R. 12201) for the relief of Elizabeth F. Sullivan; of Newport News, Ya., for the passage of the bill restoring day Comwittee on Claims discharged, and referred to the Commit light saving in the eastern time belt; to the Committee on Inter tee on " rar Claims. state and I<,oreign Commerce. A IJill (H. H. 12919) granting a pension to Clara C. Biern 2186. By 1\lr. CLARK of Missouri: Petition of sundry citizens baunter; Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to the of Wright City, l\Io., opposing compulsory military training; Committee on Invalid Pensions. to the Committee on Military Affairs. A bill (H. n. 12920) granting a pension to Mary L. Brown 2187. By Mr. CLEARY: Petition of George B. Husmann and Point; Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to the sundry other farmers of Southpoint school district, Washington, Committee on Invalid Pensions. 1\fo., opposing universal military training; to the Committee on A bill (H. R. 1261 ) granting a pension to John O'Neil; Com Military Affairs. mittee on Invalid Pen ions discharged, and referred to the Com 2188. By l\lr. DENISON: Petition of 1\Iax J. Nehring and mittee.on Pensions. numerous other citizens of Tamaroa, Perry County, Ill., protest ing against compulsory military training; to the Committee on Military Affairs. · PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, A...~D 1\IEl\lORIALS. 2189. By Mr. El\IERSON: Petition of Brakeman King Post~ Under clause-3 of Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and memorials No. 336, American Legion, of Paineville, Ohio, favoring legisla were introduced and severally referred as follows: tion placing National Guards and National Army men on an B.r ~lr. GILLETT (by request) : A bill (H. R. 12994) to pro equal basis for retirement for disabiilty incurred while in serv viue for the world-wide extension of education by the coopera ice; to the Committee on Military Affairs. tion of national governments; to the Committee on Appropria- 2100. By 1\Ir. ESCH: Petition of the National Canners' Asso tioo& • ciation, in convention at Cleveland, Ohio, relative to the excess By l\lr. KELLEY of Michigan: A bill (H. R. 12995) extending profit tax, etc.; to the Committee on Ways and Means. authority to order boards of medical examiners, and for other 2191. By Mr. FULLER of Illinois : Petition of the Mississippi purposes; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Valley Association of State highway departments, urging con B:r 1\Ir. :SUTLER: A bill (H.- R. 12996) authorizing the en tinuance of present plan of cooperation of the Federal and State rollment of officers and men· of the merchant marine in the Governments in road construction, etc. ; to the Committee on Naval Auxiliary Reserve; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Roads. By 1\Ir. LEHLBACH: A bill (H. R. 12997) to amend subdivi 2192. Also, petition of the Illinois Live Stock Association, op sion 15, Schedule A, of Title XI of the revenue act of 1918; to posing bills for the regulation of the liYe stock and meat indus the Committee on 'Vays and 1\feans. try; to the Committee on Agriculture. QONGRESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE. ~l.AROH 10 ~108 ' 2193. Also, petition of Local Union No. 11,... of La ~lie and DISTRICT PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. Peru,, ll[, Bricklayers, 1\!asons, and Plasterers' Int.ernational The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Upon the request of the Sen Union, protesting against the Sterl1ng-Graham bill; to the Com'· ator from Nevada [Mr. HENDERSON] that he be relieved from mittee on the Judiciary. .further service as a member of the special committee to investi 2194. Also, petition of the Board of Supervisors of Adams gate the public-school system of the District of Columbia the County, Ill., opposed to any so-called daylight-savings law; to Chair appoints the junior Senator from Massachusetts 'rMr. the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. W ..u.sH] to fill the vacancy. 2195. By 1\Ir. 1\!00RES of Indiana: Petition of the Rev. Clar MESSAGE FBOM THE HOUSE. ence C. Bonnell and 28 citizens of Indianapolis, Ind., urging the passage of House bill 262; to the Committee on Interstate and A message from the House of Representatives, by D. K. Foreign Commerce. Hempstead, its enrulling clerk, announced that the Speaker of 2196. By Mr. O'CONNELL: Petition of B. Ni.coll & Co., of the House had signed the following enrolled bills and joint New York City, favoring the repeal of the Lever law, in so far resolution, and they were thereupon signed by the President as it pertains to coal and coke; to the Committee on Agriculture. pro tempore : 2197. Also, petition of volunteer consulting committee on Army S. 3037. An act to authorize the Secretary of War to transfer finance, favoring the continuation of the finance di>ision of the certain surplus motor-propelled vehicles and motor equipment Army; to the Committee on Military Affairs. and road-making material to various services and departments 2198. Also, petition of New York State Automobile Associa of the Government, and for the use of the States; tion, opposing House bill 12480; to the Committee on the H. R.12164. An act to authorize the construction of a briuge and approaches thereto across the Columbia River between the Judiciary. 2199. By Mr. ROW AN: Petition of B. Nicoll & Co., of New towns of Pasco and Kennewick, in the State of 'Vashington; York, favoring the repeal of the Lever law so far as it pertains H. R.l2213. An act authorizing F. R. Beals to construct to coal and coke; to the Committee on Agriculture. maintain, and operate a bridge across the Nestucca River i:r{ 2200. Also, petition of William M. Grosvenor, Phr D., favoring Tillamook County, Oreg.; and ' the pas age of Hou e bill 11984, regarding patents; to the Com H. J. Res. 305. Joint resolution to amend a certain paragraph of the act entitled "An act making appropriations for the cur mittee on Patents. rent and contingent expenses of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2201. Also, petition of volunteer consulting committee, favor for fulfilling u·eaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, and ing the continuation of the finance service of the Army; to the for other purposes, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921," Committee on :Military Affairs. 2202. Also, petition of Ella Phillips Crandall, R. N., executive approved February 14, 1920. secretary national organization for public health nursing, favor PETITIO'S AND MEMORIALS. ing rank for nurses in military service; to the Committee on 1\fr. SPENCER. I present a memorial from certain farm 1\Iili tary Affairs. owners along the Missouri Ri>er regarding the preservation of 2203. By Mr. Til\ffiERLAKE: Petition of the George B. the banks of that stream. I ask that the memorial may be Steele Post, No. 77, American Legion, of Denver, Colo., favoring printed in the RECORD and referred to the Committee on Com a bonus of a $50 bond per month of service for soldiers; to the merce. Committee on Ways and l\Ieans. There being no objection, the memorial was referred to the Committee on Commerce and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows : To the Hon. SELDEN P. SPENCER, Senator, SENA.TE. Washington, D. 0.: We, the undersigned, your constituents and farm owners on the north WEDNESD.AY~1II arch 10, 1920. bank of t_he Missouri River in the vicinity of Peers, Marthasville, and Tre!oor, m Warren County, Mo., would respectfully advise you that The Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettyman, D. D., offered the durmg the year 1919 Umted States Government engineers began the following prayer : revetting of the north bank of the Missouri River in the vicinity of our farms and have left the same in an unfinished condition for the reason Almighty God, we seek Thy gracious favor as we come 'to face as we are informed, that no appropriations have been made by Conooress the responsibilities of another day. We know that fitness of for the completio;II of the wor~ thus begun. Unless the work beg~n i:J completed aceordmg to the onginal plan all work and money thus far character is fitness for the highest service. We pray that Thy spent upon this project will be an utter waste. grace may be vouchsafed to us that we may be thoroughly fur We therefore respectfully petition you to use your best efforts in nished for every good word and work, our hearts purified from Congress to provide for at least suffici~nt appropriations of funds by Cf the inhuman treatment France Kirby Reed Wolcott of the helpless and long-suffering .Armenians by the Turks. Frelinghuysen Knox Sheppard W. W. ALEXANDER, Chairman. Gay Lenroot Sherman 1\[r. GERRY. The senior Senator from Virginia. [Mr. SWAN NASHVILLE, TENN., February 24, 19?0. soN] is detained by illness in his family, and the junior Senator Vice President 'l'HOMAS MARSHALL, from Georgia [1\Ir. HARR-IS] is absent on account of illness. 1Vash4ngtott, D. 0.: The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Seventy-five Senators_ have The Board. of Missions of the Metbodlst Episcopal Church South in' answered to their names. There is a quorum present" session here_ to-day urges the Cong1:ess of the United States to respond